The Penetration of Solar Radiation through Leaf Canopies of Different Structure

A comparative study has been made of the penetration of solarradiation through leaf canopies of contrasting structure. Forthis purpose experiments were undertaken on (a) Gladiolus withnearly vertical leaves, (b) Raphanus sativus with its rosettehabit, (c) two varieties of Linum usitatissimum, one an unbranchedflax type and the other a multi-stem linseed type, and (d) Agrostemmagithago where the apical leaves are sharply inclined and thebasal leaves disposed in a horizontal plane. Light gradientswere evaluated at different densities and at varying stagesof development by means of probes of silicon cells. Using afilter (cut off point 72-5 µ) simultaneous measurementswere made of the infra-red and ‘visible’ radiation.The distributions of the leaf and stem area through the canopywere recorded so that light interception per unit surface couldbe assessed. The shape of the light gradient between the top and bottom ofthe canopy was sigmoidal for Gladiolus but much less so forthe other species. Attenuation of the infra-red radiation withdepth was markedly smaller. For valid estimates of the extinction coefficient (K) it isessential to include stem areas; that is on theoretical groundshalf the total stem surface. The values of K were low for allspecies and in particular for Gladiolus. The relationship betweenlight attenuation and leaf area was approximately exponential.For Gladiolus it was established that K can decrease with increasingdensity but no changes with depth in the canopy were evident.The implications of these observations in terms of canopy structureare discussed.     

Light Distribution in Discontinuous Canopies: Calculation of Leaf Areas and Canopy Volumes Above Defined 'Irradiance Contours' for use in Productivity Modelling

Plant canopies can be considered as assemblages of leaves, stemsand fruits growing in zones of differing irradiance demarcatedby contours of mean irradiance as measured on a horizontal surface. The following general equations have been derived to calculatethe leaf area (L_I) and the canopy volume (CV_I) in zones externalto any chosen contour of mean irradiance: (1) L_I = ((1nl)/(–K)(I–T_f) or leaf area index (LAI) if this is less (2) CV_I = L_I/(leaf area density m² m^–2), where I is the specified value of irradiance (horizontal surface)expressed as a decimal fraction of that above the canopy, Kis the appropriate extinction coefficient and T_f is the proportionof the total of available radiation which, if the canopy isdiscontinuous, would reach the ground by passing through gapsbetween the discrete canopy units. Where the canopy is continuousT_f is zero so expression (1) simplifies to L₁ = 1n I/–K(or LAI if this is less). For a range of model hedgerow orchards of varying dimensions,spacings and LAIs, it has been shown that the use of these equationsgives very similar results to those obtained by detailed calculationof light penetration. They therefore seem to be of potentialuse in calculating both potential dry-matter production by discontinuouscanopies of any type and, in the case of orchard fruit crops,the potential effect of changes in tree size, leaf area density,spacing etc. on the canopy volume in which irradiation is adequatefor fruit bud initiation and fruit colour development. light distribution, discontinuous canopy, irradiance contours, leaf area index, orchards     

Characterization of the Light Environment in Canopies Using 3D Digitising and Image Processing

A method to measure light interception by vegetation canopiesis presented which uses a 3D digitiser and image processingsoftware. The 3D digitiser allows for simultaneous acquisitionof the spatial co-ordinates of leaf locations and orientations.Software for image synthesis is used to make virtual photographsof the real canopy. Information on light interception is derivedfrom the virtual images by using simple features of image analysissoftware. The method is applied to cotton, grapevine and youngmango plants. Calculations are made of light interception atthe canopy level, light partitioning between plant organs, verticalprofiles of light interception, fisheye photographs and leafirradiance distribution.Copyright 1998 Annals of Botany Company 3D digitising, image analysis, light interception,Gossypium hirsutumL.Vitis viniferaL.,Mangifera indicaL., cotton, grapevine, mango, canopy.     

长翅秋海棠的叶片培养和快速繁殖

1　植物名称　长翅秋海棠 (Ｂｅｇｏｎｉａｌｏｎ ｇｉａｌａｔａ)。2　材料类别　初展幼叶。3　培养条件　不定芽诱导培养基和增殖培养基分别采用 :( 1 )ＭＳ ＮＡＡ 0 .5ｍｇ·Ｌ-1(单位下同 ) 6 ＢＡ 1 ;( 2 )ＭＳ ＩＡＡ 0 .5 6 ＢＡ 1 ;( 3)ＭＳ ＮＡＡ 1 6 ＢＡ 0 .5 ;( 4 )ＭＳ ＮＡＡ 1 6 ＢＡ 1 .5。根的诱导采用 :( 5 ) 1 /2ＭＳ ＩＢＡ 1 ;( 6 ) 1 /2ＭＳ ＮＡＡ 1。以上培养基均加入 0 .6 %琼脂粉 ,ｐＨ 5 .8。( 1 )、( 2 )、( 3)、( 4 )分别加入 3%蔗糖 ,( 5 )、( 6 )分别加入 1 .5 %蔗糖。培养温度 ( 2 5±3)℃…     

Effects of Light Regime on Antioxidant Content of Foliage in a Tropical Forest Community1

A basic tenet of plant ecology is that under high light and limiting nutrient levels, carbon becomes relatively more available for investment in anti-herbivore defense. Rarely considered in discussions of such defense investments, however, is the necessity for plants to defend themselves against oxidative damage caused by light exposure itself. To determine if the ability to respond to elevated levels of light exposure by increasing production of antioxidant compounds is a general characteristic of foliage in tropical plants, we conducted a broad survey of antioxidant content in foliage of 55 species in a tropical forest community by comparing individuals within forest gaps to conspecifics in the closed canopy forest. To do so, we devised a rapid assay to use under field conditions. Of the 41 species of shrubs, trees, and lianas demonstrating a discernible difference in antioxidant content under the two light regimes, 34 (68%) showed higher antioxidant content under high light conditions. In a quantitative laboratory-based study using four of these species, light was associated with a 15 to 45 percent increase in water-soluble antioxidants in three species; one species displayed a 118 percent increase in fat-soluble antioxidants as well. Thus, changes in the chemistry of plant foliage in response to light may reflect plant investments in defense against abiotic stress factors as well as investments in defense against biotic stress factors.     

The Effect of Leaf Water Potential, Leaf Temperature and Light Intensity on Leaf Diffusion Resistance and the Transpiration of Leaves of Malus sylvestris

The relationship between leaf resistance to water vapour diffusion and each of the factors leaf water potential, light intensity and leaf temperature was determined for leaves on seedling apple trees (Malus sylvestris Mill. cv. Granny Smith) in the laboratory. Leaf cuticular resistance was also determined and transpiration was measured on attached leaves for a range of conditions. Leaf resistance was shown to be independent of water potential until potential fell below — 19 bars after which leaf resistance increased rapidly. Exposure of leaves to CO₂-free air extended the range for which resistance was independent of water potential to — 30 bars. The light requirement for minimum leaf resistance was 10 to 20 W m^?2 and at light intensities exceeding these, leaf resistance was unaffected by light intensity. Optimum leaf temperature for minimum diffusion resistance was 23 ± 2°C. The rate of change measured in leaf resistance in leaves given a sudden change in leaf temperature increased as the magnitude of the temperature change increased. For a sudden change of 1°C in leaf temperature, diffusion resistance changed at a rate of 0.01 s cm^?1 min^?1 whilst for a 9°C leaf temperature change, diffusion resistance changed at a rate of 0.1 s cm^?1 min^?1. Cuticular resistance of these leaves was 125 s cm^?1 which is very high compared with resistances for open stomata of 1.5 to 4 s cm^?1 and 30 to 35 s cm^?1 for stomata closed in the dark. Transpiration was measured in attached apple leaves enclosed in a leaf chamber and exposed to a range of conditions of leaf temperature and ambient water vapour density. Peak transpiration of approximately 5 × 10^?6 g cm^?2 s^?1 occurred at a vapour density gradient from the leaf to the air of 12 to 14 g m^?3 after which transpiration declined due presumably to increased stomatal resistance. Leaves in CO₂-free air attained a peak transpiration of 11 × 10^?6 g cm^?2 s^?1 due to lower values of leaf resistance in CO₂ free air. Transpiration then declined in these leaves due to development of an internal leaf resistance (of up to 2 s cm^?1). The internal resistance was masked in leaves at normal CO₂ concentrations by the increase in stomatal resistance.     

浅全麻下拔除气管导管在临床中的应用

目的:探讨丙泊酚与瑞芬太尼持续泵注浅全麻状态下拔除气管导管在临床中的应用效果.方法:选择ASAI-Ⅱ级择期行开腹胆囊切除手术全麻患者200例,随机分为对照组和试验组,各100例.对照组术毕符合拔管条件时拔除气管导管,试验组手术结束时持续泵注丙泊酚瑞芬太尼维持病人于浅麻醉状态,待患者自主呼吸恢复,潮气量达6～8ml/kg,呼吸频率大于12次/min,脱氧10minSpO2在95％以上,PetCO2在正常范围,停止输注丙泊酚和瑞芬太尼,拔除气管导管.记录两组患者手术结束时、拔管时、拔管后1min、3min、5min各时点的平均动脉压(MAP)、心率(HR)及术后患者恢复情况.结果:组内比较,与T1时刻比较,试验组T2、T3、T4时刻的MAP、HR差异无统计学意义;对照组T2、T3、T4时刻的MAP、HR高于T1时刻(P＜0.05).组间比较,T1时刻两组比较差异无统计学意义,T2、T3、T4时刻的MAP、HR对照组高于试验组(P＜0.05).试验组不良记忆的发生例数少于对照组(P＜0.05).两组患者SpO2＜96％的发生例数、自主呼吸恢复时间、拔管时间比较差异无统计学意义.结论:丙泊酚与瑞芬太尼持续泵注浅全麻状态下拔除气管导管,患者血流动力学平稳,无不良记忆.     

浅全麻下拔除气管导管在临床中的应用

目的:探讨丙泊酚与瑞芬太尼持续泵注浅全麻状态下拔除气管导管在临床中的应用效果。方法:选择ASAI-II级择期行开腹胆囊切除手术全麻患者200例,随机分为对照组和试验组,各100例。对照组术毕符合拔管条件时拔除气管导管,试验组手术结束时持续泵注丙泊酚瑞芬太尼维持病人于浅麻醉状态,待患者自主呼吸恢复,潮气量达6～8ml/kg,呼吸频率大于12次/min,脱氧10minSpO2在95%以上,PetCO2在正常范围,停止输注丙泊酚和瑞芬太尼,拔除气管导管。记录两组患者手术结束时、拔管时、拔管后1min、3min、5min各时点的平均动脉压(MAP)、心率(HR)及术后患者恢复情况。结果:组内比较,与T1时刻比较,试验组T2、T3、T4时刻的MAP、HR差异无统计学意义;对照组T2、T3、T4时刻的MAP、HR高于T1时刻(P<0.05)。组间比较,T1时刻两组比较差异无统计学意义,T2、T3、T4时刻的MAP、HR对照组高于试验组(P<0.05)。试验组不良记忆的发生例数少于对照组(P<0.05)。两组患者SpO2<96%的发生例数、自主呼吸恢复时间、拔管时间比较差异无统计学意义。结论:丙泊酚与瑞芬太尼持续泵注浅全麻状态下拔除气管导管,患者血流动力学平稳,无不良记忆。     

The Effect of Colored Light on Pigment Synthesis in Cultured Fern Leaf Primordia

The effect of white, blue, yellow, red and far-red light on the quantitative synthesis of the primary and auxilliary photosynthetic pigments in cultured leaf primordia of Osmunda cinnamomea L. is reported. The P₆₆₀ form of the now classical photoreceptor pigment system, phytochrome, has been demonstrated to be active in chlorophyll synthesis in cultured cinnamon fern leaf primordia as shown by red/far-red reversibility of chlorophyll synthesis. Also, it is apparent from the data presented that a blue absorbing pigment (P₄₂₀) is responsible for the extensive accumulation of chlorophylls and carotenoids in these cultured leaves.     

红叶椿的组织培养和快速繁殖

1植物名称臭椿(Ailanthus altissima)芽变品种"红叶椿". 2培养材料当年生枝条上的腋芽. 3培养条件芽萌动培养基:(1)MS 6-BA0.5 mg·L-1(单位下同) IBA 0.1;(2)MS 6-BA 1 IBA0.25.分化培养基:(3)MS 6-BA 1 IBA 0.1;(4)MS 6-BA 2 IBA 0.25.     

Dorsiventrality in Photosynthetic Light Response Curves of a Leaf

Terashima, I. 1986. Dorsiventrality in photosynthetic lightresponse curves of a leaf.—J. cxp. Bot. 37 399–405 The photosynthetic light response curve of a leaf of Glycinemax (L.) Merrill obtained by illuminating the adaxial side layabove that obtained by illuminating the abaxial side. However,after inverting the leaf for 11 d, the curve obtained by illuminatingthe abax.ial side came to lie slightly above that obtained byilluminating the adaxial side. The difference in the shape oflight response curves is satisfactorily explained only whenthe intra-leaf heterogeneities in light absorption and in photosyntheticactivity are taken into account. Key words: Photosynthetic rate, direction of illumination     

Interaction of Abscisic Acid and Light on Leaf Senescence in Rice

The senescence of excised leaves of Oryza saliva L. cv. BAM11 was studied by monitoring the breakdown of chlorophyll andprotein. ABA at 10^–6 M retarded senescence until the 3rdday and accelerated it in a normal way until the 9th day inlight. The effect of ABA was light-dependent, which is beingreported for the first time in rice. ABA in the presence oflight (26.3 Klux) delayed protein breakdown but could not preventthe yellowing effect. (Received June 18, 1982; Accepted January 28, 1983)     

Leaf Development in Narcissus pseudonarcissus L.: With twenty Figures in the Text: The Comparative Development of Scale and Foliage Leaves

Details are given of the distribution of cell division and cellelongation in various tissues of the daffodil leaf. The development of the vascular system is also described, andrelated to the intercalary growth of the leaf. The productionof a new longitudinal vascular strand appears to be determinedby the number of cells between the existing strands. The scale and foliage leaves appear to originate from similarprimordia. Their developments diverge when they are about 1mm. long; a scale leaf is developed where most cell divisionsoccur in the sheath, and a foliage leaf is formed where thereis a region of more rapid cell division at the base of the blade.     

Effects of Cycloheximide and Light on Leaf Senescence in Maize and Hydrangea

The senescence of maize and hydrangea leaves after detachmentand darkening was studied in terms of the loss of chlorophylland protein. Chlorophyll contents of the detached leaves decreasedin the dark in both plants. Cycloheximide at 0.1 mM effectivelyinhibited the loss of chlorophyll in maize, but did not do soin hydrangea. Continuous irradiation with white light of 4.6Wm^–2 prevented the loss of chlorophyll in hydrangea leaves,while it caused bleaching of maize leaves. Reducing agents suchas ascorbic acid and glutathione did not prevent the bleachingby light. In maize leaves, the amount of protein decreased inthe dark more slowly than that of chlorophyll, and cycloheximideslightly prevented the protein decrease. Continuous light irradiationof 4.6 Wm^–2 delayed the loss of protein more effectivelythan cycloheximide did. (Received January 31, 1981; Accepted May 21, 1981)