Effects of long-term nitrogen addition on phosphorus cycling in organic soil horizons of temperate forests

High atmospheric nitrogen (N) deposition is expected to impair phosphorus (P) nutrition of temperate forest ecosystems. We examined N and P cycling in organic soil horizons of temperate forests exposed to long-term N addition in the northeastern USA and Scandinavia. We determined N and P concentrations, enzyme activities and net N and P mineralization rates in organic soil horizons of two deciduous (Harvard Forest, Bear Brook) and two coniferous (Klosterhede, Gårdsjön) forests which had received experimental inorganic N addition between 25 and 150 kg N ha^?1 year^?1 for more than 25 years. Long-term N addition increased the activity of phosphatase (+?180%) and the activity of carbon (C)- and N-acquiring enzymes (cellobiohydrolase: +?70%, chitinase: +?25%). Soil N enrichment increased the N:P ratio of organic soil horizons by up to 150%. In coniferous organic soil horizons, net N and P mineralization were small and unaffected by N addition. In deciduous organic soil horizons, net N and P mineralization rates were significantly higher than at the coniferous sites, and N addition increased net N mineralization by up to 290%. High phosphatase activities concomitant with a 40% decline in P stocks of deciduous organic soil horizons indicate increased plant P demand. In summary, projected future global increases in atmospheric N deposition may induce P limitation in deciduous forests, impairing temperate forest growth.     

氮添加量和施氮频率对温带半干旱草原土壤呼吸及组分的影响

日益加剧的氮沉降已经对陆地生态系统生产力和碳循环过程产生了显著影响。草原生态系统近90%的碳储存在土壤中, 明确土壤呼吸及其组分对氮添加的响应对评估大气氮沉降背景下草原生态系统碳平衡和土壤碳库稳定性是非常重要的。以往关于草原土壤呼吸对氮沉降响应的理解多是基于短期(<5年)和低频(每年1-2次)氮添加实验研究, 而关于长期氮添加和不同施氮频率对土壤呼吸及其组分的影响尚缺乏实验证据。该研究基于2008年建立在内蒙古半干旱草原的长期氮添加实验平台, 包括6个氮添加水平和2个施氮频率处理, 通过连续两年(2018-2019年)土壤呼吸及其组分的测定, 发现: 1)氮添加显著降低了土壤总呼吸速率(R_s), 且R_s下降程度随着氮添加量的增加而增强。土壤异养呼吸速率(R_h)的显著下降是R_s下降的主要原因。2)不同氮添加频率并未显著影响土壤呼吸及其组分对氮添加处理的响应。3)长期氮添加造成的土壤酸化降低了土壤微生物活性并改变了微生物群落结构(真菌/细菌比), 进而导致土壤呼吸及其异养组分呈现显著的负响应。以上结果表明, 长期(>10年)氮添加对土壤地下碳循环过程的抑制作用非常明显, 特别是异养呼吸组分的下降会降低土壤有机碳分解速率, 有助于土壤碳库稳定性的维持。同时, 随着氮添加处理时间的延长, 不同施氮频率影响效应的差异减弱, 表明目前长期的低频氮添加实验监测数据可以为评估自然生态系统对大气氮沉降的响应提供较为可靠的参考。     

夜间增温和施氮对川西亚高山针叶林土壤有效氮和微生物特性的短期影响

开展亚高山针叶林典型林地土壤有效氮和微生物特性对气候变化的响应研究, 对预测未来气候变化背景下亚高山针叶林生态系统C、N的源/汇功能具有重要意义。该文采用红外辐射加热器模拟增温结合外施氮肥的方法, 研究了川西亚高山针叶林下土壤化学特性、有效氮含量以及微生物生物量对夜间增温和施氮的短期响应。结果表明: 在模拟增温试验期间(2009年4月-2010年4月), 空气平均温度和5 cm土壤平均温度分别比对照提高了1.93和4.19 ℃, 增温幅度分别以夏季和冬季最为显著。增温对土壤pH值、有机碳、全氮和微生物生物量无显著影响。增温在试验前期降低了土壤NH₄ ⁺-N含量, 增加了NO₃ ^--N含量, 其影响程度随着增温时间的延长而下降。施氮显著增加了有效氮和微生物生物量氮, 降低了土壤pH值, 使土壤表现出明显的酸化现象。与单独的增温和施氮处理相比, 增温和施氮联合处理对林下土壤的有效氮和微生物特性有显著的交互作用, 显著增加了土壤的有机碳、有效氮及土壤微生物生物量氮含量, 并导致土壤进一步酸化。结果说明, 川西亚高山针叶林的土壤有效氮和微生物特性对土壤氮素状况的变化反应敏感, 而林下土壤有效氮和微生物特性对单独的温度升高表现出一定的适应性, 但更对增温和施氮双因素结合处理反应敏感且表现出不同的响应方式。因此, 该区域在未来全球变化下的氮沉降状况及气候变化的多因素协同效应值得长期深入的探讨。     

氮磷添加对内蒙古温带典型草原土壤微生物群落结构的影响

选取内蒙古温带典型草原,进行连续6a氮磷添加试验,采用土壤特征微生物PLFA生物标记技术,研究6个氮添加水平N0(0 kg N hm-2a-1)、N1(56 kg N hm-2a-1)、N2(112 kg N hm-2a-1)、N3(224 kg N hm-2a-1)、N4(392 kg N hm-2a-1)、N5(560 kg N hm-2a-1)和6个磷添加水平P0(0 kg P hm-2a-1)、P1(15.5 kg P hm-2a-1)、P2(31 kg P hm-2a-1)、P3(62 kg P hm-2a-1)、P4(93 kg P hm-2a-1)、P5(124 kg P hm-2a-1)对土壤特征微生物PLFA生物标记数量和土壤微生物群落结构的影响。结果表明:(1)随氮添加量增加,土壤微生物总磷脂脂肪酸(PLFA)含量和土壤细菌PLFA生物标记数量、放线菌PLFA生物标记数量呈上升趋势,土壤G+/G-呈增加趋势;各氮添加水平对土壤真菌PLFA生物标记数量无显著差异,随氮添加量增加,土壤真菌/细菌比降低。(2)随磷添加量增加,土壤总磷脂脂肪酸(PLFA)含量、土壤细菌PLFA生物标记数量、放线菌PLFA生物标记数量、真菌PLFA生物标记数量及真菌/细菌比值呈先上升后下降趋势,均以P3水平(62 kg P hm-2a-1)处理最高,说明适宜的磷添加对内蒙古温带典型草原土壤微生物繁殖和菌落结构有显著影响。     

添加氮素对沙质草地土壤氮素有效性的影响

通过氮素添加(20g.m-2.a-1)试验,研究了科尔沁沙地东南部沙质草地生态系统土壤氮矿化及有效氮的季节变化。对2006年生长季的观测发现,添加氮素显著提高了沙质草地生长季土壤铵态氮、硝态氮、矿质氮的含量以及9月1日至10月15日的净氮矿化速率与硝化速率;添加氮素导致土壤有效氮的季节变异增大,净氮矿化(1.29～11.60mg.kg-1.30d-1)与硝化(-4.15～11.20mg.kg-1.30d-1)速率随时间呈上升趋势,铵态氮含量逐渐降低,硝态氮与矿质氮(6.49～20.66mg.kg-1)含量的变化呈"V"型,最小值出现在生物量生长高峰期的7月中旬。该沙质草地土壤氮的有效性较低,施氮肥可明显提高土壤供氮能力。     

氮沉降对温带森林土壤甲烷氧化菌的影响

大量研究显示氮沉降影响森林甲烷吸收量,但其中的微生物驱动机制仍缺乏研究。基于长白山典型温带森林长期氮沉降模拟实验平台样地,采用定量PCR和克隆测序技术,研究了长期施加不同形态氮((NH_4)_2SO_4、NH_4Cl和KNO_3)处理下森林土壤甲烷氧化菌的数量和群落组成随季节变化的特征。结果表明,夏季,森林土壤甲烷氧化菌pmo A基因丰度在不同施氮处理之间无显著性差异(每克干土1.54×10~6-3.20×10~6拷贝数);秋季,pmo A基因丰度在施加NH_4Cl和(NH_4)_2SO_4处理小区(每克干土1.93×10~5-7.6×10~5拷贝数)与对照(每克干土(4.03×10~6±1.2×10~6)拷贝数)相比有所降低,尤其在(NH_4)_2SO_4处理小区(每克干土(4.61×10~5±2.61×10~5)拷贝数)显著降低;无论夏季还是秋季,施加不同形态氮处理土壤甲烷氧化菌均以Type I型为主(相对丰度在70.6%-85.4%之间),并以Methylobacter-group(Type I)为优势类群,占Type I型的55.1%-91.7%;Methylobacter-group(Type I)的相对丰度在夏季不同形态氮处理土壤样品中无显著差异,但秋季样品中在施加(NH_4)_2SO_4(52.7%±6.5%)和NH_4Cl(56.1%±8.9%)的处理显著低于对照土壤(77.0%±2.9%),Methylococcus-group(Type I)的相对丰度则在(NH_4)_2SO_4和NH_4Cl处理土壤呈增加的趋势。这些结果表明铵态氮肥添加对温带森林土壤甲烷氧化菌的生长具有抑制作用并导致其群落结构发生改变,受夏季温度和水分的影响,这种抑制作用在秋季表现更明显,而NO_3~--N添加对土壤甲烷氧化菌的群落组成和丰度无显著影响。这些结果解释了以往观测到的施铵态氮肥显著降低秋季温带林地土壤甲烷净吸收量,而在夏季无显著影响的观测结果,解释了长期氮沉降影响森林土壤甲烷吸收的微生物机制。     

Effects of nitrogen addition on photosynthetic characteristics of Leymus chinensis in the temperate grassland of Nei Mongol,China

Aims The increased atmospheric nitrogen (N) deposition due to human activity and climate change greatly causes grassland ecosystems shifting from being naturally N-limited to N-eutrophic or N-saturated, and further affecting the growth of grass species. The aims of this study are: 1) to evaluate the effects of different N addition levels on morphology and photosynthetic characteristics of Leymus chinensis; 2) to determine the critical N level to facilitate L. chinensis growth.
Methods We conducted a different N addition levels experiment in dominant species in the temperate steppe of Nei Mongol. The aboveground biomass, morphological and leaf physiological traits, pigment contents, chlorophyll a fluorescence parameters and biochemical parameters of L. chinensis were investigated.
Important findings Our results showed that aboveground biomass first increased and then decreased with the increased N, having the highest values at the 10 g N·m^-2·a^?1 treatment, but the 25 g N·m^-2·a^?1 still significantly increased the aboveground biomass relative to 0 g N·m^-2·a^?1. Leymus chinensis accommodate low N situation through allocating less N to carboxylation system and decreasing leaf mass per area (LMA) in order to get more light energy. Moderate N addition captured more light energy through increasing total chlorophyll (Chl) contents and decreasing the ratio of Chl a/b. Moderate N addition increased LMA, carboxylation efficiency, maximum carboxylation rate (V_cmax), maximum electron transport rate (J_max) and decreased J_max/V_cmax, thus allocating more N to carboxylation system to enhance carboxylation capability. Moreover, the photochemical activity of PSII was increased through higher effective quantum yield of PSII photochemistry, electron transport rate and photochemical quenching coefficient. Excessive N addition had negative effects on physiological variables of L. chinensis due to lower carboxylation capability and photochemical activity of PSII, further leading to decreased net photosynthetic rate, whereas increased non-photochemical quenching coefficient and carotenoids played the role in the dissipation of excess excitation energy. Overall, moderate N addition facilitated the photosynthetic characteristics of dominant species, but excessive N addition inhibited photosynthetic characteristics. The most appropriate N addition for the growth of L. chinensis was 5-10 g N·m^-2·a^?1 in the temperate steppe of Nei Mongol, China.     

增温和施氮对亚热带杉木人工林土壤溶液养分的影响

在增温和氮沉降等气候变化背景下,土壤溶液养分元素供应是否平衡对加速或减弱土壤养分循环起着至关重要的作用。为探究增温和施氮对亚热带杉木人工土壤溶液养分动态的影响,分别于各样地的0—15、15—30cm和30—60cm土层安装土壤溶液采集器。利用真空泵的负压原理采集土壤溶液,对其有机组分及无机组分进行了两年的动态监测。结果显示:增温及增温+施氮显著增加了各土层溶解性总氮(DTN)及硝态氮(NO-3)浓度,而施氮促进了植被对其的大量吸收而未呈现显著的促进作用。整体而言,短期增温和施氮处理显著降低了可溶性有机碳(DOC)浓度,对土壤溶液K~+、Ca~(2+)、Na~+、Mg~(2+)等离子含量影响较小。但相比于施氮,增温对土壤溶液中矿质元素的影响远大于施氮。增温导致的土壤孔径增大,通透性增强可极大地促进Fe~(3+)、Al~(3+)淋溶,同时导致表层Na~+、Mg~(2+)离子含量显著降低。增温+施氮交互作用对土壤溶液各养分的影响存在叠加效应,但并不是增温和施氮单因子的简单累加,要深入了解土壤养分对未来气候变迁的内部机制需进一步长期监测。     

氮添加对盐渍化草地根际土壤理化性质的影响

为探究氮输入和根际效应对盐渍化草地土壤理化性质的影响,对8个水平氮添加处理下(0、1、2、4、8、16、24和32 g N·m^-2·a^-1)晋北盐渍化草地根际和非根际土壤理化性质进行研究。结果表明: 氮添加显著降低根际土壤pH,显著增加根际和非根际土壤Ca²⁺、NO₃^--N和无机氮含量;随氮添加量的增加,根际和非根际土壤Ca²⁺、NO₃^--N、无机氮含量以及根际土壤全氮含量呈逐渐升高的趋势,而根际土壤Na⁺、K⁺、Mg²⁺、NH₄⁺-N和氨基酸含量以及非根际土壤全氮含量呈先升高后降低的趋势。主成分分析表明,根际土壤理化性质对低氮(≤8 g·m^-2·a^-1)和高氮添加(>8 g·m^-2·a^-1)的响应具有明显差异。根际土壤pH、有机酸和氨基酸含量分别比非根际土壤低0.71、44.3%和9.8%,而K⁺、Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺、NH₄⁺-N、无机氮、全碳和全氮含量分别比非根际土壤高51.0%、47.6%、20.8%、215.5%、139.3%、31.7%和65.3%,表明根际效应对盐渍化草地土壤理化性质的影响大于氮输入的影响。     

The effects of a 9-year nitrogen and water addition on soil aggregate phosphorus and sulfur availability in a semi-arid grassland

Previous studies have demonstrated that higher nitrogen (N) and water availability affect both above- and below-ground communities, soil carbon and N pools, and microbial activity in semi-arid grasslands of Inner Mongolia. However, how soil phosphorus (P) and sulfur (S) pools, and related soil enzyme activities (as indicators of P and S cycles) respond to long-term N and water addition has still remained unclear. Since 2005, a field experiment with urea and water amendments has been conducted to examine their effects on total and available P and S concentrations and alkaline phosphomonoesterase (PME) and aryl-sulfatase (ArS) activities in three soil aggregate fractions: large macroaggregates (>2 mm), small macroaggregates (0.25–2 mm), and microaggregates (<0.25 mm) in an Inner Mongolia semi-arid grassland. Normalized to aggregate mass, microaggregates retained the highest total P and S concentrations. Both N and water additions increased the available P (by up to 84.5%) and the available S (by up to 150%) in the soil aggregate fractions. Soil acidification, as a result of the N addition, decreased both alkaline PME and ArS activities by up to 62.9% and 39.6%, respectively, while the water addition increased their activities. Our observations revealed that soil acidification (under the N addition) and elevated enzyme activity (under the water addition) played important roles in the levels of soil available P and S. The depression of P- and S-acquiring enzymes with soil acidification may decrease P and S availability, potentially impacting ecosystem processes and limiting the restoration of these grassland systems. The water addition was shown to be a more effective practice than the urea amendment for improving soil structure, supplying available P and S, and maintaining the sustainability of this semi-arid grassland.     

Effects of long-term experimental warming on plants and soil microbes in a cool temperate semi-natural grassland in Japan

To clarify the effects of long-term warming on ecosystem matter cycling, we conducted an in situ 7-year experimental warming (2009–2015) using infrared heaters in a cool temperate semi-natural grassland in Japan. We measured plant aboveground biomass, soil total C and N, soil inorganic N (NH₄ ⁺-N and NO₃ ^?-N), and soil microbial biomass for 7 years (2009–2015). We also measured heterotrophic respiration for 2 years (2013–2014) and assessed net N mineralization and nitrification in 2015. We found that warming immediately increased plant aboveground biomass, but this effect ceased in 2013. However, the soil microbial biomass was continuously depressed by warming. Soil inorganic N concentrations in warmed plots substantially increased in the later years of the experiment (2013–2015) and the potential net N mineralization rate was also higher than in the earlier years. In contrast, heterotrophic respiration decreased with warming in 2013–2014. Our observations indicate that long-term warming has a contrasting effect on plants and soil microbes. In addition, the warming could have different effects on subterranean C and N cycling. To enhance the accuracy of estimation of future climate change, it is essential to continuously observe the warming effects on ecosystems and to focus on the change in subterranean C and N cycling.     

华北盐渍化草地土壤净氮矿化速率对不同水平氮添加的响应

对于养分贫瘠的盐渍化草地生态系统, 大气氮沉降如何影响土壤氮循环过程是一个目前尚未解决的问题。该研究在位于华北地区山西省右玉县境内的盐渍化草地建立了一个模拟氮沉降的试验平台, 设置8个氮添加水平, 分别为0、1、2、4、8、16、24、32 g·m^-2·a^-1 (N0、N1、N2、N4、N8、N16、N24、N32), 生长季5-9月, 每月月初以喷施的方式等量添加NH₄NO₃。从2017年5月到2019年10月, 运用顶盖PVC管法每月一次进行净氮矿化速率的测定同时计算了净氮矿化速率对不同水平氮添加的敏感性。主要结果表明: (1)高水平氮添加(N16、N24、N32)显著增加土壤无机氮库; (2)该盐渍化草地土壤氮矿化以硝化作用为主, 经过3年氮添加以后, 高氮添加(N24、N32)显著促进了土壤净硝化速率, 并且不同氮添加水平在不同的月份和年份中表现出差异性响应; (3)不同氮添加水平对土壤净氮矿化敏感性的影响在不同降水年份差异显著, 短期低水平氮添加提高了土壤净氮矿化的敏感性, 而高水平氮添加降低土壤净氮矿化敏感性; (4)盐渍化草地土壤净氮矿化速率与土壤温度和水分呈正相关关系, 与土壤pH呈负相关关系。因此, 在当前氮沉降增加的背景下, 北方盐渍化草地土壤氮矿化速率对低氮添加的敏感性较高, 结合氮沉降的特点, 未来模型预测应该同时考虑氮沉降对盐渍化草地的可能影响。     

Interactive effects of soil warming and nitrogen addition on fine root production of Chinese fir seedlings

Aims There have been a large number of studies on the independent separate responses of fine roots to warming and nitrogen deposition, but with contradictory reporting. Fine root production plays a critical role in ecosystem carbon, nutrient and water cycling, yet how it responds to the interactive warming and nitrogen addition is not well understood. In the present study, we aimed to examine the interactive effects of soil warming and nitrogen addition on fine root growth of 1-year-old Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata) seedlings in subtropical China.
Methods A mesocosm experiment, with a factorial design of soil warming (ambient, +5 °C) and nitrogen addition (ambient, ambient + 40 kg·hm^-2·a^-1, ambient + 80 kg·hm^-2·a^-1), was carried out in the Chenda State-owned Forest Farm in Sanming City, Fujian Province, China. Fine root production (indexed by the number of fine roots emerged per tube of one year) was measured biweekly using minirhizotrons from March of 2014 to February of 2015.
Important findings (1) The two-way ANOVA showed that soil warming had a significant effect on fine root production, while nitrogen addition and soil warming × nitrogen addition had no effect. (2) The three-way ANOVA (soil warming, nitrogen addition and diameter class) showed that soil warming, diameter class and soil warming × diameter class had significant effects on fine root production, especially for the number of fine roots in 0-1 mm diameter class that had been significantly increased by soil warming. Compared with the 1-2 mm roots, the 0-1 mm roots seemed more flexible. (3) Repeated measures of ANOVA (soil warming, nitrogen addition and season) showed that soil warming, season, soil warming × season, and soil warming × nitrogen addition × season had significant effects on fine root production. In spring, the number of fine roots was significantly increased both by soil warming and soil warming × season, while soil warming, nitrogen addition, soil warming × nitrogen addition significantly decreased fine root production in the summer. (4) Soil warming, soil layer, soil warming × soil layer had significant effects on fine root production. The number of in-growth fine roots was significantly increased by soil warming at the 20-30 cm depth only. It seemed that warming forced fine roots to grow deeper in the soil. In conclusion, soil warming significantly increased fine root production, but they had different responses and were dependent of different diameter classes, seasons and soil layers. Nitrogen addition had no effect on fine root production. Only in spring and summer, soil warming and nitrogen addition had significant interactive effects.     

土地利用变化对东北温带幼龄林土壤碳氮磷含量及其化学计量特征的影响

土地利用方式的改变打破森林生态系统原有的碳氮磷平衡,从而显著地影响森林生态系统的生物地球化学循环过程。以地段相邻、林龄相同(10年生)、原始植被一致但土地利用方式不同(无土壤翻动的天然次生林[NS]、间作大豆而土壤翻动中等的人工林[MS]、间作人参而土壤翻动严重的次生林[SS])的温带幼龄林为对象,探索土地利用变化对土壤碳、氮、磷含量及相互关系的影响。结果显示:(1)土地利用方式显著改变表层和深层土壤碳含量,各土壤层次碳含量均呈现NSMSSS;而氮含量仅在0—20 cm具有显著性差异(P0.05);不同土地利用类型之间磷含量无显著差异(P0.05);表明碳氮磷对土地利用变化敏感程度不同。(2)SS土壤碳氮比(C/N)和碳磷比(C/P)低于NS和MS,而NS和MS之间C/N和C/P因土壤层次而异。不同土壤层次氮磷比(N/P)均随土壤翻动强度的增加而显著减小(NSMSSS,P0.05),且随土层加深而降低;表明N/P相对于C/N和C/P可能对土地利用变化具有更优生态指示功能。(3)土地利用变化显著改变土壤碳-氮、碳-磷、氮-磷的耦合关系。土壤碳-氮(C-N)之间存在极显著(P0.001)的线性关系,其中3种土地利用方式的土壤C-N关系的斜率差异不显著(P=0.458,共同斜率为11.1),但截距差异显著(P0.001)。结合本地区和全球文献数据分析指出,森林土壤碳氮关系既有大尺度上的普适性,又有小尺度上对土地利用方式响应的局域分异性。     

草地土壤有机质不同组分氮库对长期氮添加的响应

土壤氮库对生态系统的养分循环至关重要。目前多数研究主要关注氮沉降对土壤总氮的影响, 而对土壤不同有机质组分的氮库对氮沉降响应的研究较为缺乏。该研究基于内蒙古典型草地的长期多水平施氮(0、8、32、64 g·m^-2·a^-1)实验平台, 利用土壤密度分级方法, 探究氮添加处理13年后典型草地中两种土壤有机质组分(颗粒态有机质(POM), 矿质结合态有机质(MAOM))氮含量的变化及调控机制。结果显示: 土壤总碳含量、POM和MAOM的碳含量在施氮处理间均没有显著差异。土壤总氮含量则随着施氮水平增加呈显著增加的趋势, 同时施氮处理下POM的氮含量显著上升, 而MAOM的氮含量没有变化。进一步分析发现, 施氮促进植物地上生物量积累, 增加了凋落物量及其氮含量, 从而导致POM的氮含量增加。由于MAOM主要通过黏土矿物等吸附土壤中小分子有机质形成, 其氮含量受土壤中黏粒与粉粒含量影响, 而与氮添加水平无显著相关关系。该研究结果表明长期氮添加促进土壤氮库积累, 但增加的氮主要分布在稳定性较低的POM中, 受干扰后容易从生态系统中流失。为了更准确地评估和预测氮沉降对陆地生态系统的氮循环过程的影响, 应考虑土壤中不同有机质组分的差异响应。     

氮磷添加对长白山温带森林土壤微生物群落组成和氨基糖的影响

在长白山阔叶红松林中设置氮添加(N,50 kg N·hm^-2·a^-1)、磷添加(P,25 kg P·hm^-2·a^-1)和氮磷添加(NP,50 kg N·hm^-2·a^-1+25 kg P·hm^-2·a^-1)试验,分析氮磷添加对有机层和矿质层土壤微生物群落组成和氨基糖的影响。结果表明: 在有机层土壤中,N、P添加使总微生物生物量显著降低19.5%和24.6%,P添加还使细菌和真菌生物量分别显著降低23.8%和19.3%;在矿质层土壤中,N、P和NP添加使总微生物生物量显著增加94.8%、230.9%和115.0%,细菌和真菌生物量在施肥处理下显著增加。N添加下有机层土壤真菌与细菌生物量比值(F/B)显著增大,而NP添加使矿质层土壤F/B显著减小。革兰氏阳性菌与革兰氏阴性菌比对N、P和NP添加有显著正响应。土壤氨基糖对不同处理的响应不同。在有机层土壤中,N、P和NP添加使氨基葡萄糖含量分别减少41.3%、48.8%和36.4%,而N和NP添加分别使胞壁酸含量显著增加43.0%和71.1%;在矿质层土壤中,氨基葡萄糖和胞壁酸含量在N添加下无显著变化,而在P和NP添加下显著增加。在施肥处理下,有机层土壤中氨基葡萄糖与胞壁酸比值显著减小,表明N、P添加增加了细菌对土壤有机碳积累的相对贡献。N、P添加后土壤氨基糖含量的变化与微生物群落组成的变化密切相关,且二者均受到土壤化学性质变化的影响。     

Interactive responses of grass litter decomposition to warming,nitrogen addition and detritivore access in a temperate old field

Plant litter decomposition has been studied extensively in the context of both climate warming and increased atmospheric N deposition. However, much of this research is based on microbial responses, despite the potential for detritivores to contribute substantially to litter breakdown. We measured litter mass-loss responses to the combined effects of warming, N addition and detritivore access in a grass-dominated old field. We concurrently assessed the roles of litter treatment origin vs. microenvironment (direct warming and N-addition effects) to elucidate the mechanisms through which these factors affect decomposition. After 6 weeks, mass loss increased in N-addition plots, and it increased with detritivore access in the absence of warming. After 1 year, warming, N addition, and detritivore access all increased litter mass loss, although the effects of N addition and warming were non-additive in the detritivore-access plots. For the litter-origin experiment, mass loss after 6 weeks increased in litter from N-addition plots and warmed plots, but unlike the overall decomposition response, the N-addition effect was enhanced by detritivore access. Conversely, for the microenvironment experiment, detritivore access only increased mass loss in unfertilized plots. After 1 year, detritivore access increased mass loss in the litter-origin and microenvironment experiments, but there were no warming or N-addition effects. Overall, our results provide support for a substantial role of detritivores in promoting litter mass loss in our system. Moreover, they reveal important interactions between litter origin, microclimate and detritivores in determining decomposition responses to global change.     

不同水平氮添加对盐渍化草地土壤微生物特征的影响

氮是陆地生态系统生产力的主要限制性因素, 土壤微生物是土壤氮转化的主要驱动因子, 随着大气氮沉降的增加, 盐渍化草地土壤微生物对不同水平氮输入的响应尚不清晰。在山西右玉黄土高原草地生态系统定位观测研究站不同水平氮添加平台(0、1、2、4、8、16、24和32 g·m^-2·a^-1), 在实验处理的第4年(2020年)测定生长季(5-9月)氨氧化细菌(AOB)和氨氧化古菌(AOA)丰度, 土壤真菌和细菌组成, 以及土壤微生物生物量碳(MBC)、氮(MBN)含量, 探讨土壤微生物特征对不同氮输入水平的响应机制。研究表明: (1)在2020年生长季的5-9月, 由于土壤温度和水分的差异, 取样日期显著影响氨氧化微生物、细菌和真菌的数量及MBC、MBN含量。(2)氮添加仅显著影响AOB丰度, 对MBC、MBN含量及细菌和真菌丰度的影响均不显著。(3)氮添加对AOB丰度的影响与取样日期有关, 在生长季早期和高峰期(5-8月), 24和32 g·m^-2·a^-1氮添加显著提高AOB丰度, 在生长季后期(9月)氮添加对AOB丰度的影响不显著。(4)土壤阳离子浓度和土壤pH对AOB丰度的变异具有较高的解释度, 分别解释了土壤微生物特征变异的21.8%和17.2%。由于不同水平氮添加并未显著改变土壤阳离子浓度和土壤pH, 土壤MBC、MBN含量, 细菌和真菌的丰度对氮输入的响应不敏感, 仅在高氮处理显著提高了AOB的丰度, 说明高氮添加可能会促进盐渍化草地土壤氮的转化速率。     

降水变化与氮添加对晋北盐碱化草地土壤净氮矿化的影响

于2018年在晋北典型农牧交错带盐碱化草地设置增减降水和氮添加处理试验,2019年生长季(5-9月)采用原位顶盖PVC埋管法测定不同水、氮处理下土壤净氮矿化速率,研究盐碱化草地土壤净氮矿化速率对降水格局变化和氮沉降的响应.结果表明:土壤净氮矿化速率表现出明显的季节动态.单独增减降水(±50％)和氮添加(10g·m-2·...