THE AFFINITIES OF PRINSEPIA (ROSACEAE)

Sterling, C. (U. California, Davis.) The affinities of Prinsepia (Rosaceae). Amer. Jour. Bot. 50(7): 693–699. Illus. 1963.—Anatomical study of the carpels of 4 species of Prinsepia has shown that at flowering the 2 ovules are erect and pleurotropic. The funiculus is on the dorsal and lower side of the ovule; the micropyle faces a large obturator on the ventral side. The carpellary margins are separated by a fissure below the funicular insertion, but above this level they are fused. The style is laterally inserted on the ventral face of the carpel; it is vascularized only by the wing bundles and the recurving dorsal bundle. At the base of the ovary, 2 ovular bundles depart from the vascular cylinder and run separately, each to its respective ovule. In carpel morphology, ovular position, ovule structure, and vascular anatomy, Prinsepia is not a prunoid type. Although its features on the whole resemble those of chrysobalanoid plants, there are notable differences. Consequently, Prinsepia is assigned to a new subfamilial group in the Rosaceae, the Prinsepioideae. Some phylogenetic considerations are discussed briefly.     

PHYLOGENETIC AND BIOGEOGRAPHIC AFFINITIES OF THE HALYMENIALES AND RHODYMENIALES (RHODOPHYTA) FROM THE GULF OF MEXICO

A kelp/red algal symbiosis is described from nature based on extensive collections from the San Juan Islands, Washington. Kelp gametophytes were found as endophytes in the cell walls of seventeen species of red algae in three different kelp communities. Host red algae were mostly filamentous (e.g., Pleonosporium vancouverianum ) or polysiphonous (e.g. Polysiphonia paniculata ). The kelp gametophytes completed vegetative and reproductive development in the hosts with gametangia formed at the host surface and with sporophytes up to several mm in height being produced while still attached to the host. To date, none of the kelp gametophytes from nature have been identified to genus or species, although the gametophyte of Nereocystis luetkeana is a potential candidate for the symbiosis. Preliminary observations from Nova Scotia and the Isle of Man have not found the association in the Atlantic Ocean. Laboratory studies in Korea successfully reconstructed the symbiosis in the red alga Aglaothamnion oosumiense using zoospores of Undaria pinnatifida but not Laminaria religiosa. Here we outline the development of the symbiosis and discuss the potential adaptive significance of the kelp/red algal interaction.     

梧桐科翅子树属的亲缘关系

翅子树属传统上均作为梧桐科山芝麻族的成员,但也有少数人将它归到Dombeyeae族中。本文根据对翅子树属的外部形态及花粉形态特征的研究,并结合其解剖、染色体和胚胎发育的资料,对翅子树属的亲缘关系进行了分析。翅子树属与山芝麻族在外部形态上比较接近,但在解剖、花粉形态和染色体基数等特征上则差异显著;与Dombeyeae族在花粉形态上一致,但在外部形态(花结构)、染色体基数和瓦形细胞等特征方面则明显不同,反映了翅子树属在这两个族之间的过渡状态,不宜作为任何一族的成员,应该作为一个独立的族存在,其在梧桐科中的位置在Dombeyeae附近。     

PHYLOGENETIC AFFINITIES OF THE SARCINOCHRYSIDALES AND CHRYSOMERIDALES (HETEROKONTA) BASED ON ANALYSES OF MOLECULAR AND COMBINED DATA1

Small-subunit ribosomal RNA nucleotide sequences were inferred for Giraudyopsis stellifera Dangeard (Chrysomeridales), as well as for Pulvinaria sp. and Sarcinochrysis marina Geitler (Sarcinochrysidales,). Phylogenetic analyses of the molecular data indicate that the former is weakly related to the Phaeophyceae/Xanthophyceae clade, whereas the latter two have affinities to the Pelagophyceae, and the Sarcinochrysidales sensu stricto is transferred to this class. A recent study proposed that the Pelagophyceae belongs to a larger assemblage of chromophytic species characterized by reduced flagellar apparatuses. Although the flagellar apparatus characterizing the Sarcinochrysidales is reduced relative to the Chysomeridaels and some other chromophytes, it is the most complicated to be associated with “the reduced flagellar apparatus” lineage. Cladistic analyses of a traditional data set (largely ultrastructural features of the flagellar apparatus) and a combined traditional/molecular data set were used to assess the evolutionary trends of reduction in the flagellar apparatus within the heterokont chromophytes.     

THE LEPIDOPHYTIC AFFINITIES OF THE GENUS CHINLEA AND OSMUNDITES WALKERI

Chinlea campii Daugherty and Osmundites walkeri Daugherty are species of petrified stems from the Upper Triassic Chinle Formation of Arizona that were described as members of the fern family Osmundaceae. Investigation of additional material indicates that the two species are conspecific and belong to the Lepidophyta. The stems are radially symmetric and have an ectophloic siphonostele in which the xylem cylinder is thick and deeply furrowed. Internal pressure against the xylem cylinder caused by the lateral expansion of the pith in some stems produces what appears in transverse section to be a ring of up to 60 separate xylem strands. Leaf traces are small, terete, collateral and have exarch xylem. They are arranged in a tight spiral. Adventitious roots, secondary xylem, and secondary cortex are lacking. The stems are classified under the binomial Chinlea campii, and other axes that have similar cortical anatomy but in which all vascular tissues have decayed are treated as Chinlea sp. Both types of stems are interpreted as ephemeral aerial shoots of an herbaceous plant. Of the known fossil Lepidophyta, Chinlea is most similar to Pleuromeia and Nathorstiana, but it differs from each of these genera in a number of respects and is therefore included in Lepidophyta incertae sedis.     

THE MEASUREMENT OF VOCAL AMPLITUDE AND VOCAL RADIATION PATTERN IN BLUE MONKEYS AND GREY-CHEEKED MANGABEYS

ABSTRACT

The substitution method was adopted from industrial acoustics (Francois and de Montussaint 1972) to “eliminate the influence of the environment” on measurements of the amplitude of vocalizations given by blue monkeysCercopithecus mitis and grey-cheeked mangabeysCercocebus albigena. Measurements were conducted of sound power and sound pressure level of representative utterances. Monkey vocal radiation patterns were also measured. The results showed that vocal amplitude ranged from 62 dB to 100 dB in sound pressure (re 1 pw). At a distance of 2 m, the loudest calls approached an amplitude of 110 dB SPL, a level about equal to the loudest human yell. The measurements of call amplitude conducted here exceeded those derived from the field by approximately 10 dB. It was shown that the discrepancy in amplitude between these laboratory based measurements and earlier measurements conducted under field conditions (Waser and Waser 1977) was probably due to destructive interference between the direct wave and the “ground wave”, a phase shifted wave reflected from the ground. Measurements of radiation patterns of primate vocalizations showed that, like human speech, directivity was a function of frequency, with high-frequency components being radiated more directionally than lower-frequency components. However, primate utterances were in general radiated more omnidirectionally than was human speech.     

THE ANATOMY OF MENASPIS ARMATA AND THE PHYLETIC AFFINITIES OF THE MENASPID BRADYODONTS

The two best preserved specimens of the Upper Permian fish Menaspis armata have been reinvestigated, resulting in new interpretations of a variety of anatomical features. The conclusion is reached that the menaspids cannot possibly be closely related to the chimaeriforms (myriacanthids, squalorajids, and chimaerids), nor to any of those better known bradyodonts (chondrenchelyids, helodontids or edestids) with which they were previously classified. Among the bradyodonts, their closest relatives are probably to be found within the cochliodontids. As far as other elasmobranchiomorphs are concerned, the menaspids may be somehow related to, though surely not direct descendants of, the rhenanids, and it is conceivable that both these groups are derived from the same ancestral forms among the early arthrodires or the arthrodire predecessors.     

中国-日本蕨类植物区系的地理亲缘

本文较详细地分析比较了中国和日本蕨类植物区系的种类组成。两国有7个共同的特有属,有461种共有种。说明两国蕨类植物区系是在两陆块未分离之前共同起源的,此后才有了分化。日本蕨类区系与中国华东地区尤为相近,而与中国西南部即中国-喜马拉雅区系本质上是一致的,但已有较大的不同。     

ANATOMY AND AFFINITIES OF PENTHORUM

The genus Penthorum L. consists of two species of perennial herbs, P. sedoides of eastern North America and P. chinense of eastern Asia. Penthorum has long been considered intermediate between Crassulaceae and Saxifragaceae. An anatomical study of both species was undertaken to contribute to a better understanding of the relationships of these plants. Prominent anatomical features of Penthorum include: an aerenchymatous cortex and closely-spaced collateral vascular bundles of stems; one-trace unilacunar nodes; brochidodromous venation, rosoid teeth bearing hydathodes, and anomocytic stomata of leaves; angular vessel elements with many-barred scalariform perforation plates and alternate to scattered intervascular pits; thin-walled non-septate fiber-tracheids; abundant homocellular erect uniseriate and biseriate rays; and absence of axial xylem parenchyma. In general, Penthorum possesses neither the morphological nor the anatomical synapomorphies which define Crassulaceae, and features shared with Saxifragaceae are largely symplesiomorphous. Thus Penthorum is probably best classified in the monogeneric Penthoraceae.