基于改进PSO的洞庭湖水源涵养林空间优化模型

以结构化森林经营思想为理论基础,从与水源林涵养水源、保持水土功能密切相关的林分物种组成(树种混交)、种内及种间竞争、空间分布格局、垂直结构4个方面选择混交度、竞争指数、角尺度、林层指数、空间密度指数、开阔比数作为水源林健康经营和林分空间结构优化的目标函数,建立洞庭湖水源林林分多目标空间优化模型,应用改进的群智能粒子群算法求解林分空间结构优化模型,并针对模型输出的目标树空间结构单元制定周密的经营策略.研究结果表明,优化模型能准确定位林分空间关系的薄弱环节,调控措施能显著改善林分空间结构,有利于促进森林生态系统的正向演替,为恢复洞庭湖水源林生态功能和健康经营提供理论依据和技术支撑.应用优化模型进行水源涵养林健康经营突破了传统森林经营模式,为智能信息技术在森林空间经营中的应用提供了新的思路.     

大兴安岭主要森林类型林分空间结构优化模拟

以大兴安岭地区4种主要林型[天然落叶松纯林(LF)、天然白桦纯林(BF)、针阔混交林(CBMF)和针叶混交林(CMF)]的1 hm²固定样地调查数据为基础,选择常用林分空间[混交度(M)、大小比数(U)、角尺度(W)、竞争指数(CI)]和非空间结构参数[林分生长活力(DC)、林木稳定性(DH)],并结合熵值-AHP赋权法,构建单木综合抚育采伐指数(T),运用Excel VBA编制模拟抚育采伐过程;系统比较各林型不同抚育采伐强度(分别为10%、20%和30%)下T值,并确定各林型的最优抚育采伐强度.结果表明:初始状态下,各林型平均W均为0.57,属于典型聚集分布;各林分平均U在0.50～0.51,林木整体生长的优势程度处于典型的中庸状态;各林分平均M整体较低,其中,混交林明显大于纯林;林分内平均CI大于2.0,林木生长竞争压力较大;LF整体稳定性、活力均显著高于其他林分;整体来说,BF的经营迫切性程度显著高于其他林分.从同一林型内相邻抚育采伐强度间的T值增长率来看,LF的最佳抚育采伐强度为30%,其余3种林型的最佳抚育采伐强度均为10%,T值增长率分别为9.7%、7.9%、6.6%和3.9%;而从不同林型下T值大小和郁闭度来看,BF的最佳抚育采伐强度为20%,其余林型的最优抚育采伐强度均为30%,此时T值分别提高了28.9%、16.4%、17.5%和9.2%.抚育采伐后林分整体结构得到不同程度的改善,其中,林分M显著增大,林木水平空间分布格局趋向随机分布,优势树种优势程度增加,样地内林木竞争压力明显减小,DC略有降低,DH得到提升.     

气候变化和不同强度造林对大兴安岭主要树种林分信息和地上生物量的长期影响

气候变化及相应火干扰在不同尺度上影响着我国大兴安岭地区森林动态,且在未来的影响可能继续加剧。为了提高森林生态功能和应对气候变暖,国家在分类经营基础上全面实施抚育采伐和补植造林,效果较好,但抚育采伐对森林主要树种的长期影响知之甚少,其在未来气候下的可持续性也有待进一步评估,同时,探讨造林措施对未来森林的影响也显得尤为重要。本文运用森林景观模型LANDIS PRO,模拟气候变化及火干扰、采伐和造林对大兴安岭地区主要树种的长期影响。结果表明:1)模型初始化、短期和长期模拟结果均得到了有效验证,模拟结果与森林调查数据之间无显著性差异(P0.05),基于火烧迹地数据的林火干扰验证亦能够反映当前火干扰的效果,模型模拟结果的可信度较高;2)与当前气候相比,气候变暖及火干扰明显改变了树种组成、年龄结构和地上生物量,B1气候下研究区森林基本上以针叶树种为主要树种,A2气候下优势树种向阔叶树转变;3)与无采伐预案相比,当前气候下,抚育采伐使落叶松的林分密度和地上生物量分别降低了(165±94.9)株/hm~2和(8.5±5.1) Mg/hm~2,增加了樟子松、白桦和云杉等树木株数和地上生物量(3.3—753.4株/hm~2和0.2—4.0 Mg/hm~2),而对山杨的影响较小;B1和A2气候下抚育采伐显著改变林分密度,降低景观尺度地上生物量,进而表现为不可持续;4)B1气候下,推荐实施中低强度造林预案(10%和20%强度),在A2气候下,各强度造林均可在模拟后期增加树种地上生物量。     

Fire disturbance and forest structure in old‐growth mixed conifer forests in the northern Sierra Nevada,California

Question: This study evaluates how fire regimes influence stand structure and dynamics in old‐growth mixed conifer forests across a range of environmental settings. Location: A 2000‐ha area of mixed conifer forest on the west shore of Lake Tahoe in the northern Sierra Nevada, California. Methods: We quantified the age, size, and spatial structure of trees in 12 mixed conifer stands distributed across major topographic gradients. Fire history was reconstructed in each stand using fire scar dendrochronology. The influence of fire on stand structure was assessed by comparing the fire history with the age, size, and spatial structure of trees in a stand. Results: There was significant variation in species composition among stands, but not in the size, age and spatial patterning of trees. Stands had multiple size and age classes with clusters of similar aged trees occurring at scales of 113 ‐ 254 m². The frequency and severity of fires was also similar, and stands burned with low to moderate severity in the dormant season on average every 9–17 years. Most fires were not synchronized among stands except in very dry years. No fires have burned since ca. 1880. Conclusions: Fire and forest structure interact to perpetuate similar stand characteristics across a range of environmental settings. Fire occurrence is controlled primarily by spatial variation in fuel mosaics (e.g. patterns of abundance, fuel moisture, forest structure), but regional drought synchronizes fire in some years. Fire exclusion over the last 120 years has caused compositional and structural shifts in these mixed conifer forests.     

洞庭湖森林生态系统空间结构均质性评价

以东、南、西洞庭湖区域君山岛、龙山、赤山岛龙虎山林场、明朗山、常德林场、和洑林场和桃源县天然次生林为对象,借鉴生态学有关生态系统内部均衡和均质原理,在森林生态系统(斑块)尺度,从空间结构的混交、竞争、空间分布格局3个方面分析提出空间优化的均质性目标、均质性指数及均质性评价方法和评价标准.结果表明:15个洞庭湖湿地调查林分平均均质性评价指数为0.2517.均质性评价的5个等级中处于l级和2级的林分为12个,占80％,处于3级的林分只有3个,仅占20％.说明洞庭湖各林分整体上在空间结构、生长环境和树种优势度等方面不具有明显优势,离理想空间结构差距太大;按照高程不同,洞庭湖湿地从湖沼到丘陵岗地,林分空间结构均质性特征逐渐增强.森林生态系统空间优化均质性目标及均质性指数的提出是森林可持续经营空间途径的拓展,为森林经营的理想空间结构及其表达探索一条新途径.     

不同采伐强度对阔叶红松林主要树种空间分布格局和物种空间关联性的影响

分析采伐后森林群落中物种的空间格局有助于认识该格局形成的生态学过程、种群的生物学特性及其与环境因子之间的相互关系,并对制定可持续的森林经营方案具有重要意义。以长白山地区经历不同采伐方式形成的阔叶红松林次生林为研究对象,利用空间点格局分析的研究方法,探讨了采伐对阔叶红松林主要树种空间分布格局、种间关联性以及更新的影响。研究结果显示:较低强度的择伐对阔叶红松林主要树种的空间分布格局、种间关联性的改变较小,群落可以在较短时间内恢复。中等强度的择伐减少了成年树种对幼树的抑制作用,可以促进森林的天然更新。皆伐后,森林的群落结构,物种的空间分布格局、种间关联性都发生显著变化,尽管更新状况良好,但要恢复到伐前水平仍需要较长时间。择伐不仅通过改变主要树种的密度对阔叶红松林群落结构产生影响,还通过改变物种空间关联性改变群落的结构动态。因此,在制定森林生态系统经营管理方案时,不仅要选择适合的采伐强度,还要综合考虑采伐时物种的选择以及种间关系。     

不同林分类型对昆虫群落多样性的影响

为研究近自然森林经营下的华北落叶松人工林不同林分类型对昆虫群落多样性的影响,以塞罕坝自然保护区内的华北落叶松纯林和混交林作为研究对象,对6种不同林分类型中的昆虫群落结构进行了研究。共获得昆虫标本9542头,隶属于7目,68科,187种,以双翅目、半翅目和鞘翅目为优势类群。研究结果表明:6种林分类型中的昆虫在物种和个体数上存在差异,相似性分析显示群落结构均不相似;群落多样性指数分析表明华北落叶松纯林和其它类型的混交林均具有较高的丰富度指数和多样性指数;主成分分析表明各林分类型中捕食性类群和寄生性类群是影响昆虫群落结构的主要因素,且捕食性类群和寄生性类群对植食性类群的控制作用较强;稳定性分析显示6种林分类型昆虫群落结构均具有较高的稳定性。     

生境对啮齿动物介导下锐齿槲栎种子命运的影响

干扰作为森林演替的驱动力,在改变森林结构和地表植被的同时也对林内动物介导下的种子扩散过程产生影响.本研究采用塑料标签标记法,选取秦岭林区不同人为干扰后形成的3种类型生境(未抚育林分、抚育3年后林分、裸地),研究啮齿动物扩散行为对不同生境类型锐齿槲栎种子命运的响应.结果表明:抚育3年后林分的种子扩散速率最大,裸地扩散速率最小.裸地的种子原地取食率显著低于未抚育(25.0%)和抚育3年后林分(36.3%),而抚育3年后林分的种子搬运后取食率显著高于未抚育林分(17.3%)和裸地(5.0%),且抚育3年后的林分中被啮齿动物分散埋藏的种子比例最高(4.3%).种子扩散距离以抚育3年后林分最大(26 m),且扩散距离显著大于裸地和未抚育林分.锐齿槲栎种子的初次扩散过程在不同生境中表现不同,其种子后期成苗率也存在差异.不同类型生境在一定程度上影响啮齿动物的觅食策略,最终导致不同的种子扩散模式和森林天然更新格局的形成.     

Differences in bird communities in postfire silvicultural practices stands within pine forest of South Korea

We examined differences in bird communities in relation to characteristics of habitat structure in a pine forest, Samcheok, South Korea. An unburned stand, a stand burned 7 years earlier and then naturally restored, and a stand where Japanese red pine Pinus densiflora seedlings were planted after the fire were used for the survey. Habitat structure was dramatically changed by postfire silvicultural practices. Number of stand trees, shrubs, seedlings, snags, and vegetation coverage were significantly different among study stands. We made 1,421 detections of 46 bird species during 23 separate line transect surveys per stand between February 2007 and December 2008. The mean number of observed bird species and individuals, bird species diversity index (H′), and Simpson’s diversity index (D _s) were highest in the unburned stand and lowest in the pine seedling stand. There were more species and individuals of forest-dwelling birds in the unburned stand than both burned stands. Canopy and cavity nesters, foliage searchers, bark gleaners, and timber drillers were significantly higher in the unburned stand. In the pine seedling stand, densities of birds that prefer open field and shrub cover were higher. Stand structure was simplified in the pine seedling stand by postfire practices. Because of differences in habitat structure and bird communities, postfire practices in the burned stand should be re-evaluated. Also, management strategies for pine forest after forest fires are needed based on results of long-term experiments.     

帽儿山天然次生林内主要木本植物空间格局及更新特点

基于帽儿山次生林1 hm²样地的调查数据,将林分分为幼苗(树高H<30 cm)、幼树(H在30～130 cm或H>130 cm同时胸径DBH<5 cm)、中树(DBH 5～10 cm)、大树(DBH≥10 cm)4个大小级,运用O-ring点格局分析方法,分析帽儿山地区次生林内主要木本植物整体及树种人工补植红松、三大硬阔(水曲柳、胡桃楸、黄菠萝),以及榆树的各大小级空间格局及其关联性,探讨该地区次生林更新演替动向,为该地区森林的可持续经营提供依据.结果表明: 样地内更新幼苗2894株·hm^-2,幼树3337株·hm^-2,林分整体更新情况一般.对林分整体而言,幼苗分别与大树、中树和幼树在0～25 m、0～15 m、0～40 m的空间尺度上呈显著正相关,而在其余尺度上均呈显著负相关;幼树与大树、中树分别在0～15 m、0～25 m空间尺度上呈显著正相关,而在其余尺度上无显著关联;大树与中树则在所有尺度上均无相关性.对林分内优势树种而言,红松大树与幼树在所有尺度上主要呈负相关,而三大硬阔、榆树大树与幼树均以不相关为主.人工补植红松幼树与三大硬阔及榆树的各大小级在研究尺度上表现为以负相关为主,三大硬阔和榆树幼树与其他优势种各大小级只在20 m尺度内呈现负相关;三者两两之间在中树及大树阶段在20 m以上的尺度均不相关.帽儿山天然次生林还处于演替的进程当中,在今后的森林资源管理过程中,应当采取积极的人工干预措施促进林分更新,并适时对不合理的空间格局进行调整.     

Effects of aggregated classifications of forest composition on estimates of evapotranspiration in a northern Wisconsin forest

Forest management presents challenges to accurate prediction of water and carbon exchange between the land surface and atmosphere, due to its alteration of forest structure and composition. We examined how forest species types in northern Wisconsin affect landscape scale water fluxes predicted from models driven by remotely sensed forest classification. A site‐specific classification was developed for the study site. Using this information and a digital soils database produced for the site we identified four key forest stand types: red pine, northern hardwoods, aspen, and forested wetland. Within these stand types, 64 trees representing 7 species were continuously monitored with sap flux sensors. Scaled stand‐level transpiration from sap flux was combined with a two‐source soil evaporation model and then applied over a 2.5 km × 3.0 km area around the WLEF AmeriFlux tower (Park Falls, Wisconsin) to estimate evapotranspiration. Water flux data at the tower was used as a check against these estimates. Then, experiments were conducted to determine the effects of aggregating vegetation types to International Geosphere– Biosphere Program (IGBP) level on water flux predictions. Taxonomic aggregation resulting in loss of species level information significantly altered landscape water flux predictions. However, daily water fluxes were not significantly affected by spatial aggregation when forested wetland evaporation was included. The results demonstrate the importance of aspen, which has a higher transpiration rate per unit leaf area than other forest species. However, more significant uncertainty results from not including forested wetland with its high rates of evaporation during wet summers.     

辽东山区原始阔叶红松林主要树种空间结构特征

维持森林结构多样性通常被认为是确保森林生态系统稳定性和生物多样性的有效方式.本研究以辽东山区原始阔叶红松林为对象,运用相邻木空间关系构建林分空间结构参数,探究顶极群落内部主要优势乔木的空间结构特征,并以此顶极群落为借鉴,为低质量次生林改造和人工纯林结构优化经营提供参考.结果表明: 辽东山区原始阔叶红松林林分的径级分布呈倒“J”形,林下更新良好,同时保持一定比例的大径木存在;林分平均角尺度为0.507,整体呈随机分布状态,混交度平均值为0.82,混交度强;平均大小比数为0.506,反映出林分整体处于中庸状态.林分中不同优势度在极强混交维度下出现了一定程度的分化,反映出处于中下层绝对劣势的小径级被压木和主林层的绝对优势木在不同垂直空间上的优化分布与利用.林分中各优势树种的分布也随机镶嵌于总体的随机格局之中.     

Comparison of structure and biodiversity in the Rajhenav virgin forest remnant and managed forest in the Dinaric region of Slovenia

Comparisons are made between a virgin forest remnant (primeval forest) and a lightly managed (near‐to‐nature) forest with regard to horizontal forest structures, the structure of forest stands, and the diversity of plant and bird species. In the virgin forest remnant the proportion of canopy gaps is smaller, there are no stands in the developmental phase of a pole stand (10 < cm d.b.h. < 30 cm), and both the growing stock and the proportion of less vigorous trees are considerably greater. In addition, there is a higher percentage of dead trees, a smaller proportion of minor tree species and a considerably lower diversity of plants. The diversity of bird species is similar for each forest type, but rare bird species are confined to the virgin forest remnant. The biological differences between the two types of forest have led to changes in the physical site conditions. The results of the research are valuable in assessing the consequences of near‐to‐nature forest management.     

特大干旱对树木死亡的影响——以美国德克萨斯州东部森林为例

美国德克萨斯州在2011年经历了史上最严重的干旱,这一事件造成约3亿多株树木死亡。在大时空尺度上(面积约9×10~6 hm~2,时间跨度近20年),基于近1800个森林样地,4次周期性调查中的约209663株树木,使用主成份分析(PCA)和广义线性混合效应模型(GLM)回归,对树木死亡的时空差异及其干旱强度与长度对树木死亡造成的中长期复杂影响进行了研究。采用树木密度、树木基面积、林地年龄、样地调查时间间隔作为树木间的竞争指标,分析了造成大旱前后周期水平和年度水平上的样地树木死亡差异的原因。综合分析了不同地理区域、树木种组、胸径大小和林地起源的4个划分标准下树木死亡对死亡率的相对贡献。结果表明：松属树木的死亡率最低(7.92%);高度低、胸径小的树木的死亡率较大,分别为29.79%和26.00%。人工林的树木死亡率(10.26%)低于天然林(13.47%);西海湾平原生态区树木的死亡率在干旱后达到最大(22.27%);西南区的树木死亡率在干旱后也达到最大(13.78%);海拔和纬度对树木死亡率影响不明显。德州东部森林整体死亡格局形成原因较为复杂,各地理区域、林地起源、树木大小和不同树种,...     

Fire disturbance and forest structure in an old‐growth Pinus ponderosa forest,southern Cascades,USA

Questions: Did fire regimes in old‐growth Pinus ponderosa forest change with Euro‐American settlement compared to the pre‐settlement period? Do tree age structures exhibit a pattern of continuous regeneration or is regeneration episodic and related to fire disturbance or fire‐free periods? Are the forests compositionally stable? Do trees have a clumped spatial pattern and are clumps even‐ or mixed‐age? How might information from this old‐growth forest inform current restoration and management practices? Location: A 235‐ha old‐growth forest in the Ishi Wilderness, southern Cascade Mountains, California. Methods: Age, size, and spatial pattern of trees were quantified in seven stands. Fire history was reconstructed using fire scar dendrochronology. The influence of fire on stand structure was assessed by comparing fire history with age, size, and spatial structure of trees and identifying and measuring trees killed by two recent fires. Results: Species composition in plots was similar but density and basal area of tree populations varied. Age structure for P. ponderosa and Quercus kelloggii showed periods of episodic recruitment that varied among plots. Fire disturbance was frequent before 1905, with a median period between fires of 12 years. Fire frequency declined after 1905 but two recent fires (1990, 1994) killed 36% and 41% of mostly smaller diameter P. ponderosa and Q. kelloggii. Clusters of similar age trees occurred at scales of 28‐1018 m² but patches were not even‐aged. Interactions between tree regeneration and fire promoted development of uneven age groups of trees. Conclusions: Fire disturbance strongly influenced density, basal area, and spatial structure of tree populations. Fire exclusion over the last 100 years has caused compositional and structural changes. Two recent fires, however, thinned stands and created gaps favorable for Q. kelloggii and P. ponderosa regeneration. The effects of infrequent 20th century fire indicate that a low fire frequency can restore and sustain structural characteristics resembling those of the pre‐fire suppression period forest.     

Fine‐scale forest variability and biodiversity in the boreal mixedwood forest

Local spatial variation in species distributions is driven by a mix of abiotic and biotic factors, and understanding such hierarchical variation is important for conservation of biodiversity across larger scales. We sought to understand how variation in species composition of understory vascular plants, spiders, and carabid beetles is associated with concomitant spatial variation in forest structure on a 1‐ha permanent plot in a never‐cut mixedwood forest in central Alberta (Canada). Using correlations among dendrograms produced by cluster analysis we associated data about mapped distribution of all living and dead stems > 1 cm diameter at breast height with distributions of the three focal taxa sampled from regular grids across the plot. Variation in each of these species assemblages were significantly associated with several forest structure variables at various spatial scales, but the scale of the associations varied among assemblages. Variation in species richness and abundance was explained mostly by changes in basal area of trees across the plot; however, other variables (e.g. snag density and tree density) were also important, depending on assemblage. We conclude that fine‐scale habitat variation is important in structuring spatial distribution of the species of the forest floor, even within a relatively homogeneous natural forest. Thus, assessments that ignore within‐stand heterogeneity and management that ignores its maintenance will have limited utility as conservation measures for these taxa, which are major elements of forest biodiversity.     

Individual-tree- and stand-based development following natural disturbance in a heterogeneously structured forest: A LiDAR-based approach

Large-scale severe natural disturbance events drive spatial and temporal patterns of forests by altering forest structure, composition, and functions. In the Bavarian Forest National Park in Germany, windthrow events led to large disturbances caused by the European bark beetle (Ips typographus L.). Until recently, it was assumed that at the initial stage of regeneration, trees tend to form a homogeneous stand structure, whereas structural heterogeneity is an attribute of later developmental stages. Yet recent studies provide evidence that under certain conditions structural heterogeneity can arise much earlier in stand development. Here we combined LiDAR data and forest growth modeling based on individual trees to develop a workflow for studying forest development in post-disturbed areas in the upper montane regions of the national park. The current forest structure was derived from LiDAR data of individually detected trees and a set of forest structural attributes were derived. The results served as input to simulate tree development spatio-temporally for a period of 80 years. Several spatial statistics, including landscape and spatial point pattern metrics, were calculated to assess the structural heterogeneity. The results showed that naturally regenerating forests on post-disturbed sites reveal structural heterogeneity already at the early-seral stage. Moreover, a significant portion of the eventual old-growth structural heterogeneity might already be determined in the early successional stages. Our workflow highlights the use of multi-sensor aerial remote sensing to provide detailed structural information useful for the investigation of early-phase forest dynamics.     

目标树抚育对亚热带天然次生灌丛群落结构和多样性的影响

在浙江省临安市选择典型天然次生灌丛,分别进行封禁和目标树抚育,探讨灌丛恢复为乔木林的可能性.结果表明: 4年后,与未管护(对照)相比,封禁和目标树抚育后群落平均胸径分别提高1.3和2.6倍,平均高度分别提高0.5和1.1倍;目标树抚育林木出现了对照林分没有的4.5～8.5 cm径阶和4.5～8.5 m树高阶,形成了4 m高的新林层;灌木层物种丰富度和多样性指数没有因抚育而下降;封禁管理维持了群落的树种组成,遵循原有的演替方向;目标树抚育显著改变了群落的树种组成,提高了目的树种的重要值,近期有可能恢复成为针阔混交林群落.与封禁相比,目标树抚育在优势林木胸径和高度生长、树种组成改善等方面更能达到预想的目标.在有条件经营的情况下,可以选择目标树抚育模式对天然次生灌丛进行管理,从而达到加快群落恢复演替形成乔木林的目的.     

Changes in liana community structure and functional traits along a chronosequence of selective logging in a moist semi-deciduous forest in Ghana

ABSTRACT

Background: Lianas are an important component of tropical forests that respond to logging disturbance. Determining liana response to selective logging chronosequence is important for understanding long-term logging effects on lianas and tropical forests.

Aims: Our objective was to quantify the response of liana communities to selective logging chronosequence in a moist semi-deciduous forest in Ghana.

Methods: Liana community characteristics were determined in ten 40 m × 40 m plots randomly and homogenously distributed in each of four selectively logged forest stands that had been logged 2, 14, 40 and 68 years before the surveys and in an old-growth forest stand (ca. >200 years).

Results: Liana species composition differed significantly among the forest stands, as a function of logging time span, while species richness fluctuated along the chronosequence. The abundance of liana communities and of reproductive and climbing guilds was lower in the logged forests than in the old-growth forest. The ratio of liana abundance and basal area to those of trees was similar in the logged forests, but significantly lower than those in the old-growth forest.

Conclusions: Logging impacts on liana community structure and functional traits were largely evident, though no clear chronosequence trends were recorded, except for species composition.     

基于结构方程模型分析林分空间结构对草本物种多样性的影响

林分空间结构的改变直接影响林下草本物种的多样性。以针叶纯林、针阔混交林和常绿阔叶林为研究对象,采用结构方程模型研究了林分空间结构对林下草本物种多样性的影响,并探讨了林分水平空间结构,垂直空间结构以及林木竞争态势对林下草本物种多样性的影响的相对重要性。结果表明,林分水平空间结构对林下草本的物种多样性指数和物种均匀性指数均存在极显著的影响（P < 0.001）,影响系数高达0.96和0.89,对林下草本物种丰富度存在显著影响（P < 0.01）,影响系数为0.22;林分垂直空间结对林下草本丰富度和物种均匀性指数均存在极显著的影响（P < 0.001）,影响系数分别为0.86和0.43,对林下草本物种多样性指数存在显著影响（P < 0.01）,影响系数为0.16;林木竞争指数与林下草本丰富度和物种多样性指数也均存在极显著的影响（P < 0.001）,但影响系数较小,分别为-0.47和-0.30,而对林下草本物种均匀性指数未达到显著影响作用（P > 0.05）,影响系数仅为-0.04。整体上看,林分水平空间结构、垂直空间结构和林木竞争态势均对林下草本物种多样性有较强的影响作用,但从影响系数看,林分水平空间结构的影响作用最大,垂直空间结构次之,林木竞争态势的影响作用最小。因此,欲维持或改善林下草本物种多样性,应采取调整林分水平空间结构为主,垂直空间结构调整为辅,并适当降低林木竞争程度的综合经营措施。