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Takashi Ueno Masaaki Komatsu 《BioEssays : news and reviews in molecular, cellular and developmental biology》2020,42(11):2000122
Macroautophagy is a major degradation mechanism of cell components via the lysosome. Macroautophagy greatly contributes to not only cell homeostasis but also the prevention of various diseases. Because macroautophagy proceeds through multi-step reactions, researchers often face a persistent question of how macroautophagic activity can be measured correctly. To make a straightforward determination of macroautophagic activity, diverse monitoring assays have been developed. Direct measurement of lysosome-dependent degradation of radioisotopically labeled cell proteins has long been applied. Meanwhile, indirect monitoring procedures have been developed. In these assays, autophagosome marker proteins, microtubule-associated proteins 1A/1B light chain 3B-II (LC3B-II) and gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor-associated protein-II (GABARAP-II) have been analyzed and the validity of the assays strongly depends on appropriate assessment of the fluctuation of LC3-II and/or GABARAP-II levels in the presence or absence of lysosomal inhibitors. This article describes these monitoring methods, paying special attention to the principles and characteristics of each procedure. 相似文献
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Macromolecular drugs hold great promise as novel therapeutics of several major disorders, such as cancer and cardiovascular
disease. However, their use is limited by lack of efficient, safe, and specific delivery strategies. Successful development
of such strategies requires interdisciplinary collaborations involving researchers with expertise on e.g., polymer chemistry,
cell biology, nano technology, systems biology, advanced imaging methods, and clinical medicine. This poses obvious challenges
to the scientific community, but also provides opportunities for the unexpected at the interface between different disciplines.
This review summarizes recent studies of macromolecular delivery that should be of interest to researchers involved in macromolecular
drug synthesis as well as in vitro and in vivo drug delivery studies. 相似文献
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ABSTRACT
Well-founded methods to assess habitat connectivity are essential to inform land management decisions that include conservation
and restoration goals. Indeed, to be able to develop a conservation plan that maintains animal movement through a fragmented
landscape, spatial locations of habitat and paths among them need to be represented. Graph-based approaches have been proposed
to determine paths among habitats at various scales and dispersal movement distances, and balance data requirements with information
content. Conventional graphs, however, do not explicitly maintain geographic reference, reducing communication capacity and
utility of other geo-spatial information. We present spatial graphs as a unifying theory for applying graph-based methods in a geographic context. Spatial graphs integrate a geometric reference
system that ties patches and paths to specific spatial locations and spatial dimensions. Arguably, the complete graph, with
paths between every pair of patches, may be one of the most relevant graphs from an ecosystem perspective, but it poses challenges
to compute, process and visualize. We developed Minimum Planar Graphs as a spatial generalization of Delaunay triangulations
to provide a reasonable approximation of complete graphs that facilitates visualization and comprehension of the network of
connections across landscapes. If, as some authors have suggested, the minimum spanning tree identifies the connectivity “backbone”
of a landscape, then the Minimum Planar Graph identifies the connectivity “network”. We applied spatial graphs, and in particular
the Minimum Planar Graph, to analyze woodland caribou habitat in Manitoba, Canada to support the establishment of a national
park. 相似文献
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组织微阵列是将若干石蜡包埋块上的各种典型组织或细胞转移到一个新石蜡块上重新构建微型化高通量组织阵列的方法,可以有效地进行各类临床病理组织的原位观察和研究。组织微阵列技术可以在一块薄片上同时排列几百个样品,进行高通量的基因和蛋白质分析,且能够充分利用组织资源,将多个样品的平行实验一次完成。在分析RNA和某些蛋白质时,石蜡包埋组织的使用受到限制。为了解决这个问题,发展了冷冻微阵列的方法。该方法快速便捷,效率很高,为使用临床标本及其相关的病理数据库来进行基因和蛋白质水平的研究提供了机会。该阐述了来自于组织和细胞系的微阵列的制备方法和技术特点,并概述它们在临床研究中的应用以及发展前景。 相似文献
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纳米基因转运体——原理、研制与应用 总被引:9,自引:0,他引:9
基因转移是基因治疗的关键技术,一直以来也是制约基因治疗成功开展的瓶颈问题.随着纳米技术的发展,纳米基因转运体的研制获得了积极发展,其系统内和细胞内基因转移机理得到了深入阐明.设计与研制在体内循环时间长、具有靶特异性的纳米转运体为突破基因转移瓶颈,实现安全、高效和靶向性基因治疗带来了新的希望. 相似文献
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H. K. Palta 《Brittonia》1979,31(4):499-499
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《Journal of molecular biology》2019,431(18):3547-3567
The increased incidence of bacterial resistance to available antibiotics represents a major global health problem and highlights the need for novel anti-infective therapies. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) represent promising alternatives to conventional antibiotics. AMPs are versatile, have almost unlimited sequence space, and can be tuned for broad-spectrum or specific activity against microorganisms. However, several obstacles remain to be overcome in order to develop AMPs for medical use, such as toxicity, stability, and bacterial resistance. We lack standard experimental procedures for quantifying AMP activity and do not yet have a clear picture of the mechanisms of action of AMPs. The rational design of AMPs can help solve these issues and enable their use as new antimicrobials. Here we provide an overview of the main physicochemical features that can be engineered to achieve enhanced bioactivity and describe current strategies being used to design AMPs. 相似文献
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《Critical reviews in biochemistry and molecular biology》2013,48(3-4):227-259
AbstractNucleic acid hybridization with a labeled probe is the only practical way to detect a complementary target sequence in a complex nucleic acid mixture. The first section of this article covers quantitative aspects of nucleic acid hybridization thermodynamics and kinetics. The probes considered are oligonucleotides or polynucleotides, DNA or RNA, single- or double-stranded, and natural or modified, either in the nucleotide bases or in the backbone. The hybridization products are duplexes or triplexes formed with targets in solution or on solid supports. Additional topics include hybridization acceleration and reactions involving branch migration. The second section deals with synthesis or biosynthesis and detection of labeled probes, with a discussion of their sensitivity and specificity limits. Direct labeling is illustrated with radioactive probes. The discussion of indirect labels begins with biotinylated probes as prototypes. Reporter groups considered include radioactive, fluorescent, and chemiluminescent nucleotides, as well as enzymes with colorimetric, fluorescent, and luminescent substrates. 相似文献