蝎毒对癫痫敏感性和海马GFAP释放的影响

目的和方法 :本工作用海人酸癫痫模型 ,通过对癫痫大鼠蝎毒治疗后行为变化及脑内胶质原纤维酸性蛋白(GFAP)免疫反应活性的检测 ,对蝎毒抗癫痫反复发作的相关脑区及其机制做以初步探讨。结果 :癫痫大鼠蝎毒治疗三周后 ,能明显减少癫痫发作的例数 ,减轻癫痫发作的程度 ,使发作的潜伏期延长 (P <0 .0 5 )。免疫细胞化学的实验显示 ,蝎毒抗癫痫反复发作的相关脑区是海马。 8例蝎毒治疗的大鼠与实验对照组相比 ,有 6例背侧海马GFAP免疫染色明显减轻 ,未见星形胶质细胞增生 ;CA1区无明显神经元缺失 ;而且与空白对照组相比无显著差异。结论 :癫痫大鼠蝎毒治疗三周后 ,能明显减轻癫痫发作的行为 ,抑制海马星形胶质细胞的增生肥大 ,减轻海马神经元受损的程度。蝎毒抑制海马星形胶质细胞增生很可能是蝎毒抗癫痫反复发作的重要机制之一。     

癫痫发作敏感大鼠前深梨状皮层T区神经病理观察

目的和方法：采用颞叶癫痫红藻氨酸（kainic acid,KA)模型,制备癫痫发作敏感大鼠,并分别以硫瑾染色和GFAP（神经胶质原纤维酸性蛋白,glial fibrilary acidic protein)免疫组化方法检测前深梨状皮层T区（area tempestas,AT)内神经元损伤及星形胶质细胞增生情况,并与经蝎毒（scorpion venom,SV)处理后癫痫发作敏感性明显降低的大鼠进行比较。结果：与对照组比较,癫痫敏感动物前深梨状皮层T区锥体细胞数目明显减少,GFAP免疫反应阳性星形胶质细胞数目明显增加,染色强度明显增强,（P＜0．05）以剂量为100mg/kg/日的蝎毒给予动物连续灌胃三周,可明显降低其癫痫发作敏感性（P＜0．05）,而脑内梨状皮层T区锥体细胞脱失减轻,GPAP免疫反应活性未见明显增强。结论：推测梨状皮层T区硬化（神经元脱失,星形胶质细胞增生肥大）很可能是癫痫发作敏感性长期存在的重要原因。     

甘珀酸对内脏痛大鼠延髓星形胶质细胞和神经元反应的影响

目的:研究侧脑室注射甘珀酸后对福尔马林灌胃致内脏疼痛大鼠的延髓迷走孤束复合体内星形胶质细胞和神经元反应的影响.方法:经侧脑室注射缝隙连接阻断剂甘珀酸(carbenoxolone,CBX)后向大鼠胃内灌入2.5%福尔马林2ml诱发内脏疼痛,用免疫组织化学方法观察延髓迷走孤束复合体(VSC)内抗Fos蛋白(标记神经元)和抗胶质原纤维酸性蛋白(标记星形胶质细胞)的单一或双重标记的免疫荧光染色.结果:福尔马林灌胃后大鼠出现烦躁易激惹,呼吸变快,持续1h;而预先侧脑室注射CBX则动物疼痛行为学反应明显减轻.免疫组织化学染色发现福尔马林灌胃后大鼠VSC中的Fos免疫反应数目增强;大鼠预先侧脑室注射CBX后VSC中的Fos免疫反应数目明显减弱.结论:延髓VSC中的星形胶质细胞和神经元参与福尔马林灌胃致内脏痛的调节,星形胶质细胞可能通过缝隙连接影响神经元对内脏痛的调节功能.     

戊四氮致痫大鼠皮质和海马内GFAP、cyclinD1及脑和脑脊液17β-雌二醇和孕酮浓度变化

目的研究癫痫发作后脑和脑脊液中17β-雌二醇和孕酮含量的变化.方法将雌性SD大鼠随机分为戊四氮(PTZ)致痫组和生理盐水对照组.(1)用免疫组织化学方法观察大鼠大脑皮质和海马星形胶质细胞胶质原纤维酸性蛋白(GFAP)含量的变化;(2)用Western blot方法检测大鼠大脑皮质和海马细胞周期素D1(cyclin D1)表达的变化;(3)采用放免法测定大鼠大脑皮质和海马组织匀浆及脑脊液中17β-雌二醇和孕酮含量的变化.结果免疫组织化学染色结果显示癫痫发作4h后在海马CA3区、CA1区和皮质内GFAP免疫反应明显增强(P<0.05);Western blot结果显示癫痫发作2h后cyclin D1的表达在皮质和海马均较对照组明显增强(P<0.05);放射免疫分析结果显示,癫痫发作后,皮质、海马和脑脊液的17β-雌二醇的浓度有不同程度增高,致痫8h后恢复正常,孕酮的浓度在皮质和脑脊液则呈下降趋势.结论戊四氮致痫时皮质及海马内星形胶质细胞激活、增殖,内源性雌激素合成增多,同时孕酮浓度降低,说明雌性激素在癫痫的形成和维持中发挥作用.     

马桑内酯慢性致痫大鼠海马星形胶质细胞的激活

目的：研究慢性癫痛大鼠点时海马星形胶细胞的激活情况。方法：采用马桑内酯慢性癫痫大鼠模型,观察大鼠点燃后海马NF－kBp65和胶质原纤维酸性蛋白（glial fibrillary acidic protein, GFAP）免疫细胞化学反应（immunoreactivity,IR)的变化。结果：点燃后1h,海马CA1区GFAR－IR开始增强,4－8h可观察到GFAP－IR阳性细胞数量增多并明显浓染。这种强GFAP－IR持续至点燃点24h点燃后1h,NF－kBp65即可在海马CA1区神经元和胶质细胞内表达,主要位于胞核内,至8h阳性神经元细胞核基本消失而可见大量NF－kBp65－IR阳性的胶质细胞,双重免疫细胞化学方法显示GFAP／NF－kBp65－IR阳性细胞在点燃后1h即可观察到,4h表达最高峰,24h恢复对照组水平。结论：马桑内酯慢性致痫大鼠点燃时星形胶质细胞表现一种早期而持续的激活,提示反复激活的星形胶质细胞对癫痫的复发可能起重要的作用。     

C57/BL6癫痫小鼠海马齿状回DCX和GFAP表达的时程变化

目的：观察C57/BL6癫痫小鼠海马神经元DCX和GFAP表达的时程变化,为神经元发生,发育和星形胶质细胞的变化提供理论基础。方法：应用海人藻酸建立小鼠癫痫模型,应用免疫荧光组织化学方法检测海马齿状回不同时间点双皮质醇,胶质纤维酸性蛋白的表达。结果：与对照组相比,癫痫发生后3天7、天,海马齿状回DCX阳性神经元的免疫荧光强度明显增强;GFAP阳性神经元的免疫荧光强度在癫痫发生后持续的一周内较对照组均见明显持续表达增强。结论：小鼠癫痫后会引起海马星形胶质细胞的活化,同时发病早期神经元已经出现再生标记物的增加。     

星形胶质细胞引起神经元超激发的作用机制分析

实验发现,星形胶质细胞表面膜上有多种神经递质受体,能积极参与脑内的信号传导,并与多种神经性疾病相关.在锥体神经元和星形胶质细胞的耦合网络中,星形胶质细胞能接受外部刺激.本文研究了在神经元和胶质细胞耦合系统中,将谷氨酸刺激加载在星形胶质细胞上的情况,发现神经元出现超激发现象,而神经元超激发是癫痫疾病的一个重要特征之一;并...     

星形胶质细胞在MPTP帕金森小鼠脑内的变化研究

目的：研究神经毒素1-甲基-4-苯基-1,2,3,6-四氢吡啶（1-methy-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahy-dropyridine,MPTP）对小鼠脑内星形胶质细胞及肿瘤坏死因子-α（Tunlomecrosis factor alpha,TNF-α）的影响,了解MPTP致帕金森病发病机制。方法：将神经毒素MPTP注入C57BL／6小鼠腹腔内,制备帕金森病动物模型。观察注药后小鼠行为学变化,免疫组化检测各时间点多巴胺能神经元缺失和星形胶质细胞增生与激活情况,以及TNF-α表达水平的变化。结果：MPTP组黑质多巴胺（dopamine,DA）能神经元的数量随注射天数增加而持续减少,星形胶质细胞数量明显增高,GFAP及TNF-α在模型组黑质内有中强阳性表达,与对照组相比差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论：MPTP可诱导星形胶质细胞的激活和增生,启动脑内炎症反应而介导DA神经元死亡。     

星形胶质细胞在阿尔茨海默病中的功能变化及分子机制

星形胶质细胞在脑内数量最多,分布最广,对神经元有营养支持的作用,并且能够调控神经元的活性。越来越多的证据表明星形胶质细胞激活参与阿尔茨海默病(Alzheimer's disease,AD)的发生和发展。在AD病理情况下,星形胶质细胞在多种因子如β淀粉样蛋白(beta-amyloid,Aβ)和促炎细胞因子的作用下被激活,激活的星形胶质细胞进一步释放一氧化氮(Nitric oxide,NO)和多种炎性因子增强炎症级联反应。功能失常的星形胶质细胞会促进Aβ的产生,减弱对Aβ的摄取和清除,导致Aβ聚集沉积形成老年斑。激活的星形胶质细胞释放的炎症因子还能显著增加神经元内tau蛋白的异常过度磷酸化,产生神经纤维缠结。本文对星形胶质细胞在AD中参与神经变性的功能变化和分子机制进行总结,为星形胶质细胞作为靶点预防及治疗AD提供一定的理论依据。     

戊四氮致痫大鼠大脑皮质和海马内GFAP和cyclin D1表达的变化及脑和脑脊液天冬氨酸和谷氨酸含量的变化

目的研究癫痫发病时星形胶质细胞的激活及脑和脑脊液兴奋性氨基酸含量的变化.方法将实验SD大鼠随机分为2组:1.生理盐水对照(control)组(n=8);腹腔注射与致痫剂等容量的生理盐水.2.戊四氮(PTZ)组;PTZ 60mg/kg腹腔注射后2h、4h、8h、12h取脑,每个时间点各8只,检测下列指标:(1)用免疫组织化学方法(SABC法)观察大鼠大脑皮质和海马内星形胶质细胞胶质原纤维酸性蛋白(GFAP)含量的变化;(2)用Western blot方法检测大鼠大脑皮质和海马细胞周期素D1(cyclin D1)表达的变化;(3)采用高效液相色谱(HPLC)法测定大鼠大脑皮质和海马组织匀浆及脑脊液中兴奋性氨基酸(天冬氨酸和谷氨酸)含量的变化.结果星形胶质细胞GFAP免疫组织化学染色结果显示癫痫发作4h后在大脑皮质和海马CA3区、CA1区和皮质内GFAP免疫反应明显增强(P<0.05);Western blot检测癫痫发作2h后cyclin D1的表达在皮质和海马均较对照组明显增强(P<0.05);HPLC测定癫痫发作4h后大脑皮质中天冬氨酸(Asp)和谷氨酸(Glu)的含量达到最高峰,分别为8.900±0.540μmol/g protein和17.500±0.526μmol/g protein,与对照组(分别为7.083±0.693μmol/g protein和7.017±0.419μmol/g protein)相比均有显著性差异(P<0.05),在海马内Asp的含量在癫痫发作后2h达到最高峰,为11.425±1.006μmol/g protein,Glu的含量在癫痫发作后4h达到最高峰,为17.698±0.250μmol/g protein,与对照组(分别为7.300±0.824μmol/g protein和10.925±0.323μmol/g protein)比较均有显著性差异(P<0.05),脑脊液中Asp的含量在癫痫发作后2h达到最高峰,为82.65±4.81μmol/L,而Glu的含量在癫痫发作后持续增高,12h后达到72.80±3.66μmol/L.结论戊四氮致痫过程中兴奋性氨基酸含量增多,海马及皮质内星形胶质细胞激活,cyclin D1表达增加,星形胶质细胞增殖,以上变化在癫痫的形成和维持中发挥作用.     

Formation of toxic fibrils of Alzheimer's amyloid beta-protein-(1-40) by monosialoganglioside GM1, a neuronal membrane component

A pathological hallmark of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the deposition of amyloid beta-protein (Abeta) in fibrillar form on neuronal cells. However, the role of Abeta fibrils in neuronal dysfunction is highly controversial. This study demonstrates that monosialoganglioside GM1 (GM1) released from damaged neurons catalyzes the formation of Abeta fibrils, the toxicity and the cell affinity of which are much stronger than those of Abeta fibrils formed in phosphate-buffered saline. Abeta-(1-40) was incubated with equimolar GM1 at 37 degrees C. After a lag period of 6-12 h, amyloid fibrils were formed, as confirmed by circular dichroism, thioflavin-T fluorescence, size-exclusion chromatography, and transmission electron microscopy. The fibrils showed significant cytotoxicity against PC12 cells differentiated with nerve growth factor. Trisialoganglioside GT1b also facilitated the fibrillization, although the effect was weaker than that of GM1. Our study suggests an exacerbation mechanism of AD and an importance of polymorphisms in Abeta fibrils during the pathogenesis of the disease.     

The fibronexus in reactive and tumoral myofibroblasts: further characterisation by electron microscopy

Forty two surgical specimens containing myofibroblasts were studied to clarify the criteria for identifying the fibronexus, an ultrastructural feature regarded as a marker for myofibroblastic differentiation. Granulation tissue, tumour stroma, fibro-proliferative lesions (nodular fasciitis, myofibromatosis, inflammatory myofibroblastic tumour) and malignancies (myofibrosarcoma and fibrosarcoma) were studied. Comparable results were found throughout these specimens, although fibronexus junctions were better developed in reactive compared with tumoral myofibroblasts. By electron microscopy, myofibroblasts were identified by abundant rough endoplasmic reticulum, peripheral smooth-muscle myofilaments with focal densities, and fibronexus junctions. The latter were recognised as the points of convergence on the myofibroblast surfaces of intracellular myofilaments and extracellular fibronectin fibrils. The fibronectin fibrils were often co-linear with myofilaments. Also, fibronectin fibrils were dark-staining, straight and rigid-looking, and had a longitudinal filamentous substructure. A striking feature was the tendency of fibronectin fibrils to project into the surrounding extracellular space, away from the myofibroblast surface: in these respects, they differed significantly from lamina ("basement membrane"). The presence of fibronectin fibrils correlated positively with fibronectin immunostaining by light and electron microscopy. Laminin and collagen IV showed variable and weak staining in the intercellular spaces in a minority of cases and never strongly stained myofibroblast surfaces. The data emphasise that the fibronexus has a number of distinctive features permitting identification, and constitute a reference-point for pathologists wishing to use electron microscopy to refine light microscopy diagnoses of putative myofibroblastic lesions. The role of the fibronexus in the definition of the myofibroblast is discussed.     

Purified trout egg vitelline envelope proteins VEbeta and VEgamma polymerize into homomeric fibrils from dimers in vitro

The rainbow trout egg vitelline envelope (VE) is composed of three proteins, called VEalpha ( approximately 58-60kDa Mr), VEbeta ( approximately 52kDa Mr), and VEgamma ( approximately 47kDa Mr). Each of these proteins is related to mouse egg zona pellucida (ZP) glycoproteins, called ZP1, ZP2, and ZP3, and possesses a ZP domain that has been implicated in the polymerization of the proteins into long, interconnected fibrils or filaments. Here, trout egg VEbeta and VEgamma were purified to homogeneity and analyzed under various experimental conditions (SDS-PAGE, Blue Native-(BN-)PAGE, size-exclusion chromatography, and transmission electron microscopy) to determine whether individual VE proteins would polymerize into fibrils in vitro. Such analyses revealed that in the presence of 6M urea each VE protein is present primarily as monomers and as small oligomers (dimers, tetramers, etc.). However, either a reduction in urea concentration or a complete removal of urea results in the polymerization of VEbeta and VEgamma dimers into very large oligomers. Mixtures of VEbeta and VEgamma also give rise to large oligomers. Under these conditions, VE proteins are visualized by transmission electron microscopy as aggregates of long fibrils, with each fibril composed of contiguous beads located periodically along the fibril. The relationship between the behavior of fish egg VE proteins and mouse ZP glycoproteins, as well as other ZP domain-containing proteins, is discussed.     

Elaboration of cellulose fibrils by Agrobacterium tumefaciens during attachment to carrot cells.

The attachment of virulent strains of Agrobacterium tumefaciens to plant cells is the first step in the bacterial induction of tumors. Binding of A. tumefaciens to carrot tissue culture cells occurred as a two-step process. The initial step was the attachment of the bacteria to the plant cell wall. Living plant cells were not required. Bacterial attachment to heat-killed or glutaraldehyde-fixed carrot cells proceeded with only slightly altered kinetics and unaltered bacterial strain specificity. After the bacteria bound to the carrot cell surface, scanning electron microscopy showed that fibrils developed, surrounded the bacteria, and anchored them to the plant cell surface. These fibrils were synthesized by the bacteria and not by the plant cell since they were also made after the attachment of A. tumefaciens to dead carrot cells and since under some conditions the bacteria synthesized fibrils in the absence of plant cells. Calcofluor staining, acid hydrolysis, enzymatic digestion studies, and infrared spectroscopy showed that the fibrils were composed of cellulose. The formation of these cellulose fibrils occurred during the attachment of virulent strains of A. tumefaciens to plant cells in vitro. The fibrils anchored the bacteria to the plant cell surface and entrapped additional bacteria. The multiplication of entrapped and attached bacteria resulted in the formation of large clusters of bacteria held close to the plant cell wall and plasma membrane by cellulose fibrils. This high concentration of bacteria may facilitate transfer of Ti plasmid deoxyribonucleic acid to the plant cell resulting in the formation of tumors.     

Glycocalyceal bodies in a human rectal carcinoma cell line and their interstitial collagenolytic activities.

In co-cultivation on a membrane of connective tissue matrix (CTM) obtained from human dura mater, human adenocarcinoma cells (RCM-1) degraded CTM. Morphologically, the destruction of CTM was associated with the shedding of membrane vesicles from the cells. Transmission electron microscopy, using ruthenium red (RR), showed that the shed vesicles were composed of various-sized membrane bound vesicles (MV). A large majority were small glycocalyceal bodies (G-bodies) measuring 20-120 nm in diameter, composed of an amorphous matrix of moderate electron-density surrounded by an RR-positive, trilaminar membrane. G-bodies were separated from medium-sized and large MVs by ultracentrifugation. Ultrastructural observation of the isolated collagen fibrils from CTM co-cultured with RCM-1 cells, showed G-bodies attached to degraded collagen fibrils with characteristic transverse notches along their axes. The lesions occurred as microerosions in the apolar region between the e and d bands of collagen fibrils. Collagenolytic activity in serum-free RCM-1 conditioned medium was localized in the G-body and MV fractions (80% and 20% of the total activity, respectively, when tested against 3H-labeled type I collagen). No activity was detected in the supernatant. The activity in G-bodies was also confirmed by ultrastructural analysis using reconstituted native type I collagen fibrils. The results suggest that RCM-1 cells release interstitial collagenase as a component of G-bodies which facilitates local breakdown of connective tissue during the process of invasion.     

Selective calcification of rat brain lesions caused by systemic administration of kainic acid

Dystrophic calcification of previously damaged areas of nervous tissue occurs in a wide range of human diseases. The relationship between astroglial and microglial reactions and deposits of calcium salts was studied for up to five months in rats with a brain lesion produced by systemic administration of kainate. The morphology and atomic composition of the calcium salt deposits was also studied. Two types of lesions, sclerotic and liquefactive, were observed. In sclerotic lesions hyperplasia and hypertrophy of astrocytes partially substituted for the lost neurons, reaching a maximum in about twenty-five days after treatment. In liquefactive lesions, the astrocytic reaction occurred only around the liquefactive area. Microglial reaction was similar in both types of lesion and reached its highest expression in about twenty-five days. Calcium deposits were observed in the sclerotic but not in the liquefactive lesions. Clearly distinguishable granules of calcium salts were observed in sclerotic lesions under scanning electron microscopy after only five days post-injection. The size of calcified granules increased with time reaching 40 micro m or more in diameter at five months. The atomic composition of these deposits, studied by X-ray microanalysis, showed a time-dependent increase in calcium concentration. While there was no clear relationship between astroglial and microglial reactions and calcium salt deposits, the systemic injection of kainate produced progressively larger and more concentrated calcium deposits in sclerotic, but not in liquefactive lesions.     

DNA repair kinetics in irradiated undifferentiated and terminally differentiated cells

The brains of male Fisher 344 rats bearing 80-150 mg intracerebral 9L/Ro tumors were irradiated with doses of 1,250-5,000 rads of x- or gamma-rays. At various times after irradiation, the cerebellum and tumor were excised, dissociated into single cells and the DNA from these cells sedimented through alkaline sucrose gradients in zonal rotors with slow gradient reorienting capability. Quantitation of the DNA repair kinetics demonstrated that the process in both tumor cells and neurons has a fast and slow phase. Although all other alternatives cannot be completely eliminated, we suggest that these two phases are most reasonably interpreted as representing repair of lesions in very accessible and less accessible regions of the genome rather than 1) repair of different types of lesions such as single- or double-strand breaks or 2) removal of immediate breaks and breaks induced during excision repair of latent base damage. The slow repair phase is saturable, but not inducible in both tumor cells and neurons. The data suggest that tumor cells restore their chromosomal DNA structure to the unirradiated state faster than neurons because 1) they contain more of the repair system per unit of DNA and 2) a larger proportion of their genetic material is comprised of very accessible regions. The data also suggest that the entire tumor cell genome may be accessible to the repair enzyme(s), while it is possible that a portion of the neuronal genome may be completely inaccessible.     

Characterization of the cytoplasmic fibrils of Treponema refringens (Nichols).

The cytoplasmic fibrils of Treponema refringens were studied in situ by electron microscopy of thin sectioned and negatively stained cells. From 5 to 21 parallel fibrils ran through the cell in a band adjacent to the inner side of the cytoplasmic membrane, on the inner sides of the curves of the spirochete. The nuclear areas of cells were adjacent to the fibrils. Cross sections of fibrils isolated from cells which had been lysed were polygonal and not uniformly electron dense. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of partially purified fibril preparations indicated their main component to be a protein with a molecular weight of 97,000. Fibrils were solubilized by 1% trypsin, 1% pronase, 6 M urea, 1 N HCl, 0.005 N NaOH or 1.3% sodium dodecyl sulfate. By electron microscopy of negatively stained isolated fibrils, each fibril was found to be a complex arrangement of strands rather than a single tubule.