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1.
周李磊  官冬杰  袁兴中 《生态学报》2018,38(18):6391-6401
在生态文明建设和精准扶贫背景下,处理好贫困区生态系统保护和扶贫开发间的关系,是如期实现2020年全面建成小康社会的基础。以全国717个贫困市、区、县为研究对象,构建了精准扶贫视角下生态系统服务与贫困人口生计耦合的评价指标体系和灰色关联耦合模型,分析中国贫困区生态系统服务和贫困人口生计耦合的主要影响因素以及耦合度的时空演变规律,结果表明:(1) 2015年中国贫困区生态系统服务和人口生计两个系统各指标间的关联度在0.363—0.964。其中,生态系统服务对贫困人口生计的综合关联度为0.793,贫困人口生计对生态系统服务的综合关联度为0.740。(2) 2000—2015年生态系统服务和人口生计耦合度长时间序列呈\"W\"型变化,年际间波动变化明显,但整体维持在0.770—0.801之间。(3) 2000—2015年生态系统服务与贫困人口生计耦合度最高的区域主要集中分布在西部区域,主要包括西藏省、四川省西北藏区及青海省南部,东中部区域的耦合度相对较低,中国贫困区生态系统服务与贫困人口生计间耦合的空间分异显著。(4) 2000—2015年生态系统服务与贫困人口生计耦合度呈上升趋势的区县有92个,占中国全部贫困区县数量的12.83%;呈下降趋势的区县有163个区县,占中国全部贫困区县数量的22.73%;保持稳定不变的区县有462个,占中国全部贫困区县数量的64.44%。这些结论可为区域精准扶贫制定针对性政策,如期实现脱贫,提供参考和借鉴。  相似文献   

2.
    
Drought is an increasingly common phenomenon in drylands as a consequence of climate change. We used 311 sites across a broad range of environmental conditions in Patagonian rangelands to evaluate how drought severity and temperature (abiotic factors) and vegetation structure (biotic factors) modulate the impact of a drought event on the annual integral of normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI-I), our surrogate of ecosystem functioning. We found that NDVI-I decreases were larger with both increasing drought severity and temperature. Plant species richness (SR) and shrub cover (SC) attenuated the effects of drought on NDVI-I. Grass cover did not affect the impacts of drought on NDVI-I. Our results suggest that warming and species loss, two important imprints of global environmental change, could increase the vulnerability of Patagonian ecosystems to drought. Therefore, maintaining SR through appropriate grazing management can attenuate the adverse effects of climate change on ecosystem functioning.  相似文献   

3.
郭强  谢苗苗  王回茴  陈燕 《生态学报》2021,41(21):8387-8395
生态文明建设与脱贫攻坚均是重要的国家战略。由于贫困与生态环境问题存在紧密耦合关系,在生态保护修复中探索生态扶贫措施的实施路径可获得生态环境改善与社会经济发展的双赢。构建生态系统服务-贫困关联分析模型,以山水林田湖草生态保护修复试点的山西省宁武县和静乐县为例,通过村级多维贫困指数(VPI)评价贫困程度,并结合生态系统服务识别出生态修复与生态系统服务提升的重点地区,最后在这些区域布局合适的生态扶贫措施。结果表明处于高贫困的区域占研究区总面积的41%,中贫困所占面积比例为47%,低贫困所占面积比例为12%,地形条件、劳动力状况、生活水平的差异构成了宁武县和静乐县贫困的空间分布格局。研究区水源涵养、土壤保持、食物供给等生态系统服务计算结果分别与贫困程度叠加出九种类型,并根据叠加结果将研究区划分为低贫困修复区、低贫困保护区、中贫困修复区、高贫困修复区和高贫困保护区五个区域,提出在高贫困保护区、低贫困保护区实施以保护为主的扶贫措施,在低贫困修复区、中贫困修复区、高贫困修复区要利用生态修复的契机解决乡镇的主要致贫因素。研究为贫困或欠发达的农村区域生态保护修复与生态扶贫的结合提供借鉴参考。  相似文献   

4.
生态环境保护与福祉   总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7       下载免费PDF全文
李惠梅  张安录 《生态学报》2013,33(3):825-833
结合能力框架探讨了福祉的内涵,界定了生态系统服务及其功能对人类福祉的内涵,指人类在生态系统生产和利用中的自由选择和能力,而贫穷指能力和发展的受限即福祉的下降.生态系统的退化和破坏将严重威胁人类福祉(尤其是穷人的福祉),生物多样性作为生态系统的核心,生物多样性的保护将促进生态系统服务的保护,进而提高人类福祉.关注强烈依赖于生态系统服务的贫困人群的福祉,并科学有效地实施生态补偿将可能实现生态保护和人类福祉改善的双赢.  相似文献   

5.
生态补偿权衡关系研究进展   总被引:3,自引:3,他引:3       下载免费PDF全文
徐建英  刘新新  冯琳  桓玉婷 《生态学报》2015,35(20):6901-6907
生态补偿是以市场机制解决环境外部性问题的方法,其典型特征是通过经济激励而实现生态系统保护和减贫的双赢,因此在世界范围内得到了广泛实施。权衡关系是生态补偿理论和实践中面临的问题和困境之一。生态补偿存在4种权衡关系:生态系统服务之间的权衡、监测成本与交易成本之间的权衡、公平与效率之间的权衡以及生态系统服务供应与减贫之间的权衡。分析了权衡关系的产生源于生态系统服务产生过程的不确定性、自然和社会经济系统的耦合性以及生态补偿实施背景的异质性,并提出应该在理论基础、实践模式和评估系统3个方面加强权衡关系的研究。  相似文献   

6.
刘羽  张珣  石金莲  刘爱军  韩芳  王瑜 《生态学报》2024,44(19):8922-8931
阐明气候变化对生态系统服务的影响,对于实现生态系统可持续发展至关重要。基于WoS(Web of Science)核心合集科学引文索引扩展数据库,根据CiteSpace软件绘制的知识图谱,对气候变化背景下生态系统服务研究的趋势、热点以及前沿进行了分析。结果表明,气候变化背景下生态系统服务的研究已成为学术界重要研究议题之一,学者们从多个视角探讨这一议题,该领域的研究热点和前沿处于动态变化中。已有研究主要从气候变化对生态系统服务影响的评估、对权衡与协同关系的影响、影响机制以及优化管理措施等四个方面展开。未来研究应多关注气候变化背景下生态系统服务的阈值效应及文化服务的变化,加强气候变化对生态系统服务相互关系影响的研究,厘清未来气候变化影响生态系统服务的机制,以及推动人工智能与大数据技术在管理模拟研究中的应用。  相似文献   

7.
农户生计策略转型及对环境的影响研究综述   总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6       下载免费PDF全文
杨伦  刘某承  闵庆文  何思源  焦雯珺 《生态学报》2019,39(21):8172-8182
随着我国经济形势的不断变化,越来越多的农户从传统的\"单一生计\"转向\"生计多样化\"和\"优势生计\"的发展方向。农户作为农村地区最基本的社会经济单元和行为决策主体,处于人口、经济与资源环境矛盾的核心,其生计策略与生计活动的动态变化势必对所处的自然-社会-经济复合生态系统带来一定的影响。在回顾农户生计研究的历史与现状的基础上,分别从农户生计策略的内涵与类型、农户生计策略转型及其驱动因素、生计策略转型对环境的影响3个方面,系统梳理了国内外学者对农户生计策略转型及对环境的影响的研究进展,尝试性地构建了农户生计策略转型及对环境的影响的基本研究框架,提出未来研究应当体现生计问题本身的动态性和复杂性,并注重可持续生计策略的界定与实现。  相似文献   

8.
Climate warming is predicted to cause many changes in ectotherm communities, one of which is phenological mismatch, wherein one species'' development advances relative to an associated species or community. Phenological mismatches already lead to loss of pollination services, and we predict that they also cause loss of biological control. Here, we provide evidence that a pest develops earlier due to urban warming but that phenology of its parasitoid community does not similarly advance. This mismatch is associated with greater egg production that likely leads to more pests on trees.  相似文献   

9.
我国三北地区植被变化的动因分析   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1       下载免费PDF全文
曹世雄  刘冠楚  马华 《生态学报》2017,37(15):5023-5030
地表植被变化是气候变化、人类活动等多种因素共同作的结果。然而,以往的研究要么集中在与气候变化有关的气象因素,要么集中在与人类活动有关的人为因素,鲜有基于长期数据监测下对自然与社会因素之间相互作用的定量评估。因此,气候变化和人为因素对地表植被变化的相互作用并不明确,各个因素对植被变化影响的量化贡献仍然不确定。为了评价生态修复项目对荒漠化防治的效果、以及在土地荒漠化防治中自然与社会因素对我国植被变化的影响、及其复杂的相互作用机理,该研究应用卫星遥感影像资料,通过面板数据混合回归模型大数据分析方法,计算了1983年至2012年气候变化和人类活动对我国北方地区植被变化的贡献率。结果表明,气候变化和人类活动对NDVI变化均有重要作用,其中人类活动对植被覆盖度变化的影响占58.2%—90.4%、气候变化占9.6%—41.8%;不同地区表现出不同的地理分异特征,并存在时滞效应。由此可见,荒漠化防治必须充分考虑不同因素的综合作用和地域特征,才能取得事半功倍的效果。研究结果较好地体现了卫星遥感影像资料在大尺度(省域尺度)下与社会经济统计指标的融合,为进一步中尺度(县域尺度)研究提供了方法借鉴。  相似文献   

10.
生态系统服务供给、消费与人类福祉的关系   总被引:10,自引:0,他引:10  
生态系统服务的持续供给是区域可持续发展的基础,人类通过对生态系统服务的消费来满足和提高自身福祉.科学认识生态系统服务供给、消费与人类福祉之间的关系,对于协调生态系统服务保育与人类福祉提高的关系具有重要意义.本文对生态系统服务供给的多样性、复杂性、区域性特点和生态系统服务消费的差异性、不可或缺性特征,以及人类福祉的多维性、地域性、评价指标多样性分别进行了综述,分析了生态系统服务供给与消费之间的不确定性关系和多尺度关联特征,阐述了生态系统服务与人类福祉之间相互反馈和非同步性关系.最后,围绕生态系统服务供给、消费与人类福祉的关系,提出了有待进一步研究的问题.  相似文献   

11.
    
Forest ecosystems and their associated natural, cultural and economic values are highly vulnerable to climate driven changes in fire regimes. A detailed knowledge of forest ecosystem responses to altered fire regimes is a necessary underpinning to inform options for adaptive responses under climate change, as well as for providing a basis for understanding how patterns of distribution of vegetation communities that comprise montane forest ecosystems may change in the future. Unplanned consequential adaptation of both natural and human systems, i.e. autonomous adaptation, will occur without planned intervention, with potentially negative impacts on ecosystem services. The persistence of forest stands under changing fire regimes and the maintenance of the ecosystem services that they provide pivot upon underlying response traits, such as the ability to resprout, that determine the degree to which composition, structure and function are likely to change. The integration of ecosystem dynamics into conceptual models and their use in exploring adaptation pathways provides options for policy makers and managers to move from autonomous to planned adaptation responses. Understanding where autonomous adaptation provides a benefit and where it proves potentially undesirable is essential to inform adaptation choices. Plausible scenarios of ecological change can be developed to improve an understanding of the nature and timing of interventions and their consequences, well before natural and human systems autonomously adapt in ways that may be detrimental to the long‐term provision of ecosystem services. We explore the utility of this approach using examples from temperate montane forest ecosystems of southeastern Australia.  相似文献   

12.
王俊  王卓晗  杨龙  任海 《应用生态学报》2008,19(10):2097-2102
黧蒴锥是华南用于人工造林和生态恢复的优良乡土树种.选取浇水频率和凋落物覆盖量两个控制因子,研究在不同的土壤湿度和凋落物覆盖量条件下,黧蒴锥种子萌发及幼苗存活和生长特征.结果表明: 凋落物对黧蒴锥种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响与环境的潮湿程度相关.当浇水频率为每天1次时,凋落物覆盖会抑制黧蒴锥种子萌发和幼苗早期生长,导致种子萌发率降低、幼苗死亡率提高; 在浇水频率为2 d 1次和3 d 1次时,凋落物覆盖可以改善土壤的水分状况,有助于种子萌发和幼苗存活.凋落物覆盖还可以显著地提高幼苗的生物量.在通过播种来实现亚热带灌木林地更新时,可利用凋落物覆盖促进黧蒴锥的种子萌发和幼苗存活.  相似文献   

13.
新疆玛纳斯河流域冰川生态系统服务功能价值评估   总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7       下载免费PDF全文
冰川在干旱区内陆河流域中具有极其重要的生态作用,为流域发展提供着巨大的服务功能.然而,在全球气候变暖的影响下,冰川退缩将导致冰川生态系统服务功能降低.应用GIS空间分析技术分析了玛纳斯河流域从1964年至2006年冰川面积变化,并评估其生态系统服务功能价值变化.结果表明,在全球变暖的影响下,流域冰川生态系统服务功能总价值急剧下降.流域冰川面积从1964年557.1km2退缩到2006年的464.1km2,面积减少了16.7%.冰川生态系统服务功能价值从1964年的1228.5×108元下降到2006年的960.1×108元.冰川退缩改变了流域的水资源分布特征,导致冰川生态系统服务功能价值下降.在未来的流域发展规划中,应高度重视冰川变化产生的生态效应.  相似文献   

14.
Coral reefs are rich in biodiversity, in large part because their highly complex architecture provides shelter and resources for a wide range of organisms. Recent rapid declines in hard coral cover have occurred across the Caribbean region, but the concomitant consequences for reef architecture have not been quantified on a large scale to date. We provide, to our knowledge, the first region-wide analysis of changes in reef architectural complexity, using nearly 500 surveys across 200 reefs, between 1969 and 2008. The architectural complexity of Caribbean reefs has declined nonlinearly with the near disappearance of the most complex reefs over the last 40 years. The flattening of Caribbean reefs was apparent by the early 1980s, followed by a period of stasis between 1985 and 1998 and then a resumption of the decline in complexity to the present. Rates of loss are similar on shallow (<6 m), mid-water (6–20 m) and deep (>20 m) reefs and are consistent across all five subregions. The temporal pattern of declining architecture coincides with key events in recent Caribbean ecological history: the loss of structurally complex Acropora corals, the mass mortality of the grazing urchin Diadema antillarum and the 1998 El Nino Southern Oscillation-induced worldwide coral bleaching event. The consistently low estimates of current architectural complexity suggest regional-scale degradation and homogenization of reef structure. The widespread loss of architectural complexity is likely to have serious consequences for reef biodiversity, ecosystem functioning and associated environmental services.  相似文献   

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Prediction of biotic responses to future climate change in tropical Africa tends to be based on two modelling approaches: bioclimatic species envelope models and dynamic vegetation models. Another complementary but underused approach is to examine biotic responses to similar climatic changes in the past as evidenced in fossil and historical records. This paper reviews these records and highlights the information that they provide in terms of understanding the local- and regional-scale responses of African vegetation to future climate change. A key point that emerges is that a move to warmer and wetter conditions in the past resulted in a large increase in biomass and a range distribution of woody plants up to 400–500 km north of its present location, the so-called greening of the Sahara. By contrast, a transition to warmer and drier conditions resulted in a reduction in woody vegetation in many regions and an increase in grass/savanna-dominated landscapes. The rapid rate of climate warming coming into the current interglacial resulted in a dramatic increase in community turnover, but there is little evidence for widespread extinctions. However, huge variation in biotic response in both space and time is apparent with, in some cases, totally different responses to the same climatic driver. This highlights the importance of local features such as soils, topography and also internal biotic factors in determining responses and resilience of the African biota to climate change, information that is difficult to obtain from modelling but is abundant in palaeoecological records.  相似文献   

17.
    
Although reports have documented loss of species diversity and ecological services caused by stressful temperature changes that result from climate change, some species cope through behavioral compensation. As temperatures and magnitudes of temperature extremes increase, animals should compensate to maintain fitness (such as through temporary behavioral shifts in activity times). Appropriate timing of activity helps avoid competition across species. Although coprophagic dung beetles exhibit species-specific temporal activity times, it is unknown whether temperature drives evolution of these species-specific temporal activity times. Using nine dung beetle species (three each of diurnal, crepuscular, and nocturnal species), we explored differences in heat stress tolerance measured as critical thermal maxima (CTmax; the highest temperature allowing activity) and heat knockdown time (HKDT; survival time under acute heat stress) across these species, and examined the results using a phylogenetically informed approach. Our results showed that day-active species had significantly higher CTmax (diurnal > crepuscular = nocturnal species), whereas crepuscular species had higher HKDT (crepuscular > nocturnal > diurnal species). There was no correlation between heat tolerance and body size across species with distinct temporal activity, and no significant phylogenetic constraint for activity. Species with higher CTmax did not necessarily have higher HKDT, which indicates that species may respond differently to diverse heat tolerance metrics. Acute heat tolerance for diurnal beetles indicates that this trait may constrain activity time and, under high acute temperatures with climate change, species may shift activity times in more benign environments. These results contribute to elucidate the evolution of foraging behavior and management of coprophagic beetle ecosystem services under changing environments.  相似文献   

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The architectural complexity of coral reefs is largely generated by reef‐building corals, yet the effects of current regional‐scale declines in coral cover on reef complexity are poorly understood. In particular, both the extent to which declines in coral cover lead to declines in complexity and the length of time it takes for reefs to collapse following coral mortality are unknown. Here we assess the extent of temporal and spatial covariation between coral cover and reef architectural complexity using a Caribbean‐wide dataset of temporally replicated estimates spanning four decades. Both coral cover and architectural complexity have declined rapidly over time, with little evidence of a time‐lag. However, annual rates of change in coral cover and complexity do not covary, and levels of complexity vary greatly among reefs with similar coral cover. These findings suggest that the stressors influencing Caribbean reefs are sufficiently severe and widespread to produce similar regional‐scale declines in coral cover and reef complexity, even though reef architectural complexity is not a direct function of coral cover at local scales. Given that architectural complexity is not a simple function of coral cover, it is important that conservation monitoring and restoration give due consideration to both architecture and coral cover. This will help ensure that the ecosystem services supported by architectural complexity, such as nutrient recycling, dissipation of wave energy, fish production and diversity, are maintained and enhanced.  相似文献   

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