斑块生境中啮齿类和蚁类动物对南方红豆杉地面种子的搬运

南方红豆杉(Taxus chinensis)在我国南方地区多分布在村落附近的斑块生境中,成熟后的种子直接落在母树下或被鸟类等动物搬运至其他斑块中。林下地面种子会被地面活动的动物搬运,继而影响种子命运及种群更新。于2016年、2017年南方红豆杉果期,在浙江天目山一个红豆杉种群分布地(临安市桐坑村),采用野外种子摆放实验的方法研究了动物对地面种子的搬运情况。结果表明:啮齿类动物取食是南方红豆杉地面种子消失的主要原因,但种子消失率在斑块间及边缘生境中的差异较大。母树林和竹林是啮齿类动物的主要觅食生境,两种生境的动物取食率明显高于山核桃种植园。边缘生境成为啮齿类斑块间移动的通道,而非觅食场所。4种啮齿类动物中,淡腹松鼠(Callosciurus pygerythrus)在母树林斑块以外的生境中出现频率最高,而其他地面搬运者回避利用山核桃种植园,仅在母树林和竹林斑块中搬运南方红豆杉地面种子。可见,斑块生境中动物改变了南方红豆杉地面种子的空间沉积格局,进而影响植物种群的更新。     

生境破碎化对食果动物及种子传播的影响

食果动物与依赖其传播种子的植物间在进化过程中形成互惠关系,生境破碎化往往干扰种子传播过程,继而破坏这种关系.生境破碎化通常降低食果动物的多样性,但亦有相反的情况出现.食果动物对生境破碎化的适应能力不同,泛性森林动物和广食性动物具有较强的适应性.生境破碎化对依赖动物传播的植物影响有差异,多数植物受到负面影响,但也有一些植物不受影响,甚至受益.动物在破碎生境中对种子传播的有效性是种子搬运量、传播距离、种子萌发及种群建立等环节的综合效果.破碎化生境中种子的搬运量与动物的觅食行为和食物选择有关;种子传播距离受食物资源可获得性的改变和生境斑块异质性的影响;种子萌发和更新种群建立成功与否决定于是否存在有效的种子传播者.生境破碎化如何影响种子传播以及动植物相互关系,尤其是异质斑块的空间分布如何影响食果动物的传播有效性、破碎化生境下动植物互惠共生关系如何建立,生境破碎化导致的植物入侵对本地植物种子传播的影响是未来需要深入研究的问题.     

食果鸟类对红楠种子的传播作用

肉质果植物通常依赖食果鸟类等取食果实后经消化道过程传播种子, 以完成种群的更新。红楠(Machilus thunbergii)是亚热带森林的代表性种类, 其果实具有依赖鸟类等动物取食后传播的特点。2012 年、2013 年在梅花山国家级自然保护区,研究了鸟类对红楠果实的取食及种子的传播作用。结果如下: 取食红楠种实的鸟类共计18 种, 其中整吞果实的鸟类12 种,啄取果肉的鸟类5 种, 啄食种子的鸟类1 种。整吞果实鸟类中4 种鹎科和2 种鸦科鸟类访问频次和取食量较大, 是主要的种子传播者。鸟类主要以呕吐方式传播种子。取食后初停栖点与母树距离及地面种子散布地点的分析结果表明, 鸟类可以远距离扩散种子。地面种实可被啮齿动物或蚁类再次捕食或搬运。研究表明, 红楠可以借助鸟类实现种子传播和种群更新。     

南方红豆杉的天然更新格局及食果鸟类对其种子的传播

2006年9-12月,在皖南仙寓山对南方红豆杉(Taxus chinensis var.mairei)天然更新种群的分布格局及食果鸟类对其种子的传播作用进行了研究.结果表明:天然更新种群集中分布于仙寓山海拔540 m以上面积约1.1 hm2的山坡上,与毛竹混生.共统计红豆杉1 331株,其中高度30 cm以下的幼苗1 167株,占总数的87.68%.该红豆杉种群为缓慢增长型种群,空间水平格局呈聚集分布.经过对结实母树的定点连续观察,记录到10种鸟类取食红豆杉种子,其中红嘴蓝鹊(Urocissa erythrorhyncha)、栗背短脚鹎(Hemixos castanonotus)和绿翅短脚鹎(Hypsipetes mcclellandii)为主要的取食者和传播者.食果鸟类吞入种子后,消化果肉(假种皮)后,种子随粪便排出而得以传播.野外调查中,在鸟类经常活动的地点发现带有红豆杉种子新鲜的鸟类粪便,每个含有1～2颗种子.未被鸟类取食的落果自然掉落于树冠下,假种皮被昆虫取食或腐烂,种子在母树下能正常萌发,但存活率几乎为零.因此,鸟类在该红豆杉天然种群形成中起到了重要作用,它们将种子传播至适宜萌发和生长的环境中.     

食果鸟类在红豆杉天然种群形成中的作用

2005年10月初至2006年2月,在南京中山植物园研究了红豆杉(Taxus chinensis)天然更新种群的分布格局,野外定点观察了鸟类对红豆杉种子的取食行为,记录了红豆杉落果的命运,分析了食果鸟类在红豆杉种群形成中的作用。结果表明:红豆杉天然更新种群集中分布于距母树群10m以外面积约0.5hm2的山坡上,全部红豆杉幼苗、幼树共213株,主要分布在中下坡;幼苗和幼树的空间水平格局符合聚集分布特征。"果实"成熟后,一部分被鸟类直接在树上取食,一部分掉落母树下地面。经过对结实母树的定点、连续观察,记录到4种鸟类取食红豆杉"果实",其中红嘴蓝鹊(Urocissa erythrorhyncha)和白头鹎(Pyc-nonotus sinensis)为主要的取食者和传播者。食果鸟类整吞"果实",消化果肉(假种皮)后,种子经消化道随粪便排出,以此过程传播种子。在取食完红豆杉"果实"后,食果鸟类多飞向坡上。坡上排水良好,有适量的荫蔽,生境适宜红豆杉种子萌发和幼苗的成长。因此,食果鸟类将种子传播至适宜萌发和生长的环境中,对该红豆杉种群的天然更新起主要作用。同时,鸟类传播对于红豆杉种群扩散、占据新的生境也有着特殊的意义。     

城市绿地中鸟类对海南蒲桃的取食和传播作用

海南蒲桃(Syzygium cumini)是亚热带地区城市绿地中常见的绿化植物,其果实数量多、果期长,可为鸟类提供大量食物资源。2020年6月—8月借助Safari 10×26变焦双筒望远镜,采用焦点扫描法对访问海南蒲桃果实(种子)的鸟类行为进行观察,详细记录鸟类的种类、取食基质、访问频次、取食时间、取食数量和取食方式等信息,探讨鸟类在海南蒲桃种子传播及种群更新中的生态作用。结果表明:成熟的海南蒲桃能吸引7种食果鸟类对其种子进行取食,其中白头鹎(Pycnonotus sinensis)、红耳鹎(Pycnonotus jocosus)、白喉红臀鹎(Pycnonotus aurigaster)和黄臀鹎(Pycnonotus xanthorrhous)4种鸟类以整吞的方式取食海南蒲桃的种子,属于种子潜在传播者。不同种鸟类对海南蒲桃果实的取食频次间存在显著差异(t=4.310,df=6,P<0.01),平均访问只数、平均取食时间和平均取食量间存在极显著差异(P<0.001)。食果鸟类的形态特征(体长、体重和嘴峰大小)与取食数量间均呈正相关。鸟类主要以呕吐的方式传播海南蒲桃的种子,观...     

福建梅花山自然保护区南方红豆杉母树特征对访问鸟类多样性的影响

在破碎化生境斑块中,植物特征影响着鸟类多样性格局,进而影响斑块的生态功能维系。南方红豆杉(Taxus chinensis)为国家Ⅰ级保护植物,在我国南方地区多集群分布在破碎化生境斑块中。为了解斑块生境中南方红豆杉母树特征对访问鸟类多样性的影响,于2018和2019年果期在福建梅花山保护区红豆杉生态园采用样线法和样点法结合,研究南方红豆杉结实量、郁闭度和高度等特征对访问鸟类多样性的影响。结果表明:在红豆杉生态园中,共有67种鸟类,其中45种鸟类为食果鸟类。不同年份间和不同斑块(竹林斑块和常绿阔叶林斑块)的鸟类群落组成和优势鸟类存在一定的差异。共有21种鸟类访问南方红豆杉母树,其多样性特点受母树特征的影响。一元线性回归模型表明,南方红豆杉母树结实量与访问母树的鸟类数量和种数呈正相关;母树郁闭度与访问母树的鸟类数量呈正相关。可见,斑块生境中南方红豆杉母树特征是影响鸟类多样性的主要因素之一,进而影响植物的种子更新。     

黄檗的更新特点及食果实鸟类对其种子的传播

在帽儿山实验林场和哈尔滨实验林场 ,黄檗母树下没有幼苗分布 ,不能进行天然更新 ,需要靠食果实鸟类等将果实和种子传播至远离母树的其他林下。捕食黄檗果实的食果实鸟类有 9种。其中 6种是食果肉鸟类 ,吞入果实后 ,消化果肉 ,而种子完整地随粪便排出而得以传播。其余 3种是食种子鸟类 ,没有传播作用。果实在鸟类消化道内的滞留时间达 2 0～ 30min ,具有很长的潜在传播距离。将鸟类消化后的种子与完整果实和人为去果肉种子进行萌发对比实验 ,消化后种子的累计萌发率与其余二者之间均没有显著性差异 ,说明食果实鸟类的消化 (道 )过程对种子萌发没有明显影响 ,同时证明果肉对种子萌发率没有显著影响 ,果肉中不含萌发抑制物质。黄檗提供多种鸟类以食物 ,而鸟类也同时以多种肉质果植物为食物。因此食果实鸟类和肉质果植物 (包括黄檗 )之间形成了松散的互利共生关系     

南方红豆杉种子综合处理过程中内源激素的动态变化

为揭示南方红豆杉种子内源激素与休眠的关系,采用酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)测定了经过层积处理的种皮和胚乳的脱落酸(ABA)、赤霉素(GA3 )、吲哚乙酸(IAA)、玉米素核苷(ZR)4种内源激素含量的变化情况.结果表明:种子胚乳中内源ABA的含量随着层积时间的延长而逐渐下降,GA含量增加,IAA和ZR的含量先增加后降低...     

都江堰林区取食樱桃果实(种子)的鸟类及其种子扩散作用

樱桃(Prunus pseudocerasus)是广泛分布于我国亚热带常绿阔叶林内的一种重要核果植物。为了解食果鸟类在樱桃种群更新中的作用,于2007年和2008年在四川都江堰亚热带常绿阔叶林内研究了取食樱桃果实(种子)的鸟类及其种子扩散作用。研究表明,樱桃成熟果实的下落高峰发生在4月下旬至5月上旬;2007年的种子扩散率为4.0%±1.0%,明显低于2008年(27.7%±5.7%)。在研究地内,发现至少有16种鸟取食樱桃果实或种子,根据其对果实和种子的处理方式分为3个功能群:白头鹎(Pycnontus sinensis)、领雀嘴鹎(Spizixos semitorques)、黑鹎(Hypisipetes leucocephalus)、白颊噪鹛(Garrulax snnio)、红嘴蓝鹊(Urocissa erythorhyncha)等10种鸟吞食樱桃果实,而种子通过消化道末端排出并将种子携至远离母树的地方,是重要的种子扩散者;暗绿绣眼鸟(Alcippe morrisonia)和灰眶雀鹛(Zosterops iaponicus)等4种鸟主要啄食果肉而将种子丢弃在母树下,为啄食果肉者;而普通朱雀(Carpopacus erythrinus)和灰头鸦雀(Paradoxornis gularis)则主要取食种子,为纯粹的种子捕食者。在吞食樱桃果实的食果鸟中,3种鹎科鸟类访问频次所占的比例达55.3%(2007年)和35.3%(2008年),说明鹎科鸟类是都江堰林区樱桃种子的主要扩散者,对樱桃种群的空间格局和自然更新可能有重要影响。     

南方红豆杉产紫杉醇内生真菌的分离

对从广东乳源县的南方红豆杉(Taxus chinensis var. mairei)内生真菌中分离和筛选产紫杉醇的内生真菌进行了研究。从南方红豆杉的树皮、茎部、叶片及叶片研磨物中分离纯化了145株内生真菌,对其中的53株内生真菌采用摇瓶发酵培养的方法筛选产紫杉醇的内生真菌。发酵物和菌丝体经研磨、离心、乙酸乙酯萃取和浓缩,经硅胶薄层层析(TLC),高效液相色谱(HPLC)以及液相色谱-质谱(HPLC-MS)分析和检测,结果表明,从茎部分离的1株内生真菌能够产紫杉醇或其异构体, 产量达180 μg L^-1。通过对产紫杉醇内生真菌进行诱变、筛选以及优化培养条件等措施,大规模培养生产紫杉醇是具有可行性的。     

Chemistry of Chinese yew, Taxus chinensis var. mairei

Taxus chinensis var. mairei (Lemée et Lévl) Cheng et L.K. Fu is an evergreen tall tree ubiquitous to the southeastern region in China. The first chemical study on this species was published in 1987. Since then about 163 compounds including taxoids and non-taxane compounds were isolated from seeds, root, bark and leaves of this species. This review summarized the chemical investigation on T. chinensis var. mairei (Lemée et Lévl) Cheng et L.K. Fu in the past 20 years. T. chinensis var. mairei (Lemée et Lévl) Cheng et L.K. Fu was assigned as a variation of T. chinensis (Pilger) Rehd. in Flora of China. However, present chemotaxonomic data would suggest that these two plants might belong to two different chemotypes; further genetic investigation and comprehensive chemical studies on them are warranted to address this issue.     

Avian seed dispersal and seedling distribution of the endangered tree species,Taxus chinensis,in patchy habitats

Background: There is limited understanding about bird dispersal behaviour and seedling distribution of endangered tree species in patchy environments, although these processes are important for plant species persistence.

Aims: We tested how patch features affected bird behaviour and seed dispersal, and thus seedling distribution of the endangered Chinese yew tree (Taxus chinensis).

Methods: In the present study, we combined field data of bird dispersal behaviour and GIS-based information to elucidate the influence of spatial features of habitat patches on bird dispersal behaviour, and the resulting effects on the seedling distribution of the endangered Chinese yew in two patchy habitats.

Results: Our results showed that the only seed source patch could attract eight bird species for dispersal at the two sites. Post-foraging movements of bird dispersers was strongly related to both topography and the relative locations of habitat patches. Yew seedlings aggregated only at the seed source and bamboo recruitment patches, which was affect by both the spatial distribution of recruitment patches and patch use by dispersers.

Conclusions: Our results emphasise that bamboo patches in both patchy environments provide the necessary conditions for germination of yew seeds, and the post-foraging behaviour of dispersers determines seed deposited in these patches. Our study highlights the importance of the dispersal behaviour of frugivorous birds in the successful regeneration and colonisation of yew populations in patchy habitats.     

Seed rain and seed bank of Chinese yew (Taxus chinensis var. mairei) population in Tianmu Mountain

Seed rain and seed bank of a Chinese yew (Taxus chinensis var. mairei) population in Tianmu Mountain were researched in 2008 and 2009. The seed rain lasted from 16th–23th of October to 5th–14th of December, and the heaviest seed falling period was from 2nd to18th of November. The intensity of seed rain showed a great inter-annual variation, with a good harvest in 2008. The fallen seeds were composed of 49.9% proportion of immature seed, 33.8% proportion of chewed seed and 16.3% proportion of mature seed. The analysis on the soil seed bank under mother forest showed that the number of intact seeds was 122.75 ± 108.08 grain/m² in October, 279.25 ± 210.73 grain/m² in December 2008, and 166.5 ± 165.34 grain/m² in October, 322.5 ± 275.73 grain/m² in December 2009. The increased number of seed was 156.5 ± 222.723 grain/m² in 2008 and 156 ± 275grain/m² in 2009, which showed a significant variation. Large number of intact seeds added into soil seed bank after seed rain each year. The number of intact seeds in soil seed bank decreased 112.75 ± 47.74 grain/m² from December 2008 to October 2009. Large number of intact seeds lost from seed rot and seed predation by animals. The number of seeds in soil bank under bamboo forest was much lower than that of mother tree forest, and the increased number of seeds was 0.63 ± 1.60 grain/m² in 2008 and 2.88 ± 1.86 grain/m² in 2009. The number of seedling was 0.73 ± 1.10 trees/m² in mother tree forest and 0.09 ± 0.35 trees/m² in bamboo forest. Seedling survival ratio was 0.37% in mother tree forest and 10.23% in bamboo forest. The micro-habitat in bamboo forest was fit for seed germination. Birds transported seeds to bamboo forest, and had an important effect on the regeneration of Chinese yew.     

Seed rain and seed bank of Chinese yew (Taxus chinensis var. mairei) population in Tianmu Mountain☆

Seed rain and seed bank of a Chinese yew (Taxus chinensis var. mairei) population in Tianmu Mountain were researched in 2008 and 2009. The seed rain lasted from 16th–23th of October to 5th–14th of December, and the heaviest seed falling period was from 2nd to18th of November. The intensity of seed rain showed a great inter-annual variation, with a good harvest in 2008. The fallen seeds were composed of 49.9% proportion of immature seed, 33.8% proportion of chewed seed and 16.3% proportion of mature seed. The analysis on the soil seed bank under mother forest showed that the number of intact seeds was 122.75 ± 108.08 grain/m² in October, 279.25 ± 210.73 grain/m² in December 2008, and 166.5 ± 165.34 grain/m² in October, 322.5 ± 275.73 grain/m² in December 2009. The increased number of seed was 156.5 ± 222.723 grain/m² in 2008 and 156 ± 275grain/m² in 2009, which showed a significant variation. Large number of intact seeds added into soil seed bank after seed rain each year. The number of intact seeds in soil seed bank decreased 112.75 ± 47.74 grain/m² from December 2008 to October 2009. Large number of intact seeds lost from seed rot and seed predation by animals. The number of seeds in soil bank under bamboo forest was much lower than that of mother tree forest, and the increased number of seeds was 0.63 ± 1.60 grain/m² in 2008 and 2.88 ± 1.86 grain/m² in 2009. The number of seedling was 0.73 ± 1.10 trees/m² in mother tree forest and 0.09 ± 0.35 trees/m² in bamboo forest. Seedling survival ratio was 0.37% in mother tree forest and 10.23% in bamboo forest. The micro-habitat in bamboo forest was fit for seed germination. Birds transported seeds to bamboo forest, and had an important effect on the regeneration of Chinese yew.     

Fruits foraging patterns and seed dispersal effect of frugivorous birds on Hippophae rhamnoides sinensis

Behaviors of 18 species of birds eating fruits of Hippophae rhamnoides spp. sinensis were observed from September 2003 to March 2004. Their foraging patterns were found to be very different and can be divided into five classes: (1) direct swallowing the fruits on crown of the shrubs and sometimes regurgitating seeds soon after; (2) carrying the fruits to their perching sites and swallowing; (3) pecking the fruits from the shrubs to the ground, eating pulp and seeds but leaving pericarp; (4) pecking through the pericarp, eating pulp and leaving pericarp and seeds; (5) pecking through the pericarp on the top of fruits, and only eating seeds. These foraging patterns have different effects on seed dispersal of H. rhamnoides spp. sinensis. The germination experiment of three groups of seeds (seeds from feces, dry fruits and extracted seeds from dry fruits) was carried out. Although ingestion processes of birds had some adverse effects on the seed germination of H. rhamnoides spp. sinensis, the seeds from feces still have a relatively higher germination ratio. H. rhamnoides spp. sinensis provides food to a variety of frugivorous birds, and the birds disperse its seeds. Thus, a mutually beneficial relationship between the bird and the seed is formed. __________ Translated from Chinese Journal of Ecology, 2005, 24(6): 635–638 [译自: 生态学杂志, 2005, 24(6): 635–638]     

思茅松天然林树冠结构模型

以云南省普洱市思茅区思茅松天然林为研究对象,采用枝解析调查了34株思茅松样木的树冠数据,分析了一级枝枝长、枝径、着枝角度、弦长和树冠半径5个树冠形状变量的变化规律,分别构建其预估模型;分析了树冠结构变化,分别构建了一级枝轮枝高度预估模型、一级枝枝条数量预估模型和一级枝枝条数量累积预估模型,并采用独立样本进行模型统计精度检验。结果表明:8个预估模型的预测效果良好,精度达到91%以上,尤其是一级枝着枝角度模型和一级枝轮枝高度模型预测精度达到97%以上。研究结果合理准确描述思茅松树冠结构的变化,为思茅松天然林的经营管理提供科学依据。     

Inhibitory effect of 13 taxane diterpenoids from Chinese yew (Taxus chinensis var. mairei) on the proliferation of HeLa cervical cancer cells

The inhibitory effect of 13 taxanes isolated from the Chinese yew (Taxus chinensis var. mairei) on the proliferation of human cervical cancer HeLa cells were examined using an MTT assay. Four compounds having a hydrophobic cinnamate side chain showed antiproliferative activity, which may be due to increased cell permeability.     

不同生境中橘小实蝇种群动态及密度的差异

为揭示不同生境条件对橘小实蝇种群动态及密度的影响,通过设置橘小实蝇诱捕器,对2008-2009年福州地区不同生境条件下的橘小实蝇种群动态进行了监测。结果表明：（1）各寄主的转色成熟期是该果园橘小实蝇发生的高峰期。（2）在瓜果的成熟期,果园内橘小实蝇的种群数量要高于果园周边丛林的种群数量;成熟期过后,果园内部的种群数量小于果园周边丛林。（3）山谷生境橘小实蝇种群数量明显高于山脊生境,沿河生境则要明显高于非沿河生境。（4）城区的橘小实蝇的发生期早于乡村,且发生量要大于乡村。