锰浓度对米氏凯伦藻叶绿素荧光特性及生长的影响

运用实验生态学和叶绿素荧光分析技术,研究了锰浓度(10-12-10-4mol/L)对米氏凯伦藻(Karenia mikimotoi)叶绿素荧光特性及生长的影响。单因子方差分析结果表明:锰对米氏凯伦藻的生长和叶绿素荧光参数(Fv/Fm,Fv/Fo,ΦPSⅡ,ETR,qP,NPQ)均有显著影响(P0.05);米氏凯伦藻的叶绿素相对含量和细胞密度在10-12-10-8mol/L锰浓度间随着起始锰浓度的增大而增大,在10-8-10-4mol/L锰浓度间随锰浓度的增大而降低。多重比较结果表明,10-4mol/L锰浓度组的细胞密度和叶绿素相对含量显著低于其它处理组。锰浓度对荧光参数的影响与锰浓度范围和生长时期有关,当锰浓度为10-12-10-8mol/L时,荧光参数Fv/Fm,Fv/Fo,ΦPSⅡ,ETR在第3-9天随着起始锰浓度的增加而升高,Fv/Fm和Fv/Fo在第2-7天随培养时间的延长而增加。qP值在整个培养周期内随锰浓度升高呈下降趋势,各浓度组的NPQ则呈现先下降后上升趋势。相关性分析结果表明,从第3天开始至实验结束,10-4mol/L浓度组的叶绿素相对含量与细胞密度之间均呈极显著的正相关关系(P0.01)。荧光参数(Fv/Fm、Fv/Fo)、叶绿素相对含量以及细胞密度与锰浓度的相关性则随着锰浓度范围及培养天数的不同而变化。从第4天开始至培养结束,细胞密度、叶绿素相对含量均与锰浓度(10-8-10-4mol/L)呈极显著的负相关(P0.01)。探讨了叶绿素荧光技术在赤潮藻研究中的应用。     

不同品种美国山核桃叶绿素荧光参数日变化的研究

以湖南省永州市冷水滩采穗圃中的美国山核桃为试材,研究了叶绿素荧光参数的日变化规律。结果表明:初始荧光(Fo)、最大荧光(Fm)、PSII原初光能转化效率(Fv/Fm)、光合量子产额(Yield)、光化学猝灭系数(qP)、非光化学猝灭系数(qN)和表观电子传递速率(ETR)均存在着明显的日变化。其中Fv/Fm、Fm、Yield、qP均呈先下降后上升的趋势,在中午强光下降低到最低值;qN则呈先上升后下降的趋势,在中午时分达到峰值;Fo呈下降趋势,部分品种傍晚稍有回升,但仍比早晨低;ETR日变化呈双峰曲线。不同品种间Fv/Fm、Yield、ETR、qP、qN对光强和温度的响应也存在着明显差异,可作为鉴定品种耐光抑制能力大小的指标。     

杜鹃花类菌根真菌对桃叶杜鹃幼苗光合性能及叶绿素荧光参数的影响

【目的】研究12株杜鹃花类菌根(Ericoid mycorrhiza,ERM)真菌对2 a生桃叶杜鹃无菌实生幼苗促生效应及叶片叶绿素、光合参数和叶绿素荧光参数的影响。【方法】采用温室盆栽试验,ERM真菌菌株由野生桃叶杜鹃根系分离而得。【结果】表明接种苗侵染率较高。接种处理间在幼苗地上部分、地下部分干重与总生物量指标呈极显著差异(P<0.01)。与不接种对照相比,叶片中叶绿素a、叶绿素b、总叶绿素含量、叶片净光合速率Pn、叶片气孔导度Gs和叶片蒸腾速率Tr显著提高,而叶片胞间CO2浓度Ci则降低。接种幼苗叶片中实际量子产量ΦPSⅡ除菌株TY19、TY24和TY34低于对照外,其余均显著增加;PSⅡ电子传递速率ETR、PSⅡ最大光化学量子产量Fv/Fm、潜在活性Fv/Fo和光化学淬灭qP均显著提高;非光化学淬灭NPQ除菌株TY29外其它均高于对照,并与对照差异极显著(P<0.01)。ΦPSⅡ与Pn、Gs的相关性大于Fv/Fm、qP、NPQ;ETR与Fv/Fm、Fv/Fo、NPQ、Pn、Tr的相关性大于qP和Gs;Pn与Gs的相关性大于Tr,与Ci显著负相关(P<0.01)。【结论】通过接种处理,提高了叶片光合性能及叶绿素荧光参数,增强了植株对有效光的利用,显著增加了幼苗生物量。从综合接种效应来看,TY18、TY29、TY35、TY02、TY07和TY12是培育桃叶杜鹃菌根苗优良备选菌株。     

低温胁迫对不同基因型小麦品种光合性能的影响

选用不同基因型小麦品种(春性品种扬麦18、弱春性品种郑麦9023、半冬性品种烟农19),研究了分蘖期和拔节期低温对叶片光合和叶绿素荧光特性的影响.结果表明:分蘖期-10℃低温处理后,烟农19的净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(gs)、PSⅡ最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)、光化学猝灭系数(qP)、非光化学猝灭系数(NPQ)和PSⅡ非循环光合电子传递速率(ETR)显著高于扬麦18和郑麦9023;郑麦9023的gs、Fv/Fm、qp和NPQ显著高于扬麦18,胞间CO2浓度(Ci)显著高于烟农19;扬麦18的Ci显著高于烟农19,初始荧光(Fo)显著高于郑麦9023和烟农19.拔节期0℃低温处理后,烟农19的Pn、gs、Fv/Fm和qP显著高于扬麦18和郑麦9023,NPQ和ETR显著高于扬麦18;郑麦9023的Pn、gs、Fv/Fm和qP显著高于扬麦18,Fo显著高于烟农19;扬麦18的Ci和Fo显著高于郑麦9023和烟农19.分蘖期和拔节期低温胁迫下,半冬性品种烟农19具有较高的光合活性和较强的自我保护机制,弱春性品种郑麦9023次之,春性品种扬麦18最低.     

英国PPS科学仪器公司

叶绿素荧光测定系统FMS-1、FMS-2脉冲调制式荧光仪,可单独使用或与计算机连用,自编程序控制。测定参数:Fo、Fm、Fv/Fm、Fs,Fo’、Fm’、ΦPSⅡ、qP、qNP、NPQ、ETR、PAR、T_L。H-PEA 快速连续激发式荧光仪,准确记录快速荧光诱导动力学曲线,进行 OJIP分析:可测定 Fo、Fv、Fv/Fm,Tmax 等参数。     

芳樟不同无性系叶片光合色素含量及叶绿素荧光参数分析

对18个芳樟[Cinnamomum camphora (L.) Presl]无性系叶片光合色素含量和叶绿素荧光参数进行了测定,并对各参数的相关性进行了分析;基于上述测定结果对供试的18个芳樟无性系进行了聚类分析.结果表明:芳樟不同无性系叶片叶绿素a、叶绿素b及类胡萝卜素含量分别为0.60～2.26、0.24～1.15和0.14～0.50mg· g-1,差异较大,部分无性系间叶绿素a和b以及类胡萝卜素含量差异达显著水平;其中,无性系BT2叶片的叶绿素a含量在18个无性系中最高,叶绿素b及类胡萝卜素的含量也较高.各无性系间叶片的初始荧光(Fo)、PSⅡ最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)、PSⅡ潜在活性(Fv/Fo)、PSⅡ电子传递情况(Fm/Fo)、光化学淬灭系数(Qp)、非光化学淬灭系数(NPQ)和PSⅡ实际光化学效率(Qy)差异明显,且部分无性系间的差异达显著水平;各无性系间的最大荧光(Fm)、可变荧光(Fv)和荧光下降比值(Rfd)差异不显著.在各叶绿素荧光参数中,Fo与Fm显著正相关;Fm与Fv、Fv/Fm、Fv/ Fo、Fm/Fo以及Fv/Fm与Fv、Fv/Fo、Fm/Fo、Qy间均存在极显著正相关,其中Fv/Fm与Fv/ Fo、Fm/Fo的相关系数均达0.98;Qp与NPQ、Rfd呈极显著正相关,与其他参数则总体上呈负相关;Qy与Fm、Fv、Fv/Fm、Fv/Fo、Fm/Fo以及Rfd与NPQ、Qp、Qy均存在显著或极显著正相关.采用欧氏距离法,可将18个无性系划分为2类:第1类包含16个无性系;第2类仅包含无性系PC5和WP1.第1类又可进一步划分为2个亚类:第1亚类仅包含无性系BY2;第2亚类共包含15个无性系,其中的BT1与BT2距离最短,光合生理特征最接近.根据研究结果,初步推断芳樟各无性系叶片的潜在光化学活性和电子传递情况共同影响PSⅡ光能转换效率;无性系116、187、BT1和MD1对光能的利用率较高;无性系BT2则具有良好的光合生理性能.     

土壤水分对不同专用小麦后期光合特性及产量的影响

采用盆栽方法,研究了土壤水分对专用小麦生育后期光合特性及产量的影响.结果表明,强筋小麦豫麦34旗叶叶绿素计读数(SPAD值)、PSⅡ活性(Fv/Fo)和PSⅡ最大光能转换效率(Fv/Fm)在土壤相对含水量60%(FC)的条件下最高,光化学猝灭系数(qP)、非光化学猝灭系数(qN)、有效电子传递速率(ETR)和传递的量子产率(Φ2)在80%FC下最高;高产小麦豫麦49旗叶SPAD值、qP、qN、ETR均以80%FC下最高,Fv/Fo、Fv/Fm和φ2受土壤水分影响不大;弱筋小麦豫麦0,除qN在80%FC下最低外,其余光合特性参数均以80%FC的条件下最高.豫麦34产量和蛋白质含量均以60%FC最高,且产量达极显著差异;豫麦49和豫麦0籽粒蛋白质含量以40%FC最高,籽粒产量以80%FC最高,且豫麦49产质差异均达显著水平,而豫麦0的产量差异达极显著水平.     

土壤水分对不同专用小麦后期光合特性及产量的影响

采用盆栽方法,研究了土壤水分对专用小麦生育后期光合特性及产量的影响.结果表明,强筋小麦豫麦34旗叶叶绿素计读数(SPAD值)、PSⅡ活性(Fv/Fo)和PSⅡ最大光能转换效率(Fv/Fm)在土壤相对含水量60%(FC)的条件下最高,光化学猝灭系数(qP)、非光化学猝灭系数(qN)、有效电子传递速率(ETR)和传递的量子产率(Φ2)在80%FC下最高;高产小麦豫麦49旗叶SPAD值、qP、qN、ETR均以80%FC下最高,Fv/Fo、Fv/Fm和φ2受土壤水分影响不大;弱筋小麦豫麦0,除qN在80%FC下最低外,其余光合特性参数均以80%FC的条件下最高.豫麦34产量和蛋白质含量均以60%FC最高,且产量达极显著差异;豫麦49和豫麦0籽粒蛋白质含量以40%FC最高,籽粒产量以80%FC最高,且豫麦49产质差异均达显著水平,而豫麦0的产量差异达极显著水平.     

高温胁迫下苋菜的叶绿素荧光特性

为了探明高温胁迫对苋菜(Amaranthus tricolor L.)光合过程的影响,用不同温度(25、30、35、40、45℃)处理苋菜植株1h后,随即测定了其叶绿素荧光动力学参数和快速光响应曲线特征参数的变化.结果表明:40℃以上高温胁迫下,苋菜叶片的光系统Ⅱ(PSⅡ)潜在光化学效率(Fv/Fo)、最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)下降;最大荧光(Fm)、光合电子传递速率(ETR)、PSⅡ实际光化学效率(Yield)、光化学淬灭系数(qP)也均有所下降;而初始荧光(F.)和非光化学淬灭系数(NPQ)在40℃以上高温胁迫下显著上升.叶绿素荧光快速光响应曲线测定结果表明,初始斜率α、最大相对电子传递速率ETRmax和半饱和光强Ik在40℃以上高温胁迫下有所下降.研究表明,40℃以上高温胁迫对苋菜的光能的吸收、转换、光合电子传递和强光耐受能力等均有一定的影响.     

外源水杨酸对黄瓜幼苗叶片PSⅡ活性和光能分配的影响

以黄瓜品种‘中农203号’幼苗为试材,采用水培法研究了根际施用0.05、0.10和0.50 mmol/L水杨酸对黄瓜幼苗叶片PSⅡ活性和光能分配的影响,以探讨水杨酸对光合作用的调节机制。结果显示:黄瓜幼苗叶片净光合速率(Pn)、荧光参数和光能分配对水杨酸的响应存在明显的浓度依赖性。0.05和0.10 mmol/L水杨酸处理提高了叶片PSⅡ最大光化学量子产量(Fv/Fm)、PSⅡ实际光化学效率(ΦPSⅡ)、PSⅡ潜在活性(Fv/F0)、电子传递速率(ETR)、光化学猝灭系数(qP),降低了非光化学猝灭系数(NPQ),使PSⅡ吸收光能中分配于光化学反应的能量增加,进而提高了Pn,并以0.10 mmol/L水杨酸施用效果最明显,差异达极显著水平(P<0.01);而0.50 mmol/L水杨酸处理降低了ΦPSⅡ、Fv/Fm等,使光能分配于热耗散和荧光耗散的比例升高,导致Pn下降。研究表明,水杨酸对黄瓜叶片光合的正负调节作用与浓度依存下的PSⅡ活性和光能分配改变有关。     

Comparative studies on the feeding selectivity of silver carp Hypophthalmichthys molitrix and bighead carp Aristichthys nobilis

Silver carp and bighead carp exhibited size-selection for food particles in aquarium experiments, but did not select their preferred species of plankton actively when they were distributed evenly in the water. They also possessed the capacity of selection for feeding area. The removal rates (% g⁻¹ fish weight) of silver carp for smaller plankton (phytoplankton) were higher than those of bighead carp. The removal rates by the latter for bigger plankton (zooplankton) were higher than those of silver carp, but for plankton about 70 μm dia. the rates by the two species were almost equal.     

草鱼、鲢和瓦氏黄颡鱼幼鱼感应流速的比较

在21±1℃水温下,使用自行制作的鱼类游泳行为测试槽,采用流速递增的方法测定了草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idellus)(体长9.64±3.12 cm,体重20.97±16.71 g)、鲢(Hypophthalmichthys molitrix)(体长10.60±3.45 cm,体重24.37±18.61 g)和瓦氏黄颡鱼(Pelteobagrus vachelli)(体长11.54±1.46 cm,体重20.98±6.94 g)幼鱼个体的感应流速.结果表明:草鱼、鲢和瓦氏黄颡鱼幼鱼的感应流速分别是(8.21±0.68)、(6.74±0.84)和(33.11±3.06) cm·s-1,相对感应流速分别是(0.91±0.22)、(0.67±0.15)和(2.9±0.29) BL·s-1;鲢和草鱼幼鱼的感应流速差异不显著(P＞0.05),但瓦氏黄颡鱼比草鱼和鲢幼鱼感应流速大近4倍,差异显著(P＜0.05);因此,草鱼和鲢幼鱼较瓦氏黄颡鱼幼鱼对流速的感应更敏感.本实验结果可为设计鱼道、确定拖网速度等提供一定的科学指导.     

Reproductive condition and occurrence of intersex in bighead carp and silver carp in the Missouri River

Little is known about the reproductive biology of the exotic bighead carp Hypophthalmichthys nobilis and silver carp Hypophthalmichthys molitrix in the Missouri River. In order to fill this gap in understanding, herein is described the reproductive condition of these Asian carps. Evidence is presented which indicates that bighead and silver carp in the Missouri River have a protracted spawning period that extends from early spring through fall and some individual bighead and silver carp are spawning multiple times during a reproductive season. Although bighead and silver carps are successfully maturing and spawning in the Missouri River some reproductive abnormalities such as intersex, atresia, and sterility were observed. Knowledge of the reproductive activity of these invasive carps may be useful to resource managers tasked with their control. Furthermore, the reproductive abnormalities observed should be considered when evaluating the environmental condition of the Missouri River relative to supporting a healthy fish fauna.     

清河水库鲢、鳙鱼种群动态研究Ⅰ.生产量的估计

本文根据Robson-Chapman公式估算了清河水库鲢、鳙可捕群体的残存率,计算了非捕捞群体的残存率和种群生产量。清河水库非捕捞群体平均年残存率约为0.25,可捕群体的平均年残存率鲢为0.32、鳙为0.38。鲢、鳙鱼种群生产量分别为141和110kg/ha,种群年P/B系数分别为1.15和1.09。鲢、鳙鱼获量仅为其生产量的33%和34%,库存生物量的36%。     

Suction volume and filtering efficiency of silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix Val.) and bighead carp (Aristichthys nobilis Rich.)

Experiments were conducted to measure the suction volume of silver carp and bighead carp of age 1 + with respiratory chamber, and to calculate the suction volume and the filtering efficiency with respect to changes in concentrations of food particles. Suction volume (B. ml/mouth) and filtering efficiency (E. %) were calculated using the following formula: C ₁=C₀(1-BE/v)ⁿ where C₀ and C₁ were the concentrations of specific food particles at the beginning and at the end of experiment, respectively, V was the volume (ml) of experimental water, and n was the total number of observation of suction made during the experimental period. The relationships between suction volume (ml/mouth) of age I+ silver carp (B_h) and bighead carp (B_a) and their standard lengths (L, cm) were: B _h=0.561L-8.94, B_a= 0.627L-7.48 while those of the fingerlings were: B _h= O.l70L-0.837, B_a= 0.157L-0.418. The suction volume of the fingerlings was mainly affected by fish size, the function of temperature between 15 and 25° C being negligible. However, temperature affected filtering rate (filtered volume per unit time) through its effect on filtering frequency. The filtering efficiency of the fishes for rotifers (Brachionus caliciflorus) was 100 per cent. The relationships between filtering efficiency and sizes of food particles smaller than or equal to that of a rotifer were: E _h=25.1 ln e.s.d. -13.6, E_a=22.2 In e.s.d. -33.1 where E_h and E_a were filtering efficiency of silver carp and bighead carp, respectively, and e.s.d. was the equivalent spherical diameter (μm) of food particles.     

寄生在鲤鱼及草(鲩)鱼的鱊头槽绦虫的多样性

研究了寄生于鲤鱼及草(鲩)鱼的鱊头槽绦虫(Bothriocephalus acheiloghathi)的多样性.作者在1986-2000年收集材料,遍及中国19个省及自治区.在江苏等5省只收集到其它寄生虫的材料,故结果未列入附录1和2.研究结果表明,鲤鱼及草鱼的寄生鱊头槽绦虫的地理分布截然不同.寄生于鲤鱼的鱊头槽绦虫分布于黄河水系的西北地区及黑龙江水系的东北各省及长江上游的四川、云南和贵州,南方各省的鲤鱼不感染这种绦虫.寄生于草鱼的鱊头槽绦虫分布于沿珠江水系的广东、广西及闽江水系的福建,感染池塘的幼龄草鱼,天然水体中未发现感染阳性的草鱼.交义感染试验表明,寄生在这两种鲤科鱼类的头槽绦虫有极强的宿主特异性,草鱼感染的头槽绦虫一年内大部分时间排出发育完全的胚胎卵,而鲤鱼感染的头槽绦虫排出的虫卵多为早期分裂卵,甚至在盛夏,水温在28℃-30℃的情况下也无例外.虫卵发育程度不同,卵的孵化期也有差异.在同等温度28℃-29℃时,草鱼头槽绦虫虫卵的孵化期为1.69±0.17 d;鲤鱼的头槽绦虫虫卵的孵化期为3.98±0.3 d.此外,种群结构也有明显区别,草鱼的头槽绦虫在繁殖季节,体长＜1 cm的幼虫占种群的主体,年终时绦虫全部从宿主体内消失,生活周期从初染至消敛约1年;鲤鱼的头槽绦虫主体全年皆为孕节成虫,在Ⅱ龄商品鱼中继续繁殖.本研究表明,鲤鱼及草鱼的寄生鱊头槽绦虫显示的多样性是因长期适应不同生活环境从而演化为两个不同的亚种[动物学报 53(3):470-480,2007].     

草鱼出血病

草鱼Ctenopharyngodon idella是我国重要的淡水鱼类养殖品种,但养殖过程极易发生出血病导致草鱼大量死亡,给草鱼养殖业带来巨大损失。我国在20世纪70年代开始进行病原的研究,1980年发现病毒颗粒并确认为草鱼出血病病原,1991年国际病毒分类委员会将其命名为草鱼呼肠孤病毒(Grass carp reovirus,GCRV)。一直以来除呼肠孤病毒感染草鱼引起出血病外,未见有病毒和细菌混合感染的报道。本刊2009年8期介绍了邓国     

Development of microsatellite DNA markers of silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) and their cross‐species application in bighead carp (Aristichthys nobilis)

Forty‐four microsatellite DNA markers were developed for silver carp, and used to investigate polymorphisms of 41 wild silver carps and seven wild bighead carps collected from Jingzhou fragment of Yangtze River. In silver carp, 40 markers were polymorphic. A total of 297 alleles were detected at 40 polymorphic loci. The number of alleles per locus varied from two to 16 with an average of 7.4 and the expected heterozygosities of each locus ranged from 0.07 to 0.91 with an average of 0.69. All markers amplified both silver carp and bighead carp DNAs.     

鲤鱼鱼精蛋白的提取及抑菌活性研究

以鲤鱼的成熟精巢为原料,经0.15 mol/L NaCl溶液浸提,硫酸解离,并分别经乙醇、丙酮分离提取鱼精蛋白。测定了鱼精蛋白对细菌和真菌的最低抑制浓度以及在不同pH条件下的抑菌特性,试验结果表明鱼精蛋白具有较好的热稳定性,与EDTA复合使用可以增强抑菌效果,在酱油中可以代替苯甲酸的防腐作用。     

Sox genes in grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) with their implications for genome duplication and evolution

The Sox gene family is found in a broad range of animal taxa and encodes important gene regulatory proteins involved in a variety of developmental processes. We have obtained clones representing the HMG boxes of twelve Sox genes from grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella), one of the four major domestic carps in China. The cloned Sox genes belong to group B1, B2 and C. Our analyses show that whereas the human genome contains a single copy of Sox4, Sox11 and Sox14, each of these genes has two co-orthologs in grass carp, and the duplication of Sox4 and Sox11 occurred before the divergence of grass carp and zebrafish, which support the "fish-specific whole-genome duplication" theory. An estimation for the origin of grass carp based on the molecular clock using Sox1, Sox3 and Sox11 genes as markers indicates that grass carp (subfamily Leuciscinae) and zebrafish (subfamily Danioninae) diverged approximately 60 million years ago. The potential uses of Sox genes as markers in revealing the evolutionary history of grass carp are discussed.