Taxonomic, nomenclatural and chorological notes on several taxa of the genus Echinodorus (Alismataceae)

Taxonomic, nomenclatural and chorological notes on several taxa of the genus Echinodorus are given. A new species E. maculatus is described. The name Alisma intermedium (basionym of the name E. intermedius) is lectotypified. Echinodorus major and E. martii should be treated as two distinct taxa. The name E. xinguensis was invalidly published. It is also confirmed that E. africanus, E. veronikae and E. viridis (all belonging to the E. uruguayensis group) do not originate from Africa. The name E. bleherae should be written with a female suffix (-ae); this name is considered here as a synonym of the earlier name E. grisebachii.     

医院不良事件报告制度的实施效果探析

目的 探讨和分析不良事件报告制度在医院内部的实施效果及存在问题。方法 对医院不良事件报告制度的实施进行资料回顾和报告数据分析。结果 不良事件报告例数呈逐年递增趋势,报告事件以未造成后果事件为主,急诊、重症医学科的报告比例明显高于其他科室,护理人员的报告比例相对较高。结论 不良事件报告对医院风险防范和医疗系统改进具有重要作用。     

深圳市实施药品零加成政策对公立医院住院费用的影响

?????? 目的 评估取消药品加成政策对公立医院住院医疗费用的影响。方法 对4家公立医院实施药品零加成政策 前后住院费用变化情况进行分析。结果 公立医院采取的取消药品加成和提高诊疗费的措施,已经对医疗机构的行为和医疗费用产生了影响。人均住院费用是从第二季的4 830.19元下降到第三季4 613.31元。结论 取消药品加成政策已经成为公立医院改革的一部分,它已经产生积极的影响。但药品加成政策只是医疗费用高昂的一个原因,必须采取综合措施去降低医疗费用。     

Controversies over the scientific name of the principal mosquito vector of yellow fever virus – expediency versus validity

The history of the scientific name of the yellow fever mosquito, the vector of yellow fever virus, ranges from 1757 to the early twenty‐first century. In his 1757 work Iter Palæstinum, Frederic Hasselquist gave the name Culex aegypti to a mosquito species responsible for fierce attacks on humans in Egypt. That name was never later ascribed to Hasselquist as author, but to Linnaeus, although the name never appeared in any of Linnaeus’ publications. In Cuba, at the end of the nineteenth century, the vector of the unknown infectious agent of yellow fever was first identified as Culex mosquito and later more validly named Stegomyia fasciata. Mosquito taxonomists differed strongly about the name of the mosquito through much of the twentieth century. Interventions by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature imposed a biologically invalid specific name, and in the early twenty‐first century a phylogenetic analysis of the culicid tribe Aedini restored the genus Stegomyia from a century earlier. That action was short‐lived. A phylogenetic reassessment resulted in the return of Stegomyia to subgeneric rank in Aedes; thus, the name of the yellow fever mosquito survives in the traditional classification of convenience as the trinomial Aedes (Stegomyia) aegypti (Linnaeus).     

Typification of the Linnaean name Ononis crispa and the related O. zschackei (Fabaceae)

The typification of the Linnaean name Ononis crispa and the related O. zschackei (Fabaceae) is discussed. Original material for O. crispa was traced at LINN, but found to be heterogeneous. In addition, the illustration by Magnol cited in the protologue represents O. aragonensis. The name is lectotypified using a specimen at LINN to preserve the current usage of the name and to avoid any ambiguity in the interpretation of the lectotype, an epitype is selected. Since no original material is extant for the name O. zschackei, a neotype is designated from a specimen preserved at P and collected in Mallorca (Balearic Islands, Spain).     

Taxonomy of the European Hydra (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa): a re-examination of its history with emphasis on the species H. vulgaris Pallas,H. attenuata Pallas and H. circumcincta Schulze

The name Hydra attenuata Pallas is currently applied to the wrong animal. The common brown polyp, which is widely called H. attenuata, was described by Pallas (1766) as Hydra vulgaris. The name H. attenuata Pallas originally referred to an uncommon pale polyp, currently known as H. circumcincta Schulze. The history of this confusion is analysed here. The taxonomy of hydra was in disarray during the 18th and 19th centuries, and was clarified in 1917 with the monograph of Schulze. But Schulze misapplied the name for the common hydra, H. vulgaris, to an unusual form and thus was led to assign the name of a rare hydra, H. attenuata, to the common type. Schulze redescribed the rare, pale hydra that Pallas had named H. attenuata as H. circumcincta. The correct name of the common European brown, stalkless hydra is thus H. vulgaris Pallas, 1766. The name H. attenuata has priority for the uncommon pale hydra, but because of disuse of this application of the name, the pale hydra should be recognized by the current, generally accepted binominal H. circumcincta Schulze, 1914.     

上海市医疗机构基因临床研究与应用的现状分析

?????? 目的 分析上海市基因临床研究与应用中存在或可能存在的伦理问题。方法 对上海市22所医疗机构进行问卷调查,并对相关人员进行关键知情者访谈。结果 被调查的上海市医疗机构中有7所开展基因工作,2011年公立医院基因检测平均服务量比2009年增长1.75倍;31%的公立医院从事基因工作的人员在近一年内参加过伦理培训,体检机构未向员工提供伦理培训;3所开展基因检测的机构未要求签署知情同意书。结论 上海市基因临床研究与应用发展较快但应用不广,应进一步促进基因检测技术的临床应用,完善基因临床应用的伦理规范。     

卫生技术评估认知与需求现况调查

??????? 目的 了解浙江省卫生技术及管理人员对卫生技术评估（HTA）的认知和需求,为进一步开展HTA工作提供建议。方法 采用问卷调查与访谈相结合的方法对3家医院,1家公共卫生机构,8家卫生行政机构的102位运用HTA结果的潜在使用者和22位决策者进行了调查。结果 被调查者认为卫生技术相关政策法规在卫生技术信息来源最为重要,卫生技术临床疗效在用于决策的卫生技术相关信息中最为重要,相关研究质量太差是影响卫生技术评估的最大障碍。结论 浙江省卫生技术及管理人员对于HTA有一定的认知与需求,但关注度不够,针对遇到的障碍提出了HTA进一步发展的建议。     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Microlicia hirticalyx</Emphasis> (Melastomataceae): a new name for <Emphasis Type="Italic">Microlicia acuminata</Emphasis> Cogn.

The name Microlicia acuminata Cogn. is a later homonym of M. acuminata Naudin. Microlicia hirticalyx is proposed as a new name.     

Five interesting ascomycetes from herbal drugs

Among strains isolated from herbal drugs in a mycological survey conducted in 1977–1980, five noteworthy species of pyrenomycetous ascomycetes are described and illustrated:Gelasinospora mirabilis var.gigaspora var. nov., isolated from Taraxaci Herba (Japanese name, Hokoei);Lophotrichus ampullus, isolated from Trichosanthis Radix (Japanese name, Karokon);L. bartlettii, isolated from Chamomillae Flos (Japanese name, Kamitsure);Sordaria conoidea, isolated from Plantaginis Semen (Japanese name, Shazenshi); andThielavia subthermophila, isolated from wood ofAbies webbiana, Plantaginis Semen and Plantaginis Herba (Japanese names, Shazenshi and Shazenso).     

A new name in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pavetta</Emphasis> L. (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Rubiaceae</Emphasis>)

Summary  The name Pavetta modesta (Hiern) S. E. Dawson is a later homonym of P. modesta Bremek. Pavetta crystalensis is proposed as a new name.     

Shoot the Messager? How the Secretarybird Sagittarius serpentarius got its names (mostly wrong)

Research into the etymology of various names for the Secretarybird Sagittarius serpentarius reveals a comedy of errors from Vosmaer, his French translator, Buffon, Sonnerat, and Miller to Fry. The research suggests that the name Sagittarius resulted from a misunderstanding in Holland and that Buffon introduced the name Messager in error. The Arabic root proposed for the name by Fry in 1977 is historically implausible and linguistically illogical.     

天津市三级医院医务人员手卫生现状调查

目的 调查天津市三级医院医务人员手卫生知识掌握情况,分析其影响因素。方法 采用问卷调查法,对目标人群开展调查研究。结果 医务人员手卫生知识水平较高,整体情况良好;不同性别、职称的医务人员手卫生知识得分差别有统计学意义（P<0.05）;手卫生设施是影响医务人员手卫生执行的主要因素。结论 手卫生水平的提高是一项长期任务,有关部门和医院管理者应加强管理,加大宣传教育,采取多种措施提高医务人员手卫生水平。     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Gerhardstorchia</Emphasis> nomen novum: a new name for <Emphasis Type="Italic">Storchia</Emphasis> Dahlmann 2001 (Mammalia: Lipotyphla: Talpidae: Desmaninae)

A junior homonym was detected in a talpid (desmanine) mammalian genus name, and the following replacement name is proposed: Gerhardstorchia nom. nov. for Storchia Dahlmann 2001.     

医疗不良事件报告系统利用现状调查

目的 了解我国医疗不良事件报告系统的利用现状。方法 采用分层随机抽样的方法,调查山东省6个样本市30家二、三级医院对原卫生部和中国医院协会报告系统的利用上报情况。结果 有41.38%的医院表示利用过卫生部的报告系统,13.79%的医院表示原卫生部的2个报告系统都利用过,只有10.34%的表示原卫生部的2个报告系统和中国医院协会的报告系统都用过;报告的数量也十分有限,基本都是在个位数。结论 现有的不良事件报告系统利用率不足,可以通过完善报告系统和反馈机制、加强政策执行力等方式,提高不良事件报告系统利用率和不良事件报告率。     

Typification of Crataegus crus-galli L. (Rosaceae) and nomenclatural notes on some related species of hawthorn

Lectotypification of Crataegus crus-galli permits the common ten-stamened entity of the northern United States and adjacent Canada to retain its name. The correct name for the related 20-stamen form, usually called C. fontanesiana, is C. tenax. Crataegus persimilis, lectotypified here, is shown to occur in Ontario as well as New York, having been previously misidentified as C. ?bushii and C. prunifolia in Ontario. A horticultural taxon usually (but improperly) called C. prunifolia is provided with a new cultivar name.     

Revisiting the nomenclature of Psychotria filipes (Rubiaceae)

Psychotria waasii Sohmer, a replacement name for the later homonym Psychotria filipes Hook.f., has been found illegitimate because of being superfluous when published. The new combination Psychotria josephi (Kuntze) Kottaim. is proposed based on the earliest available name Uragoga josephi Kuntze.     

The Genus Spiniferites Mantell, 1850 (Dinophyceae)

Following the recent official rejection of proposals for conservation of the generic name Hystrichosphaera, the diagnosis of its senior synonym Spiniferites is expanded in order to incorporate additional information gained since 1850 and all species according with the expanded diagnosis are listed (24 species are transferred to Spiniferites). The cyst-family name “Hystrichosphaeraceae” is replaced by the new name “Spiniferitaceae”.     

Hyphydrini Sharp, 1882, nomen protectum and Actobaenidae Gistel, 1856, nomen oblitum(Coleoptera: Dytiscidae: Hydroporinae)

The genus name Echinopus Gattolliat, 2002 is preoccupied and therefore must be considered as unavailable. Modaechinopus gen. nov. is proposed as a replacement name with the two new combinations Madaechinopus giboni (Gattolliat, 2002) and M. minutus (Gattolliat, 2002).