江苏仑山地区上奥陶统五峰组放射虫动物群及其地质意义

五峰组以盛产笔石动物群著称,时代为凯迪晚期(相当于英国的阿什极尔期),其中也发现了放射虫.该时期的放射虫在全球并不多见.本文首次描述江苏句容仑山地区五峰组的放射虫动物群,该动物群以不具刺的球形放射虫最为发育,并出现少量Inaniguttidae科的分子,化石保存较差,属种单调,分异度很低,这些特点与大西洋沿岸地区陆表海...     

Stratigraphy and Palaeontology of mid-Carboniferous Sequences at Phu Bo Bit in Loei Province,Thailand

The rocks from the Phu Bo Bit section consist of shale and limestone along with an abundant and diverse invertebrate fauna consisting of brachiopods, corals, bryozoans and crinoids, interpreted as having been deposited in shallow marine or shelf environments. At Phu Bo Bit, thick limestone lenses in shale contain microfossils. Based on the foraminiferan and algae assemblage, the stratigraphic sequence of Phu Bo Bit extends from the late Bashkirian to the early Moscovian. According to lithofacies and palaeontology, the Phu Bo Bit section represents the change from carbonate to siliciclastic sedimentation, which provides new evidence on the marine regression during the mid-Carboniferous.     

The impact of environmental factors on the diversity of gastropod communities in sinkhole ponds in a coal mining region (Silesian Upland,Southern Poland)

Studies on the diversity of gastropod fauna were carried out in ten sinkhole ponds with varied sediments types, which were located in a coal mining area (Silesian Upland, Southern Poland). The water bodies with different bottom types were distinguished by their dissimilar water properties and the total organic matter in the sediment. A total of 11 gastropod species from four families were identified. Eleven species occurred in sinkhole ponds with a coal shale bottom, while in water bodies with sandy sediments nine species were found. The gastropod diversity and abundance were lower in water bodies with sandy sediments compared to the ponds with a coal shale bottom. Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) showed the important factors that influence the gastropod distribution in the subsidence ponds that were studied.     

WUFENGIAN (ASHGILLIAN) GRAPTOLITE FAUNAL DIFFERENTIATION AND ANOXIC ENVIRONMENT IN SOUTH CHINA

A well-developed Wufengian(Ashgillian)graptolite fauna occurs in the central and southChina areas which belong to the same plate,thesouth China Plate.The graptolite fauna of cen-tral China(Yangtze platform)was first studiedoy Mu(1945,1954,1974),who,together with his colleagues,is now carrying on a systematic palaeo-ntological study of the Wufengian graptolites fromall sections of the Yangtze platform.In the pasttwenty years,the writers have investigated andsampled many Upper Ordovician sections andlocalities in South China.On the basis of thesesections which have been mostly published,thewriters have summarized the Wufengian graptoliteassemblages,the biofacies,lithofacies and confacies belta,the black shale and the anoxie paleoenvironment. Hereillustrates are the Wufengian grapcolites from Xingan and Lingui Counties of Guangxi,Chongyi County of Jiangxi,and Jiangshan Country of Zhejiang.     

城市化对土壤动物群落结构和多样性的影响

城市化进程加快带来的环境挑战正威胁着地球上的生物多样性。土壤动物是生物多样性的重要组成部分, 对维持土壤健康及城市生态系统稳定性具有重要意义。近年来, 城市土壤动物群落结构和多样性的研究已经取得了一定进展, 但是仍缺乏系统的总结和综述。基于此, 本文梳理归纳了国内外已有的相关文献, 总结了城市化影响土壤动物的主要途径, 并阐述了城市中不同体型大小的优势土壤动物类群对城市化的响应。本文建议未来应利用分子生物学手段深入解析城市土壤动物多样性, 明晰城市土壤食物网的结构与功能, 关注土壤动物群落的保护与恢复, 揭示城市土壤动物肠道微生物组特征, 并挖掘城市土壤动物抑制人类致病菌的潜力, 以期为城市生物多样性保护、生态系统稳定和人类健康维持提供相关科学依据。     

Strontium isotope analyses of large herbivore habitat use in the Cape Fynbos region of South Africa

The Cape Fynbos region of South Africa, a global biodiversity hotspot, hosted a diverse large mammal fauna till shortly after permanent European settlement (1652). How these animals survived in this exceptionally nutrient-poor environment is puzzling and it is generally believed that they restricted their movements to the more fertile shale areas. We tested the hypothesis that large herbivores avoid nutrient-poor limestone and sandstone fynbos shrublands in favour of shale-derived renosterveld vegetation using strontium (Sr) isotope analysis. If this technique could reconstruct the preferred feeding habitats of the contemporary fauna, it might also be useful for reconstructing the preferred feeding grounds of an extinct fauna. Using the assumption that small rodents have spatially restricted foraging activities, we determined the ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr isotope ratios of rodent teeth to establish the isotopic signal characteristic of the different geological substrates in the area. We then analysed ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr isotope ratios in the bones of a number of different large herbivores found in De Hoop Nature Reserve using laser ablation multi-collector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. These values were compared to the bioavailable (rodent) values on the respective geological substrates. The technique identified differences in feeding substrate selection between different species and groups of the same species. The results also showed that shale renosterveld shrubland is not the exclusive source of nutrition for the large herbivores. Strikingly different isotope ratios among individuals in some populations pointed to significant dispersal events from distant sources. However, we were unable to pinpoint the exact feeding areas using Sr isotope analysis probably because some animals use a combination of substrates for feeding and because the geology of the study area is complex with graded isotope signals. We suggest that this technique is a valuable additional tool for exploring large mammal foraging behaviour on habitats associated with contrasting and less complex geology.     

A Middle Llandovery shelly fauna from Motala in Östergötland,south central Sweden. 1.Trilobita

A temporary exposure of Middle Llandovery (Aeronian) shales in the Swedish town of Motala has yielded a rich collection of shelly fauna and graptolites. The shelly fauna is restricted to a thin mudstone band in a graptolitic shale sequence, and is within theconvolutus Biozone. This mudstone band may be correlated with a similar mudstone in the Kolka core from northwestern Latvia. The faunas, including the trilobites, from the two occurrences represent the same species. In the collection from Motala, nine species of trilobites are present, of whichAcernaspis dispersa sp. nov. is new. The material represents the first trilobite fauna described from the Middle Llandovery of Sweden.     

Middle Devonian dendroid graptolites from the Brilon Reef area (Rheinisches Schiefergebirge, Germany)

Dendroid graptolites from the Middle Devonian (Givetian, middlePolygnathus varcus Biozone) of the Rheinisches Schiefergebirge are described for the first time. The fauna of the Burgberg locality south of the Brilon reef comes from a black shale layer in a succession of calcareous debris flows. The fauna includes five species ofDictyonema andRuedemannograptus described in open nomenclature. The fragmentation of the material is conside-red as an indication of post-mortem transport.      

The oldest known occurrence of the Foliomena fauna in the uppermost Darriwilian (Middle Ordovician) of South China

The oldest Foliomena fauna was, until now, known from the middle–upper Miaopo Formation (Nemagraptus gracilis Biozone, lower Sandbian, basal Upper Ordovician) of South China. In this study, the oldest record of the fauna is set back to the latest Darriwilian (upper Hustedograptus teretiusculus Biozone), represented by Foliomena jielingensis and some typical constituents of the Foliomena fauna from the basal Miaopo Formation at Jieling, northern Yichang, western Hubei Province, central China. The Miaopo Formation is characterized by its organic‐rich dark‐grey shale facies, unique in its localized distribution on the Yangtze Platform, and distinguished by its rich and diverse benthic and graptolitic faunas. This suggests an origin of the Foliomena fauna in periodically oxygen‐starved local depressions on the Yangtze Platform during the Middle–Late Ordovician transition.     

土壤动物与N素循环及对N沉降的响应

以主要的生态过程之一——N循环为对象,论述了土壤动物不仅对凋落物的分解有重要影响,而且在N素矿化和植物对N的吸收过程中也起着重要作用。同时,日益严重的全球变化问题之一——N沉降对土壤动物的多样性及其在生态系统中的功能构成了极大的威胁。另还对土壤动物与N循环研究的方法、土壤动物在N循环过程中的作用机制、热带地区的需求及N沉降下土壤动物的响应作了探讨,并提出,开展大尺度的专类研究及长期定位研究成为下一步研究的需要。     

湖北秭归茅坪镇下茶庄剖面石牌动物群初探*

报道湖北秭归长江以南茅坪镇下茶庄剖面发现的寒武系下部(第2统第4阶)石牌动物群。该剖面石牌组出露良好,顶底界线清楚,总厚度208m。初步采集结果表明该剖面具有较大的开采潜力,化石数量上以腕足动物和软舌螺为主,同时还包括数量较多的三叶虫、双瓣壳节肢动物、开腔骨类和少量的鳃曳动物等,其中的腕足动物保存良好,数量丰度较大,壳体多以密集立体保存的内模形式出现,这是石牌组腕足动物大量壳体化石的首次报道。化石采集发现鳃曳动物与腕足动物可在相同的层面同时出现。与澄江动物群鳃曳动物化石相比,下茶庄剖面鳃曳动物的环纹保存的立体程度明显较强,但还未见到任何吻部和肠道结构保存。石牌动物群最早发现于长江以北宜昌三峡人家旅游风景名胜区内的王家坪剖面,但该地区石牌组覆盖严重,顶底未见出露,使王家坪剖面石牌动物群的后续研究存在较大困难。因此,石牌动物群在下茶庄剖面的发现和进一步采集和研究对深入揭示石牌动物群的组成、富集层位、群落结构和地理分布范围有重要的意义。     

CAMBRIAN PALAEONTOLOGY OF FENNOSCANDIAN BASEMENT FISSURES

Fossils from two ecologically and palaeogeographically interesting Cambrian outliers in the Precambrian basement of Fennoscandia are described or discussed. One of the localities is a fissure system, filled with sandstone, at Långbergsöda-Öjen in Saltvik, Province of Aland, Finland. The occurrence of the brachiopod Ceratreta tanneri (Metzger 1922) indicates a Late Cambrian age rather than Early Cambrian as assumed hitherto. The other locality, about 1.5 km W of the Fortress of Bohus, at Kungälv, Province of Bohuslän, Sweden, consists of a fissure and a trench-like crevice bounded by joints, containing a sequence of calcareous sedimentary breccia, grey limestone with coarse sand, and a late Medial Cambrian fauna. The sequence continues with black shale and bituminous dark limestone, containing large fragments of older igneous and sedimentary rocks as well as a Late Cambrian fauna.     

荒漠草原土壤动物与降雨关系研究现状

在全球性气候变化背景下,极端降雨事件频发,总结土壤动物多样性与降雨变化间的关系及其响应机制,有助于理解全球变化对土壤生态系统结构与功能的作用过程,对于探讨陆地生态系统应对全球变化具有重要科学意义。荒漠草原生态系统极度脆弱,对气候变化敏感,但是关于荒漠草原土壤动物与降雨变化间关系的研究报道比较少,严重制约了对荒漠草原生态系统的有效管理和可持续利用。本文从地上、地面和地下3个方面总结了土壤动物和降雨变化间的关系,并就荒漠草原土壤动物应对气候变化研究提出了一些建议。研究表明,降雨变化直接影响土壤动物群落结构;土壤动物对降雨变化反应强烈,不同动物类群产生了积极的响应规律;某些土壤动物类群对于降雨变化还具有重要指示作用。在荒漠草原生态系统中,今后需要从降雨变化对土壤动物产生的长期影响、土壤动物对降雨变化的适应方式和某些动物类群对土壤水分敏感性以及土壤动物与气候变化间的互为反馈关系等方面加强研究。     

中国陕西中三叠世中蝎蛉科一新种(昆虫纲,长翅目)

记述中蝎蛉科Mesopanorpodidae Tillyard,19181新种,宽形中蝎蛉Mesopanorpodes latus sp.nov.。化石标本采自于陕西铜川中三叠世铜川组下段上部的灰绿色泥岩和页岩。新种属于陕西昆虫群铜川昆虫组合的新成员(属陕西动物群、陕西生物群的一个类别)。模式标本保存于北京自然博物馆标本馆。     

New chondrichthyan fauna from the Palaeogene deposits of Barmer district,Rajasthan, western India: Age,palaeoenvironment and intercontinental affinities

Field investigations of the Palaeogene sections exposed in Barmer district, Rajasthan (India) led to the discovery of a new fossiliferous horizon in the Padma Rao Open Cast Bentonitic Clay Quarry. The bentonitic clay sequence of this quarry is considered as representing the upper part of the shale, carbonaceous shale, lignite and bentonitic clay succession of the Akli Formation exposed in the Giral Lignite Mine, 2.5 km to its north. Screen-washing of the sediments from a fossiliferous level within the bentonitic clay of the new site has yielded nine taxa of sharks and batoids: Squatiscyllium nigeriensis White, 1934, Ginglymostoma sokotoense White, 1934, Ginglymostomatidae gen. et sp. indet., Brachycarcharias sp., Abdounia recticona Winkler, 1873, Premontreia (Oxyscyllium) peypouqueti Noubhani et Cappetta, 1997, Eotorpedo hilgendorfi Jaekel, 1904, Coupatezia sp. cf. C. danica, and Myliobatidae gen. et sp. indet. The fauna recovered is mainly represented by nearshore shallow marine forms. This fauna is quite different from that of Palaeocene Fatehgarh Formation, the Lower Eocene Kapurdi Formation (Barmer Basin), the Khuiala Formation (Jaisalmer Basin) and the Cambay Shale (Cambay Basin), and favours a late Palaeocene (Thanetian) age for the upper part of the Akli Formation. A nearshore shallow marine palaeoenvironment is favored for the investigated stratigraphic horizon on the basis of the selachian fauna. Majority of the fossil shark species described from the Padma Rao quarry section are known from a number of sites in Africa, western Europe, Asia and southeastern USA, suggesting that free faunal interchanges were possible between the western Tethys and Indo-Madagascan faunal provinces during the late Palaeocene.     

扬子北缘钟祥地区奥陶系弗洛阶笔石动物群研究

湖北钟祥下奥陶统弗洛阶岩性以灰黑色页岩为主,夹粉砂岩及灰岩透镜体, 化石丰度和分异度高。通过系统的化石采集和鉴定, 于钟祥温峡口剖面识别出笔石7属31种, 大体上为扬子地台区的常见属种。自下而上分为Didymograptellus bifidus带、Corymbograptus deflexus带和Azygograptus suecicus带。该序列与宜昌?南漳地区一致, 但在笔石动物群组成面貌上差异较大,可能与钟祥地区在早奥陶世位于扬子台地边缘, 富集的营养物质和低氧的环境更利于笔石动物群的繁盛和笔石化石的保存有关。     

Kowala Lagerstätte: Late Devonian arthropods and non‐biomineralized algae from Poland

A rich and diverse assemblage of arthropods and non‐biomineralized macroalgae occurs in the Upper Devonian marine deposits of the Holy Cross Mountains, central Poland. The phrase Kowala Lagerstätte is herein proposed for the fossil‐bearing deposits confined to the lower Famennian marly shale and limestone succession of the famous Kowala Quarry. The arthropod fauna is represented by phosphatic exoskeletal remains that still preserve the fine micro‐ornamentation of the cuticle. The fauna includes crustaceans and crustacean‐like taxa such as thylacocephalans, phyllocarids and angustidontids (in order of abundance). The non‐biomineralized algae, represented by at least three morphotypes, occur as carbonaceous compressions of their thalli while still preserving fine details including bundles of thin tubular projections. Although their general appearance is reminiscent of some Early Palaeozoic non‐calcified Dasycladales algae, their true taxonomic position is still uncertain. Lithology, as well as faunal and phytoplankton content point to a pelagic sedimentary environment. Impoverished benthic fauna, sediment lamination and geochemical signatures indicate at least periodic bottom‐water dysoxic to anoxic conditions. Thus, the preservation of arthropod cuticle and non‐calcified algae was primarily governed by oxygen‐deficient bottom waters that prevented bioturbation and scavenging during their burial.     

No adverse effect of genetically modified antifungal wheat on decomposition dynamics and the soil fauna community--a field study

The cultivation of genetically modified (GM) plants has raised several environmental concerns. One of these concerns regards non-target soil fauna organisms, which play an important role in the decomposition of organic matter and hence are largely exposed to GM plant residues. Soil fauna may be directly affected by transgene products or indirectly by pleiotropic effects such as a modified plant metabolism. Thus, ecosystem services and functioning might be affected negatively. In a litterbag experiment in the field we analysed the decomposition process and the soil fauna community involved. Therefore, we used four experimental GM wheat varieties, two with a race-specific antifungal resistance against powdery mildew (Pm3b) and two with an unspecific antifungal resistance based on the expression of chitinase and glucanase. We compared them with two non-GM isolines and six conventional cereal varieties. To elucidate the mechanisms that cause differences in plant decomposition, structural plant components (i.e. C∶N ratio, lignin, cellulose, hemicellulose) were examined and soil properties, temperature and precipitation were monitored. The most frequent taxa extracted from decaying plant material were mites (Cryptostigmata, Gamasina and Uropodina), springtails (Isotomidae), annelids (Enchytraeidae) and Diptera (Cecidomyiidae larvae). Despite a single significant transgenic/month interaction for Cecidomyiidae larvae, which is probably random, we detected no impact of the GM wheat on the soil fauna community. However, soil fauna differences among conventional cereal varieties were more pronounced than between GM and non-GM wheat. While leaf residue decomposition in GM and non-GM wheat was similar, differences among conventional cereals were evident. Furthermore, sampling date and location were found to greatly influence soil fauna community and decomposition processes. The results give no indication of ecologically relevant adverse effects of antifungal GM wheat on the composition and the activity of the soil fauna community.     

Geological significance of the discovery of Middle Triassic (Ladinian) radiolarians from the Hong Hoi Formation of the Lampang Group,Sukhothai Zone,northern Thailand

This paper presents a newly found fauna of Ladinian (Middle Triassic) radiolarians from the Hong Hoi Formation of the Lampang Group, Sukhothai Zone, northern Thailand. The Ladinian age determined by the radiolarian fauna concords with the age previously determined by mollusks. The study section consists of intercalated sandstone and shale in the lower part and a thick conglomerate in the upper part. The radiolarian-bearing siliceous beds are intercalated within the lower unit. The lithic sandstone of the lower unit consists mainly of volcanic rock fragments, quartz, and feldspar, whereas the thickly bedded conglomerate of the upper unit is characterized by abundant gravel-sized clasts of volcanic rock and limestone. These lithic features of the study section suggest that during deposition the Hong Hoi Formation was located near a supply of volcanic materials. A forearc basin close to the Sukhothai Arc would be the most suitable environment for the deposition. The Ladinian age determined by the radiolarian fauna supports the occurrence of intensive volcanic activity within the Sukhothai Arc during the Middle Triassic.