T-DNA转移研究进展

植物遗传转化技术近年在农作物性状改良、植物生物反应器利用以及基因功能鉴定等方面得到了广泛的应用.T-DNA转移是植物细胞农杆菌介导遗传转化整合和表达外源基因的基础.农杆菌Ti质粒vir基因编码蛋白、农杆菌一些染色体基因编码蛋白及植物细胞一些基因编码蛋白或因子均参与T-DNA转移.转移过程包括农杆菌对植物细胞的识别、附着,细菌对植物信号物质的感受,细菌vir基因的诱导表达,T复合体的形成,跨膜运输,进核运输和整合等一序列过程.植物细胞因子与农杆菌T-DNA转移相关蛋白的相互作用最近被认为在T-DNA转移过程中起重要作用.     

AcvB基因的发现及表达

被根癌农杆菌感染的植物 ,其部分细胞发生了变异 ,最终形成植物癌。究其原因是由于农杆菌中的 T-DNA转移至植物细胞所致。T- DNA剪切、加工、转移受Ti- DNA中的多个操纵子的共同调控。最近 ,小岛研究室用转座子标记法对根癌农杆菌 (A- 2 0 8株 ) T- DNA转移机能进行了研究 ,发现了 3个位于根癌农杆菌染色体上的 Acv B、chv A、ch VB基因 ,它们在 T- DNA转移过程中担负重要角色。1　 Acv B基因的发现用大肠肝菌 (PJB4 J1)与农杆菌 (A- 2 0 8)在 2 8℃条件下共培养 ,在含卡那霉素 (Kmr)固体培养基上选取单菌落 ,取其菌体分别接…     

T-DNA整合的研究进展

根癌农杆菌介导的基因转化过程中,T-DNA的整合是关系到外源基因能否稳定遗传的关键步骤。影响T-DNA整合的因素很多,包括毒性蛋白、寄主因子等等,本文对此加以综述,同时阐述了T-DNA在植物基因组中的整合及染色体水平上的分布及其整合模型。     

影响T-DNA转移的寄主植物细胞因子

在农杆菌介导的植物遗传转化过程中,寄主细胞因子参与农杆菌细胞与寄主细胞的识别与附着、毒性基因的表达以及T-DNA的跨膜运输和整合等过程.文章就这几方面的研究进展进行了综述.     

影响农杆菌介导遗传转化的植物因子研究进展

农杆菌介导法是植物遗传转化中最常用的一种方法.越来越多的研究表明,植物遗传因子是决定农杆菌遗传转化效率的重要因素,它们至少影响了转化过程的如下5个方面:1)受伤植物释放的酚类物质和糖分子等介导农杆菌的趋化运动和毒性基因vir的诱导表达;2)农杆菌吸附到植物表面;3)T-DNA和毒性蛋白通过由VirB和virD4蛋白组成的Ⅳ型分泌系统从细菌转移到植物细胞质;4)T-复合体利用细胞质ACTIN骨架和输入蛋白进行核定位和核输入;5)T-DNA利用植物的修复装置整合进宿主基因组.就以上5个方面涉及的植物因子研究进展予以综述.     

植物DNA断裂修复基因对农杆菌T-DNA整合的作用

转基因植物在作物新品种培育和生物制药中已发挥了巨大作用。农杆菌介导的遗传转化是广泛用于基因组分析的强大工具,也是获得转基因植物的主导技术。农杆菌介导的基因转移是极其复杂的生物学过程,需要许多农杆菌和植物的遗传因子协同参与完成。经过20多年的研究,人们对T-DNA产生和转运的分子机制以及农杆菌与寄主植物的互作已有所了解。T-DNA整合是农杆菌介导转化过程中最为关键的一步,但对于其整合机制所知仍有限。越来越多的证据表明,寄主植物细胞的DNA断裂修复基因对农杆菌T-DNA整合具有重要作用。该文首先介绍T-DNA转移的大致过程,重点讨论DNA断裂损伤修复相关基因对T-DNA整合的作用,为通过DNA损伤修复基因的遗传操纵来提高农杆菌介导植物遗传转化的效率提供参考。     

农杆菌-植物间基因转移的分子基础

植物病原细菌多以Ⅲ型分泌系统运送毒性因子或无毒基因产物到植物细胞,但根癌农杆菌利用Ⅳ型分泌系统转移致瘤基因片断T-DNA到植物细胞核,并整合到植物基因组,使植物产生肿瘤,作者将介绍vir基因的诱导、T-DNA的加工、T-DNA的转移,以及T-复合体运输的装备等方面的最新研究进展,以探讨农杆菌-植物间基因转移的分子基础,研究该系统转移基因的分子基础将有利于开发和改良植物遗传工程的载体工具;另外,农杆菌-植物作为一种模式植物病害系统,其研究也为植物-病原菌的基础理论研究提供参考。由于有些人体病原细菌也采用Ⅳ型分泌系统运送毒性因子到人体细胞,研究农杆菌-植物间的基因转移系统也有利于医学研究。     

迅速发展的植物基因工程

70年代后期,植物肿瘤发生的分子生物学研究取得了重大进展,证明根癌农杆菌能将Ti质粒的特定区段(即T-DNA)转移进植物细胞;T-DNA编码的基因整合进植物基因组后不仅发生表达,并且能成为植物的新增的一群基因稳定地保存下来,通过     

农杆菌介导转基因植物T-DNA的整合方式

农杆菌介导的遗传转化已被广泛应用于植物转基因研究。作为外源基因的载体,农杆菌T-DNA片段在植物基因组中的整合方式,不仅影响外源基因的整合效率及稳定性,还会影响外源基因的表达特性。文章就农杆菌介导的T-DNA整合的两种主要模式、规律及相关研究手段进行综述,为农杆菌介导的转基因及T-DNA插入突变等相关研究提供借鉴。     

T-DNA转移及整合的分子机制研究进展

农杆菌介导的外源基因转化是目前植物转基因应用比较广泛的方法。近年来关于农杆菌介导的整合机制的研究已经取得了很大的进步。研究表明,在VirD2和VirE2协助下,农杆菌转移T-DNA进入植物细胞,这两种蛋白共同协助T-DNA完成转移、核定位及在植物基因组中的整合。近年来关于拟南芥突变体的研究表明,被转化植物的宿主基因在T-DNA转移及整合过程中发挥主要的作用。通过对现有研究成果详细讨论了Vir’蛋白(VirD2和VirE2)及植物基因在农杆菌介导植物转化中的作用,详细讨论了依靠VirD2蛋白和SDSA(synthesis-dependent strand-annealing)整合的两类不同的整合模式,根据最新的研究成果阐述了以基因组的双链断裂修复为基础的整合模型,并提出新的观点。     

转座子衍生基因的演变途径及对生物生长发育的影响

转座子(transposable elements,TEs)是指在基因组上能从同一条染色体的一个位置转移到另一个位置或者从一条染色体转移到另一条染色体上的一段DNA序列。广泛存在于基因组中的转座子通过复制、动员、重组基因片段以及修改原基因结构形成的新基因,被称为转座子衍生基因。该文综述了转座子衍生基因与转座子和常规基因的异同以及转座子衍生基因的演变途径,归纳了转座子衍生基因对宿主基因进化,以及对生物生长发育的影响。     

The utility of transposable elements as tools for the isolation of plant genes

Transposable elements are segments of DNA which have the unique capability of being able to excise from one site in the genome and reintegrate into new, different sites elsewhere in the genome. When transposition takes place and integration occurs within a gene locus, mutations are frequently generated producing variegated or recessive phenotypes. This ability of transposable elements to act as mutagenic agents through their association with particular gene sequences has lead to the development of the procedure of transposon tagging or gene tagging in higher plants. Through this technique, transposable elements can be used to clone and isolate genes of interest for which little or nothing is known about the final product (i.e., polypeptide). This offers tremendous potential for the isolation of a variety of agronomically important genes, which are virtually impossible to recover by other currently available gene cloning methodologies. To date, the technique has been used successfully to isolate genes from corn and snapdragon. Using gene transfer technologies, the potential now exists to extend this approach to clone genes from other plant species. Advantages and limitations of transposon tagging for isolating plant genes will be discussed.     

An Agrobacterium gene involved in tumorigenesis encodes an outer membrane protein exposed on the bacterial cell surface

A gene designated as aopB was identified which was involved in tumorigenesis of Agrobacterium tumefaciens. aopB is located on the circular chromosome as a single copy. This gene shares high homology with ropB, a Rhizobium leguminosarum gene encoding an outer membrane protein. A transposon mutant CGI1 containing a gfp-tagged transposon insertion at aopB caused attenuated tumors on plants when inoculated at a low cell concentration (5x10(7) cells/ml). The mutation did not affect the bacterial growth on different media. A broad host range plasmid containing the wild type aopB could restore the tumor formation ability of CGI1 to the wild type level. When both aopB-gfp and aopB-phoA fusions were used to study the aopB gene expression, we found that the aopB gene was inducible by acidic pH but not by plant phenolic compound acetosyringone. aopB encodes a putative protein of 218 amino acids with a predicted molecular weight of 22.8 kDa. TnphoA transposon mutagenesis of aopB, subcellular fractionation and whole cell ELISA experiments indicated that AopB is an outer membrane protein exposed on the bacterial cell surface. It appeared that AopB was exclusively present in the outer membrane and not in other fractions. The vir gene induction assays showed that the aopB gene was not required for the expression of the Ti plasmid encoded vir genes that are essential for tumorigenesis. The C-terminal half of AopB is slightly homologous to some of the bacterial porin proteins and some of plant dehydrins. The role of AopB in Agrobacterium-plant interaction is discussed.     

植物抗病基因克隆的研究进展

本从抗病基因克隆技术,抗病基因的产物和结构,抗病基因介导的抗病信号传导以及抗病基因进化等方面入手,综述了近几年来植物抗病基因克隆的研究进展,并对转座子标签法和定位克隆法做了较为详细的阐述。     

Identification of differentially regulated francisella tularensis genes by use of a newly developed Tn5-based transposon delivery system

Francisella tularensis is the etiologic agent of an intracellular systemic infection of the lymphatic system in humans called tularemia. The organism has become the subject of considerable research interest due to its classification as a category A select agent by the CDC. To aid genetic analysis of this pathogen, we have constructed a temperature-sensitive Tn5-based transposon delivery system that is capable of generating chromosomal reporter fusions with lacZ or luxCDABE, enabling us to monitor gene expression. Transposition is catalyzed by the hyperactive Tn5 transposase, whose expression is driven by the Francisella groES promoter. When high-temperature selection (42 degrees C) is applied to a bacterial culture carrying the transposon delivery plasmid, approximately 0.1% of the population is recovered with Tn5 insertions in the chromosome. Nucleotide sequence analysis of a sample of mutants revealed that the insertions occur randomly throughout the chromosome. The kanamycin-selectable marker of the transposon is also flanked by FLP recombination target sequences that allow deletion of the antibiotic resistance gene when desired. This system has been used to generate transposon mutant libraries for the F. tularensis live vaccine strain as well as two different virulent F. tularensis strains. Chromosomal reporters delivered with the transposon were used to identify genes upregulated by growth in Chamberlain's defined medium. Genes in the fsl operon, reported to be involved in iron acquisition, as well as genes in the igl gene cluster were among those identified by the screen. Further experiments implicate the ferric uptake regulator (Fur) protein in the negative regulation of fsl but not igl reporters, which occurs in an iron-dependent manner. Our results indicate that we have created a valuable new transposon that can be used to identify and characterize virulence genes in F. tularensis strains.     

A P-element insertion screen identified mutations in 455 novel essential genes in Drosophila

With the completion of the nucleotide sequences of several complex eukaryotic genomes, tens of thousands of genes have been predicted. However, this information has to be correlated with the functions of those genes to enhance our understanding of biology and to improve human health care. The Drosophila transposon P-element-induced mutations are very useful for directly connecting gene products to their biological function. We designed an efficient transposon P-element-mediated gene disruption procedure and performed genetic screening for single P-element insertion mutations, enabling us to recover 2500 lethal mutations. Among these, 2355 are second chromosome mutations. Sequences flanking >2300 insertions that identify 850 different genes or ESTs (783 genes on the second chromosome and 67 genes on the third chromosome) have been determined. Among these, 455 correspond to genes for which no lethal mutation has yet been reported. The Drosophila genome is thought to contain approximately 3600 vital genes; 1400 are localized on the second chromosome. Our mutation collection represents approximately 56% of the second chromosome vital genes and approximately 24% of the total vital Drosophila genes.     

Transposon mutagenesis by Tn4560 and applications with avermectin-producing Streptomyces avermitilis.

The Tn3-like Streptomyces transposon Tn4560 was used to mutagenize Streptomyces avermitilis, the producer of anthelmintic avermectins and the cell growth inhibitor oligomycin. Tn4560 transposed in this strain from a temperature-sensitive plasmid to the chromosome and from the chromosome to a plasmid with an apparent frequency of about 10(-4) to 10(-3) at both 30 and 39 degrees C. Auxotrophic and antibiotic nonproducing mutations were, however, obtained only with cultures that were kept at 37 or 39 degrees C. About 0.1% of the transposon inserts obtained at 39 degrees C caused auxotrophy or abolished antibiotic production. The sites of insertion into the S. avermitilis chromosome were mapped. Chromosomal DNA fragments containing Tn4560 insertions in antibiotic production genes were cloned onto a Streptomyces plasmid with temperature-sensitive replication and used to transport transposon mutations to other strains, using homologous recombination. This technique was used to construct an avermectin production strain that no longer makes the toxic oligomycin.     

The construction and preliminary analysis of a Tn5 transposon based random mutant library of baculovirus

A transposon-based random mutation library of AcMNPV,the type species of baculovirus,was constructed using a Tn5 transposon.The green fluorescence protein gene under the control of the Drosophila hsp70 promoter was inserted into the transposon for easy tracking in insect cells.In vitro transposition was carried out using the transposon and AcMNPV genomic DNA to allow the random insertion of the transposon into the virus genome.The transposed genome was then used to transfect Sf21 insect cells,and a library of mutant viruses capable of expressing green fluorescence protein was obtained.Two mutant viruses,B9F and Li6A were isolated,and the sites of transposon insertion were determined to be within the coding regions of the 94k and p10 genes,respectively.Both genes were determined to be nonessential in viral replication and infection.This technique will be very useful in the functional study of baculovirus genes.     

The phosphotriesterase gene opdA in Agrobacterium radiobacter P230 is transposable

We report a transposase gene (tnpA) upstream of the opdA phosphotriesterase gene of Agrobacterium radiobacter P230, as well as inverted repeats indicative of insertion sequences, flanking the two genes. Both the tnpA gene and the inverted repeats resemble the Tn610 transposon from Mycobacterium fortuitum. Two additional putative open reading frames separate opdA and tnpA with inferred translation products with similarity to two proteins encoded on the Geobacillus stearothermophilus IS5376 transposon. To test the proposition that these genes were contained on a transposon, an artificial composite transposon was constructed. This artificial transposon was then delivered into Escherichia coli DH10beta cells. Transposition was demonstrated by the presence of opdA on the E. coli chromosome and confirmation of insertion by inverse polymerase chain reaction. The data presented suggest a possible role of transposition in the distribution of the opd/opdA genes across a wide range of soil bacteria.     

Sivb 2003 Congress Symposium Proceeding: Mutation- and Transposon-Based Approaches for the Identification of Genes for Pre-Harvest Sprouting in Wheat

Summary This article reviews techniques for gene identification and cloning in allohexaploid bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Gene identification and cloning in wheat are complicated by the large size and high redundancy of the genome. Both classical mutagenesis and transposon tagging are important tools for the study of grain dormancy and plant hormone signaling in wheat. While classical mutagenesis can be used to identify wheat mutants with altered hormone sensitivity, it can be difficult to clone the corresponding genes. We review the techniques available for gene identification in wheat, and propose that transposon-based activation tagging will be an important tool for wheat genetics.