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1.
Christian Reiß 《Theorie in den Biowissenschaften》2007,126(4):155-164
Julius Schaxel is an almost forgotten figure in the history of early twentieth century biology. By focusing on his life and
work, I would like to illustrate several central developments in that period of history of biology. Julius Schaxel was an
early representative and organizer of theoretical biology, discussing and criticizing both Wilhelm Roux’s mechanism and Hans
Driesch’s vitalism. In addition to his theoretical work, Schaxel also did experimental research on developmental issues to
support his critique. In this paper, special emphasis is made on the negotiating practice of Schaxel, which he used to establish
a new area of biological research and a new audience for that area. In contrast to these new fields, Schaxel can be also portrayed
as the endpoint of a research tradition investigating ontogeny and phylogeny together, which today is called Evo–Devo. Following
Garland Allen’s dialectical processes that led to the decline of the Evo–Devo research agenda, Schaxel’s example is used to
investigate these processes. 相似文献
2.
Global Scope and Background The study was aimed at presenting the methodology of the process eco-indicator, in relation to hard coal mines, and thereby
making evaluation of the impact of the mine’s coal extraction process on the environment. The life cycle of a mine is made
up of three phases: opening and developing the mine’s deposit, extraction of the mine’s deposit, closing the mine.
Methods The assessment of environmental influence of mining operation of a colliery was executed on a basis of the life cycle analysis,
in accordance with the standard series PN-EN 14040. The environmental loads caused by individual unit processes were calculated
by means of the aforementioned methodology with division into the basic influence categories: human health, ecosystem quality
and natural resources. The obtained values of eco-indicators for the individual unit processes made it possible to compare
the unit-process-caused environmental loads. Mean values of the eco-indicators of the individual unit processes were calculated
by means of the inventory analysis covering 38 collieries. Next, these indicators were used to compare environmental load
values by each similar process in a colliery. A total eco-indicator was calculated for colliery by summing up the eco-indicators
of the individual unit processes. The eco-indicators, structured as above, were calculated for the phase of opening out a
deposit and for the phase of extraction.
Results and Discussion The model mine in the phase of extraction of a deposit causes a total environmental load which expressed in points of the
eco-indicator 99 amounts to 23.9 [MEw]. In the ‘human health’ category losses amount to 8.4 per cent, in the ‘quality of ecosystem’
0.6 per cent and in the ‘resourses’ category 91 per cent.
The greatest losses in all categories are caused by the process of getting body of coal and the next greatest ones are:
Value of the eco-indicator 99 per 1 Mg (tonne) of coal extracted at the model mine amounts to 9.55 Ew.
On a basis of this methodology, calculations of the value of the eco-indicator 99 were performed for a real working colliery
(extraction of 1.23 million tonnes in 2001). An inventory of characteristic quantities of individual unit processes connected
with the extraction of this colliery was prepared. The total environmental load of this mine was 11.14 MEw (in the ‘human
health’ category losses amounted to 1.9 per cent, in the ‘quality of ecosystem’ category 0.5 per cent, and in the resources’
category 91.6 per cent). The greatest losses in all categories were caused by the process of getting body of coal which amounted
to 10.8 MEw, and next the process of driving a heading by means of heading machine which amounted to 130.9 kEw.
The value of the eco-indicator 99 for 1 Mg (tonne) of coal extracted in 2001 at the above-mentioned mine amounts to 9.06 Ew
and is lower than the value of the eco-indicator 99 calculated for the model mine.
Conclusion By means of the presented methodology it is possible to calculate environmental loads caused by individual unit processes
with division into the basic categories of influence: human health, quality of ecosystem and natural resources. The calculated
values of the eco-indicators of the individual unit processes enable to make comparisons of environmental loads and eventual
decision making on changes in the ecological policy of a mine.
Recommendation and Perspective (Outlook) The presented LCA methodology can be used to compare the operation of individual mines in the aspect of their influence on
the environment. If the data of the same type with regard to unit processes are at disposal, then the mines can be ranked.
Based on the LCA’s results, it is possible to make capital decisions connected with modernisation of specific production processes. 相似文献
– | In the ‘human health’ category-cleaning coal at a preparation plant (250.0 kEw), |
– | In the ‘quality of ecosystem’ category-cleaning coal at a preparation plant (25.0 kEw), |
– | In the ‘resources’ category-entry driving by means of explosives (745.7 kEw). |
3.
Brada B 《Culture, medicine and psychiatry》2011,35(2):285-312
This essay argues that what makes “global health” “global” has more to do with configurations of space and time, and the claims
to expertise and moral stances these configurations make possible, than with the geographical distribution of medical experts
or the universal, if also uneven, distribution of threats to health. Drawing on a study of public–private partnerships supporting
Botswana’s HIV/AIDS treatment program, this essay demonstrates ethnographically the processes by which “global health” and
its quintessential spaces, namely “resource-limited” or “resource-poor settings,” are constituted, reinforced, and contested
in the context of medical education and medical practice in Botswana’s largest hospital. Using Silverstein’s work on orders
of indexicality, I argue that the terms of “global health” are best understood as chronotopic, and demonstrate how actors
orient themselves and others spatio-temporally, morally, and professionally by using or refuting those terms. I conclude by
arguing that taking “global health” on its own terms obscures the powerful forces by which it becomes intelligible. At stake
are the frames within which medical anthropologists understand their objects of study, as well as the potential for the spaces
of “global health” intervention to expand ever outward as American medical personnel attempt to calibrate their experiences
to their expectations. 相似文献
4.
Steffen Dalsgaard 《Anthropological Forum》2016,26(1):96-114
New social media have become indispensable to people all over the world as platforms for communication, with Facebook being the most popular. Hence, platforms such as Facebook are also becoming crucial tools for ethnographers because much social life now exists ‘online’. What types of field relations stem from such social media-driven ethnography? And what kinds of data do these relations present to the ethnographer? These questions must be considered in order to understand the challenges Facebook and other social media pose to ethnographic methodology. This article focuses on how Facebook may play an important role even in ethnographic work concerned with questions other than how Facebook works as a social medium. Most importantly it allows the ethnographer to keep up-to-date with the field. I argue that ethnography is already in possession of the methodological tools critically to assess the validity and value of data gathered or produced via Facebook including issues such as authenticity which are also pertinent to digital ethnography. 相似文献
5.
Ames H Mingolla E Sohail A Chandler B Gorchetchnikov A Leveille J Livitz G Versace M 《IEEE pulse》2012,3(1):47-50
The researchers at Boston University (BU)'s Neuromorphics Laboratory, part of the National Science Foundation (NSF)-sponsored Center of Excellence for Learning in Education, Science, and Technology (CELEST), are working in collaboration with the engineers and scientists at Hewlett-Packard (HP) to implement neural models of intelligent processes for the next generation of dense, low-power, computer hardware that will use memristive technology to bring data closer to the processor where computation occurs. The HP and BU teams are jointly designing an optimal infrastructure, simulation, and software platform to build an artificial brain. The resulting Cog Ex Machina (Cog) software platform has been successfully used to implement a large-scale, multicomponent brain system that is able to simulate some key rat behavioral results in a virtual environment and has been applied to control robotic platforms as they learn to interact with their environment. 相似文献
6.
Abstract The goal of the different national and supranational ecolabelling programs is to encourage consumers to choose products which
are the least damaging to the environment. It is clear that the involvement of product and service users is essential to the
establishment of sustainable consumption patterns. For this reason, ecolabelling must necessarily limit any risks of uncertainty.
To this end, labels must take into account all the impacts of a product’s life cycle and use a reliable and verifiable evaluation
method.
In general, the organizations in charge of ecolabelling programs claim that a multi-criteria approach is used to define the
exact labelling criteria appropriate for the product categories in question. These organizations generally maintain that their
approach is based on the completion of exhaustive and complete life cycle analyses, which take into account all of the impacts
caused by a product throughout its life cycle. And yet, the real situation is often far less clear-cut, and these simplified
approaches, which tend to reconcile economic realism and methodological coherence, constitute the usual procedure for criteria
definition.
Thus, the procedures involved in criteria development often rely on a ‘semi-qualitative’ approach to the life cycle which
uses both qualitative and quantitative data in order to identify the product’s significant stages on the environment.
Presently, the ecolabel is a ‘non-verifiable expert property’ for the consumer. The ecolabel’s lack of objectivity in its
criteria and its lack of transparency, resulting from non standardized methods whose accuracy cannot be measured, can only
damage this sustainable development tool’s credibility. In effect, the primary hindrance to ecolabel development lies precisely
within this difficulty of finding a compromise between economic feasibility and the scientific and methodological rigor which
are indispensable to the label’s credibility and veracity. 相似文献
7.
Jane Maienschein 《Journal of the history of biology》2009,42(2):215-230
In his 1987 book Controlling Life: Jacques Loeb and the Engineering Ideal in Biology, Philip Pauly presented his readers with the biologist Jacques Loeb and his role in developing an emphasis on control of life
processes. Loeb’s work on artificial parthenogenesis, for example, provided an example of bioengineering at work. This paper
revisits Pauly’s study of Loeb and explores the way current research in regenerative medicine reflects the same tradition.
A history of regeneration research reveals patterns of thinking and research methods that both echo Loeb’s ideology and point
the way to modern studies. Pauly’s work revealed far more than we readers realized at the time of its publication. 相似文献
8.
Radu Popa 《Origins of life and evolution of the biosphere》2010,40(2):183-190
The criteria used for defining life are influenced by various philosophical visions about life, ranging from holism to reductionism
and from mechanistic-reductionism to vitalism. Using different scenarios about the origin and evolution of life as well as
properties of energy-dissipative systems, artificial life simulations and basic tenets of xenobiology, guidelines can be established
for formulating a definition of life. A definition of life is proposed that is parametric, non-Earth-centric, quantitative
and capable of discriminating ‘living entities’ from ‘life’. Living entities are defined as self-maintained systems, capable
of adaptive evolution individually, collectively or as a line of descend. Life is a broader concept indicating that the capacity
to express these attributes is either virtual or actual. At least four major phase transitions can be recognized during the
origin of life (reflexive activity; self-regulated homeostasis; the advent of informatons and the origin of adaptive evolution);
these make the origin and evolution of early life an example of ‘punctuated gradualism’. Such phase transitions can be used
to identify a boundary in early evolution where life began. This contribution identifies the step in the evolution of a dynamic
system when digital control of the system’s state becomes dominant over analogical control, and genetic information is irreversibly
used for adaptive evolution, as the boundary between non-living and living systems. 相似文献
9.
Aleksandra Korzeniewska Katarzyna Niemirowicz-Szczytt 《Acta Physiologiae Plantarum》2000,22(3):235-238
Earliness is a crucial factor of tomato field production in Poland. A. Michalska and B. Kubicki (1978) conducted the first
investigations on tomato earliness at the Department of Plant Genetics and Breeding. The main conclusions from these studies
indicated that it was possible to obtain varieties earlier than ‘New Yorker’ as a result of transgression. The two new varieties
(‘Alfa’ and ‘Akord F1’) proved to be two weeks earlier than ‘New Yorker’. However, earliness was correlated with smaller fruit weight (30–40 g).
At the next stage of experiment some improvement was achieved both in the size of fruit (45 g for ‘Beta’ up to 70 g for ‘Alka’)
as well as colour intensity and good flavour. With the next few years fruit weight was still increased (up to 100 g for ‘Maskarena’)
and a higher level of firmness was obtained (mid firm fruits for ‘Maskarena’ and ‘Delta’). At present, the Polish Research
Centre for Cultivar Testing recommends our varieties ‘Betalux’, ‘Promyk’ and ‘Delta’ as standards. 相似文献
10.
Ogilvie MB 《Journal of the history of biology》2007,40(3):467-507
Helen Dean King’s scientific work focused on inbreeding using experimental data collected from standardized laboratory rats
to elucidate problems in human heredity. The meticulous care with which she carried on her inbreeding experiments assured
that her results were dependable and her theoretical explanations credible. By using her nearly homozygous rats as desired
commodities, she also was granted access to venues and people otherwise unavailable to her as a woman. King’s scientific career
was made possible through her life experiences. She earned a doctorate from Bryn Mawr College under Thomas Hunt Morgan and
spent a productive career at the Wistar Institute of Anatomy and Biology in Philadelphia where she had access to the experimental
subjects which made her career possible. In this paper I examine King’s work on inbreeding, her participation in the debates
over eugenics, her position at the Wistar Institute, her status as a woman working with mostly male scientists, and her involvement
with popular science. 相似文献
11.
12.
Andreas Jørgensen Matthias Finkbeiner Michael S. Jørgensen Michael Z. Hauschild 《The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment》2010,15(4):376-384
Background, aim and scope
A relatively broad consensus has formed that the purpose of developing and using the social life cycle assessment (SLCA) is to improve the social conditions for the stakeholders affected by the assessed product’s life cycle. To create this effect, the SLCA, among other things, needs to provide valid assessments of the consequence of the decision that it is to support. The consequence of a decision to implement a life cycle of a product can be seen as the difference between the decision being implemented and ‘non-implemented’ product life cycle. This difference can to some extent be found using the consequential environmental life cycle assessment (ELCA) methodology to identify the processes that change as a consequence of the decision. However, if social impacts are understood as certain changes in the lives of the stakeholders, then social impacts are not only related to product life cycles, meaning that by only assessing impacts related to the processes that change as a consequence of a decision, not all changes in the life situations of the stakeholders will be captured by an assessment following the consequential ELCA methodology. This article seeks to identify these impacts relating to the non-implemented product life cycle and establish indicators for their assessment. 相似文献13.
Eloisa Berman Arévalo Mirjam A. F. Ros-Tonen 《Human ecology: an interdisciplinary journal》2009,37(6):733-747
While much research on forest partnerships hitherto has been focused mainly on the drivers behind their formation, the kind
of actors and deals involved, and the factors that promote or hinder their success, much less attention has been paid to the
dynamic relationships and processes inherent in these partnerships. Based on the study of a partnership process in an indigenous
reservation in Colombian Amazonia covering a variety of projects, this paper seeks to fill part of this lacuna by analyzing
the partnership as a dynamic ‘discursive battlefield,’ in which objectives and actions are being constantly negotiated. Actors
in the Matavén partnership strategically incorporate discursive elements in order to pursue their own interests while also
endorsing those that ensure the continuation of collaboration. We conclude that discourses are embedded in partnership micro-politics.
On the one hand, discursive shifts occur as a reflection of power balances at given moments. On the other hand, discourses
constitute indispensable resources with the potential to both enhance individual actor’s negotiating power and to create opportunities
for compromise. Within an ongoing discursive tension between ‘conservation’ and ‘indigenous autonomy,’ flexible notions such
as ‘territorial ordering’ prove to be successful in allowing space for manoeuvre and granting conceptual coherence to shifts
occurring ‘on the ground.’ 相似文献
14.
Suppression Subtractive Hybridization (SSH) and its derivative, Pooled Suppression Subtractive hybridization (PSSH), are powerful
tools used to study variances larger than ~100 bp in prokaryotic genome structure. The initial steps involve ligating an oligonucleotide
of known sequence (the “adaptor”) to a fragmented genome to facilitate amplification, subtraction and downstream sequencing.
SSH results in the creation of a library of unique DNA fragments which have been traditionally analyzed via Sanger sequencing.
Numerous next generation sequencing technologies have entered the market yet SSH is incompatible with these platforms. This
is due to the high level of sequence conservation of the oligonucleotide used for SSH. This rigid adherence is partly because
it has yet to be determined if alteration of this oligonucleotide will have a deleterious impact on subtraction efficiency.
The subtraction occurs when non-unique fragments are inhibited by a secondary self-pairing structure which requires exact
nucleotide sequence. We determine if appending custom sequence to the 5′ terminal ends of these oligonucleotides during the
nested PCR stages of PSSH will reduce subtraction efficiency. We compare a pool of ten S. aureus clinical isolates with a standard PSSH and custom tailed-PSSH. We detected no statistically significant difference between
their subtraction efficiencies. Our observations suggest that the adaptor’s terminal ends may be labeled during the nested
PCR step. This produces libraries labeled with custom sequence. This does not lead to loss of subtraction efficiency and would
be invaluable for groups wishing to combine SSH or PSSH with their own downstream applications, such as a high throughput
sequencing platform. 相似文献
15.
Patrik J. G. Henriksson Jeroen B. Guinée René Kleijn Geert R. de Snoo 《The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment》2012,17(3):304-313
Purpose
As capture fishery production has reached its limits and global demand for aquatic products is still increasing, aquaculture has become the world’s fastest growing animal production sector. In attempts to evaluate the environmental consequences of this rapid expansion, life cycle assessment (LCA) has become a frequently used method. The present review of current peer-reviewed literature focusing on LCA of aquaculture systems is intended to clarify the methodological choices made, identify possible data gaps, and provide recommendations for future development within this field of research. The results of this review will also serve as a start-up activity of the EU FP7 SEAT (Sustaining Ethical Aquaculture Trade) project, which aims to perform several LCA studies on aquaculture systems in Asia over the next few years. 相似文献16.
Hub Zwart 《Journal of bioethical inquiry》2008,5(4):283-293
One interesting aspect of the Hwang-case has been the way in which this affair was assessed by academic journals such as Nature. Initially, Hwang’s success was regarded as evidence for the detrimental effects of research ethics, slowing down the pace
of research in Western countries. Eventually, however, Hwang’s debacle was seen as evidence for the importance of ethics in
the life sciences. Ironically, it was concluded that the West maintains its prominence in science (as a global endeavour)
precisely because it has its ethics in place. Bioethics was now seen as an indispensable part of quality control. In this
article, I will claim that the Hwang case rather reveals that there is no reason for complacency and that there are substantial
challenges awaiting us. They have to do with major transformations in the way knowledge is produced and research in the life
sciences is conducted (such as the increase in pace and scale, globalisation and the growing importance of ICT and bioinformation).
These transformations call for a different kind of bioethics. The focus must shift from duties of autonomous researchers concerning
visible research subjects (“micro-ethics”) to responsibilities of institutionalised research networks in managing and processing
large amounts of bioinformation (“macro-ethics”). Concepts such as transparency, reliability and benefit-sharing will become
more important than concepts such as informed consent. Basically, it is a resurgence of the tension between the Kantian and
the Hegelian view of ethics. The contours of macro-ethics will be elaborated notably as it is emerging in bioethical debates
over biobanking and genetic databanks.
相似文献
Hub ZwartEmail: |
17.
Clinical Proteomics: From Biomarker Discovery and Cell Signaling Profiles to Individualized Personal Therapy 总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7
The discovery of new highly sensitive and specific biomarkers for early disease detection and risk stratification coupled
with the development of personalized “designer” therapies holds the key to future treatment of complex diseases such as cancer.
Mounting evidence confirms that the low molecular weight (LMW) range of the circulatory proteome contains a rich source of
information that may be able to detect early stage disease and stratify risk. Current mass spectrometry (MS) platforms can
generate a rapid and high resolution portrait of the LMW proteome. Emerging novel nanotechnology strategies to amplify and
harvest these LMW biomarkers in vivo or ex vivo will greatly enhance our ability to discover and characterize molecules for early disease detection, subclassification and
prognostic capability of current proteomics modalities. Ultimately genetic mutations giving rise to disease are played out
and manifested on a protein level, involving derangements in protein function and information flow within diseased cells and
the interconnected tissue microenvironment. Newly developed highly sensitive, specific and linearly dynamic reverse phase
protein microarray systems are now able to generate circuit maps of information flow through phosphoprotein networks of pure
populations of microdissected tumor cells obtained from patient biopsies. We postulate that this type of enabling technology
will provide the foundation for the development of individualized combinatorial therapies of molecular inhibitors to target
tumor-specific deranged pathways regulating key biologic processes including proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, immunity
and metastasis. Hence future therapies will be tailored to the specific deranged molecular circuitry of an individual patient’s
disease. The successful transition of these groundbreaking proteomic technologies from research tools to integrated clinical
diagnostic platforms will require ongoing continued development, and optimization with rigorous standardization development
and quality control procedures. 相似文献
18.
Rivkin-Fish M 《Culture, medicine and psychiatry》2011,35(2):183-208
Leaders of health professional schools often support community-based education as a means of promoting emerging practitioners’
awareness of health disparities and commitment to serving the poor. Yet, most programs do not teach about the causes of health
disparities, raising questions regarding what social and political lessons students learn from these experiences. This article
examines the ways in which community-based clinical education programs help shape the subjectivities of new dentists as ethical
clinician-citizens within the US commodified health care system. Drawing on ethnographic research during volunteer and required
community-based programs and interviews with participants, I demonstrate three implicit logics that students learned: (1)
dialectical ideologies of volunteer entitlement and recipient debt; (2) forms of justification for the often inferior care
provided to “failed” consumers (patients with Medicaid or uninsured); and (3) specific forms of obligations characterizing
the ethical clinician-citizen. I explore the ways these messages reflected the structured relations of both student encounters
and the overarching health care system, and examine the strategies faculty supervisors undertook to challenge these messages
and relations. Finally, I argue that promoting commitments to social justice in health care should not rely on cultivating
altruism, but should instead be pursued through educating new practitioners about the lives of poor people, the causal relationships
between poverty and poor health, and attention to the structure of health care and provider–patient interactions. This approach
involves shining a critical light on America’s commodified health care system as an arena based in relations of power and
inequality. 相似文献
19.
Pablo Schyfter 《Biology & philosophy》2012,27(1):29-48
Social scientific and humanistic research on synthetic biology has focused quite narrowly on questions of epistemology and
ELSI. I suggest that to understand this discipline in its full scope, researchers must turn to the objects of the field—synthetic
biological artifacts—and study them as the objects in the making of a science yet to be made. I consider one fundamentally
important question: how should we understand the material products of synthetic biology? Practitioners in the field, employing
a consistent technological optic in the study and construction of biological systems, routinely employ the mantra ‘biology
is technology’. I explore this categorization. By employing an established definition of technological artifects drawn from
the philosophy of technology, I explore the appropriateness of attributing to synthetic biological artifacts the four criteria
of materiality, intentional design, functionality, and normativity. I then explore a variety of accounts of natural kinds.
I demonstrate that synthetic biological artifacts fit each kind imperfectly, and display a concomitant ontological ‘messiness’.
I argue that this classificatory ambivalence is a product of the field’s own nascence, and posit that further work on kinds
might help synthetic biology evaluate its existing commitments and practices. 相似文献
20.
Marshall Abrams 《Biology & philosophy》2007,22(1):115-130
Recent debate on the nature of probabilities in evolutionary biology has focused largely on the propensity interpretation
of fitness (PIF), which defines fitness in terms of a conception of probability known as “propensity”. However, proponents
of this conception of fitness have misconceived the role of probability in the constitution of fitness. First, discussions
of probability and fitness have almost always focused on organism effect probability, the probability that an organism and its environment cause effects. I argue that much of the probability relevant to fitness
must be organism circumstance probability, the probability that an organism encounters particular, detailed circumstances within an environment, circumstances which
are not the organism’s effects. Second, I argue in favor of the view that organism effect propensities either don’t exist
or are not part of the basis of fitness, because they usually have values close to 0 or 1. More generally, I try to show that
it is possible to develop a clearer conception of the role of probability in biological processes than earlier discussions
have allowed. 相似文献