中国歧裂灰包属Phellorinia Berk.的研究

根据对产于中国的材料的研究,作者认为歧裂灰包属Phellorinia应包括2个种,歧裂灰包P.inquinans和球果歧裂灰包P.strobilina,对这2个种进行了详细描述和显微绘图,并给出了该属种的检索表。     

歧裂灰包科——中国新记录属

作者在研究产于我国的柄灰包目Tulostomatales菌物时,发现采自新疆的2份标本是歧裂灰包科Phelloriniaceae网格歧裂灰包属Dictyocephalos的成员网格歧裂灰包Dictyocephalosattenuatus,该属、种为我国新记录。网格歧裂灰包属DictyocephalosUnderw.exV.S.White,Bull.TorreyBot.Clu     

歧裂灰包科一中国新记录属

作者在研究产于我国的柄灰包目Tulostomatales菌物时,发现采自新疆的2份标本是歧裂灰包科Phelloriniaceae网格歧裂灰包属Dictyocephalos的成员网格歧裂灰包Dictyocephalos attenuatus,该属、种为我国新记录。     

中国钉灰包属的研究

根据产于中国的材料的研究,作者认为钉灰包属（Battarrea）的鬼笔状钉灰包（B．phalloides）和毛柄钉灰包（B．stevenii）是两个独立的种,对这2个种进行了详细地描述和显微绘图,并给出了该属种的检索表。     

中国钉灰包属的研究

根据产于中国的材料的研究, 作者认为钉灰包属( Battarrea) 的鬼笔状钉灰包( B1phalloides ) 和毛柄钉灰包( B1 stevenii) 是两个独立的种, 对这2 个种进行了详细地描述和显微绘图, 并给出了该属种的检索表。     

柄灰包属四个中国新记录种

报告隶属于柄灰包目Tulostomatales、柄灰包科Tulostomataceae、柄灰包属Tulostoma的我国新记录种石灰色柄灰包T.cretaceum、隐柄灰包T.evanescens、惑柄灰包T.perplexum和美丽柄灰包T.pulchellum,并附有插图和照片。     

中国柄灰包属的两个新种

本文报道柄灰包属的两个新种,滴孢柄灰包T. lacrimisporum和糙丝柄灰包T. verrucicapillitium。文中提供了拉丁文描述、英文描述并附图。滴孢柄灰包的主要特征是外包被由菌丝和沙粒所组成,内包被茶褐色,顶孔流苏状至裂片状,菌柄具一菌托,担孢子泪滴状,光镜和电镜下均平滑。糙丝柄灰包的主要特征是外包被由菌丝和沙粒所组成,顶孔圆形、整齐,口围黑灰色,菌柄具球形或鳞茎状的菌丝垫,孢丝隔处膨大,担孢子球圆形,光镜下具疣突和近棱状的突起,电镜下呈由数个柱状物组成的突起或长短不定的棱脊,顶端平截,常相互连接,但不呈网状。模式标本保存于新疆农业大学农学院(原新疆八一农学院)真菌标本室(HMAAC)和中国科学院微生物研究所菌物标本馆(HMAS)。     

链霉菌科的一个新属

从我国广西土壤中分离出一株腐生、中温、好气性的放线菌230菌株。其主要特征：气丝和基丝发育良好,仅在气丝上着生短的重复三分权的孢于丝,形成被鞘膜包围的具厚壁(30一45nm)的节孢子,细胞壁化学组分I型。其特征有别于放线菌目中已发表的各属,认为是链霉菌科中的一个新属,命名为三歧孢菌属Trichotomospora (Streptomyces Shomura et al.) Lian etal. N. gen.。代表种为灰蓝三歧孢菌 Trichotomospora caesia Lian et al. n. sp.。     

甘肃大型真菌灰包科调查初报

灰包科大多数担子果幼时可食,成熟后又有收敛止血以致抗癌等药用功效。为了有效地利用这类宝贵的野生大型真菌资源,对甘肃省灰包科种类资源进行了初步调查研究,首次对该省灰包科种类进行了系统鉴定,共报道了６属、２９种及１变种。其中有１０种、１变种为甘肃分布新记录;１７种为食用或药用菌。     

中国横断山的地衣研究（6）：灰梅属地衣修订

通过对灰梅属（Canoparmelia）表型与基因型相结合的研究,澄清了云南南部报道的珊瑚大叶梅（Parmotrema conformatum）是裂芽灰梅（C.ecaperata）的错误鉴定。由于珊瑚大叶梅和裂芽灰梅在经典分类鉴别上容易混淆,通过r DNA ITS序列的系统发育分析,证明了裂芽灰梅与粉芽灰梅（C.texana）及同心灰梅（C.concrescens）有较近的亲缘关系;首次记录了粉芽灰梅在云南的分布范围;文中对两个新记录种进行了详细描述和讨论,并给出了中国已知灰梅属的检索表。     

横断山区的蝶类资源与珍稀蝴蝶的保护

横断山区的蝶类561种,隶属于12科,208属.在12科中,种类最多的是蛱蝶科148种,其次是眼蝶科117种,灰蝶科65种,凤蝶科63种,粉蝶科60种,弄蝶科60种,蚬蝶科18种,绢蝶科12种,斑蝶科9种,环蝶科6种,喙蝶科2种,珍蝶科1种.分布于横断山区的珍稀蝴蝶有44种,其中国家Ⅰ级保护的1种,Ⅱ级保护的3种.     

农田烟粉虱寄主植物调查初报

2001～2002年通过调查福州、漳州农田烟粉虱寄主范围,记录农田烟粉虱寄主植物17科62种(变种)．其中豆科7种、茄科6种、十字花科8种、葫芦科9种、菊科10种、苋科4种、藜科4种、旋花科2种、锦葵科2种、、大戟科2种、柳叶草科2种、蓼科1种、玄参科1种、番杏科1种、大麻科1种、免丝子科1种、伞形花科1种。农田烟粉虱寄主植物主要以蔬菜作物和农田阔叶杂草为主。     

庐山蛾类区系研究

庐山,地处中亚热带北沿,北纬29.35°,东经115.59°,属亚热带东部季风区域。庐山襟江带湖,雨量充沛,植物种类繁多,种子植物有1800余种,隶属158科642属。因此,庐山蛾类也较丰富。笔者于1975年5月开始,对庐山蛾类进行了调查,共鉴定出蛾类455种。现将庐山蛾类区系报告如下。 区系分析 庐山蛾类已鉴定出32科340届455种。区系情况如表。 从表可以看出:     

稀有种和常见种对植物群落物种丰富度格局的相对贡献

物种丰富度格局的形成不仅依赖于群落的构建过程, 同样也依赖于群落中的物种组成(如稀有种和常见种)。本文以黄土高原子午岭林区的辽东栎(Quercus wutaishanica)林为研究对象, 根据频度大小对物种进行排序, 形成稀有-常见种和常见-稀有种两条物种序列, 通过逐一添加(去除)物种, 分析引起的总体物种丰富度及其成分(α多样性和β多样性)的变化, 确定稀有种和常见种对物种丰富度格局的相对贡献。结果表明: (1)常见-稀有种序列与群落总体物种丰富度的相关性呈先剧增后平稳的对数增长曲线, 而稀有-常见种序列与群落总体的相关性与前者刚好相反, 呈先平稳后剧增的指数增长曲线; (2) α多样性在常见-稀有种序列中呈明显的对数变化曲线, 而在稀有-常见种序列中呈指数增长曲线; (3)与α多样性变化相反, β多样性在常见-稀有种序列中随物种的进入先迅速降低后逐渐平稳, 而在稀有-常见种序列中先平稳后急剧降低。可以看出, 常见种不仅主导群落的总体物种丰富度格局, 同时也是α多样性和β多样性格局的重要贡献者。因此, 常见种是群落物种丰富度格局的指示者, 也应该是优先保护的物种。     

中国红树林湿地物种多样性及其形成

目前中国红树林湿地共记录了2854种生物,包括真菌136种、放线菌13种、细菌7种、小型藻类441种、大型藻类55种、维管束植物37种、浮游动物109种、底栖动物873种、游泳动物258种、昆虫434种、蜘蛛31种、两栖类13种、爬行类39种、鸟类421种和兽类28种。这些动物中有8种国家一级保护动物,75种二级保护动物。中国红树林湿地是中国濒危生物保存和发展的重要基地,并在跨国鸟类保护中起着重要作用。中国红树林湿地单位面积的物种丰度是海洋平均水平的1766倍。从初级生产物质基础、食物关系多样性、宏观尺度和微观尺度的空间异质性、生境利用的时序性等方面分析了中国红树林湿地物种多样性极其丰富的原因。     

物种概念及其界定

半世纪以来,物种概念的定义备受关注,不同研究方向的生物学家提出24种不同或至少有分歧的物种概念,根据其不同的物种概念,物种的界定和物种的数量会出现很大的差异。人们普遍认同:物种是进化分离的微居群谱系,但把谱系分离过程中获得的特征如生殖隔离、可鉴定性、单系统发生等视为鉴定物种次级特征却有不同的声音。该文提出统一的物种概念,把谱系进化分离作为物种界定的唯一而又必要的特征,把谱系分离过程中获得的次级特征作为界定谱系分离的证据。鉴于此,物种概念间的分歧就会化解。其一,物种概念化与物种界定明显分开,不再混淆;其二,谱系的次级特征只与物种界定有关,在某种程度上为谱系分离提供证据;第三,若能把合理解释的任何一个特征作为某物种客观存在的证据,这样更多的特征更能确定谱系分离;最后最重要的是,统一物种概念使我们解放思想,扬弃传统的物种界定标准,探求物种界定的新思路。     

Predictor species: Improving assessments of rare species occurrence by modeling environmental co‐responses

Designing an effective conservation strategy requires understanding where rare species are located. Because rare species can be difficult to find, ecologists often identify other species called conservation surrogates that can help inform the distribution of rare species. Species distribution models typically rely on environmental data when predicting the occurrence of species, neglecting the effect of species' co‐occurrences and biotic interactions. Here, we present a new approach that uses Bayesian networks to improve predictions by modeling environmental co‐responses among species. For species from a European peat bog community, our approach consistently performs better than single‐species models and better than conventional multi‐species approaches that include the presence of nontarget species as additional independent variables in regression models. Our approach performs particularly well with rare species and when calibration data are limited. Furthermore, we identify a group of “predictor species” that are relatively common, insensitive to the presence of other species, and can be used to improve occurrence predictions of rare species. Predictor species are distinct from other categories of conservation surrogates such as umbrella or indicator species, which motivates focused data collection of predictor species to enhance conservation practices.     

The efficacy of common species as indicators: avian responses to disturbance in British Columbia,Canada

Common species can be major drivers of species richness patterns and make major contributions to biomass and ecosystem function, and thus should be important targets for conservation efforts. However, it is unclear how common species respond to disturbance, because the underlying reasons for their commonness may buffer or amplify their responses to disturbance. To assess how well common species reflect changes in their community (and thus function as indicator species), we studied 58 bird species in 19 mixed conifer patches in northern British Columbia, Canada, between 1998 and 2010. During this time period two disturbance events occurred, stand level timber harvest and a regional-scale bark beetle outbreak. We examined relationships among densities of individual species, total bird density and overall species richness, correlations in abundance among species, and responses to disturbance events. We found three broad patterns. First, densities of common species corresponded more strongly with changes in total bird density and overall species richness than rare species. These patterns were non-linear and species with intermediate-high commonness showed similar or better correspondence than the most common species. Second, common species tended to be more strongly correlated with abundances of all other species in the community than less-common species, although on average correlations among species were weak. Third, ecological traits (foraging guild, migratory status) were better predictors of responses to disturbance than species commonness. These results suggest that common species can collectively be used to reflect changes in the overall community, but that whenever possible monitoring programs should be extended to include species of intermediate-high commonness and representatives from different ecological guilds.     

三峡库区资源植物的现状与保护

据调查统计,三峡库区有资源植物2070种,其中药用植物1006种、纤维植物104种、油脂植物76种、观赏植物74种、野果植物54种、芳香植物54种、树脂树胶植物68种、淀粉及糖类植物52种,鞣科植物32种、珍稀植物49种、其它类型植物465种。论述了三峡库区资源植物的分类及保护现状。     

Ethnobotanical studies of plants of Charkotli Hills, Batkhela District, Malakand, Pakistan

A survey was conducted with the aim to document the indigenous information of Charkotli Hills, Batkhela District, Malakand, Pakistan. The area has rich vegetation and a high potential for ethnobotanical utilization. Information was collected on various traditional uses of 100 plants distributed over 49 families, of which 43 families were of dicot, 2 of monocot, 2 of pteridophyta, and 1 of gymnosperms. Most plants have more than one local use. Sixty-six plants were found to be medicinal species, 21 fruit and edible seed species, 11 furniture species, 18 fodder or forage species, 12 vegetable species, 12 fuel species, 11 thatching and building species, 5 hedge or fencing species, 5 timber wood species, 5 poisonous plants, 3 species used in ketchup, 2 fixed oil yielding species, 2 miswak species, 2 species for making sticks for cattle and defense purposes, 2 species cultivated for ornamental purposes, 2 species used as mehindi by girls, 1 irritant species, 1 species for the making of Salai (a little stick for applying ‘surma’ to the eyes), 1 species for tanning, 1 species used as refresher in milk pots, 1 species giving gum used as chewing gum, and 1 species used as insect repellent. The area is under heavy pressure of deforestation and overgrazing, which have reduced the regeneration of woody plants. Proper ecological management is required to protect the wildlife and ethnobotanical resources for the coming generations.