楸树不同单株花性状变异分析

楸树是我国中部地区重要的珍贵阔叶用材和著名的园林观赏树种,已有2 600多年的栽培历史。研究其花性状多样性与变异性旨在揭示花表型性状在楸树种内存在的巨大变异,为新花色育种和优良观花新品种的选育及新品种的鉴定和保护提供理论依据。以1985~1990年收集的优良单株和杂种F1共27株为材料,测定了花性状中的2个质量性状和7个数量性状,并采用方差分析、聚类分析等方法进行统计分析。①27株的开花物候期差异可达5 d,花大小、花序长短和单株花量均有较大差异,并且由于叶柄长度和花枝长度的差异导致不同单株表现出显花和隐花特征。②楸树为二强雄蕊,分为雄性可育和败育,调查的27株中有12株为雄性可育,且花粉量差异较大。③花冠檐部5裂,上唇3瓣,下唇2瓣,上唇瓣长度大于下唇瓣。27株的花枝长度、花序长度、单花枝花数、花上唇瓣长度、花下唇瓣长度和花冠直径均存在极显著差异,单株间的变幅分别为10.7~16.4 cm、5.6~9.6cm、2~13朵、3.8~5.2 cm、3.0~4.3 cm、3.9~5.4 cm,表型变异系数分别为12.8%、12.5%、36.7%、7.5%、9.1%和9.2%。④16株间花色L^*值(亮度值)、a^*值(红绿值)、b^*值(黄蓝值)、C^*值(彩度)和h值(色相)均存在极显著差异,a^*值、b^*值以及彩度C^*值的表型变异系数分别为35.1%、52.5%和29.8%;以L^*、a^*和b^*值度量花色,通过聚类分析将16株聚为3类,红色系、粉红色系和白色系。楸树27株的花枝长度、花序长度、花大小差异极显著,16株的花色也具有明显的差别,依据L^*、a^*和b^*值进行聚类分析,当欧氏距离为15时可将16株聚为3类:红色系、粉红色系和白色系。     

层次分析法在大花蕙兰品种选择上的应用

运用层次分析法对大花蕙兰8个品种的株高、叶色、花色、花香、花径、花枝数、每枝花朵数、花枝长度、抗性、是否春节开花等10个性状进行综合评价。结果表明:所选品种综合性状表现优良,与生产实际基本相符,尤其是‘开心果’、‘韩国小姐’和‘欲望’3个品种,可在育种和生产上多加重视。     

蝴蝶兰成花过程内源激素含量的变化和植物生长调节剂的作用

为了解植物生长调节剂对蝴蝶兰(Phalaenopsis)成花的作用,对'大辣椒'和'富乐夕阳'2个品种成花过程中的内源激素含量变化和生长调节剂的影响进行了研究.结果表明,蝴蝶兰花芽分化进程包括花序原基分化、小花原基分化、花萼分化、花瓣分化和合蕊柱(雄蕊和心皮)与唇瓣分化等时期.在花序原基分化期,高水平的ABA和IAA抑...     

葡萄风信子叶片及花器官组织培养研究

以4种葡萄风信子Muscari armeniacum、Muscari aucheri ‘Dark Eyes’、Muscari aucheri ‘Ocean Magic’、Muscari azureum的叶片以及M.aucheri ‘Dark Eyes’的花器官为外植体,进行诱导愈伤组织分化的研究,建立了葡萄风信子的组织培养体系。研究结果表明：葡萄风信子抽梗期叶片最适升汞灭菌时间为7 min;筛选出四种品种的叶片最佳诱导愈伤组织培养基均为：MS+2,4-D 0.5 mg·L^-1+TDZ 0.1 mg·L^-1;同一叶片不同部位的愈伤组织诱导率由高到低依次是叶片基部、叶片中部、叶片尖端;M.aucheri ‘Dark Eyes’品种的花器官出愈率由高到低依次是花梗、花瓣、花药;筛选出M.aucheri ‘Dark Eyes’花药的最佳诱导培养基：MS+2,4-D 0.1 mg·L^-1+6-BA 0.5 mg·L^-1。     

枇杷属植物4个种的花序性状多样性研究

在相同的种植和管理条件下,对普通枇杷、栎叶枇杷、大瑶山枇杷和南亚枇杷等4个种210份种质资源的8个花序性状多样性进行鉴定,旨在为进一步的分类鉴定、利用研究提供参考依据。结果表明:(1)枇杷属种质资源的花序支轴姿态、花序支轴密度、花序支轴数、花序形状、花序长度、花序宽度、花瓣颜色、花冠直径Shannon-Weaver多样性指数1.352～2.951,存在丰富的多样性。(2)不同来源地的种质资源花序性状多样性水平差异较大,多样性指数最高的为云南(2.108),其次是贵州(1.962)、四川(1.953)、福建(1.900),美国的最低(1.137)。(3)云南、贵州的枇杷种质资源花序长度、宽度显著或极显著地大于其他地区;野生资源的花序长度、花序宽度和花冠直径均极显著地大于地方品种、选育品种。     

不同品种黑莓的花期生物学特征及花粉活力观察

对黑莓(Rubusspp.)9个品种的开花物候期、花器官性状及花粉生活力进行了观察,并对其花粉的贮藏条件进行了初步研究。结果表明,黑莓开花期为4月中旬至6月初,花期长19~35 d;每株有花穗50.67~127.33个,花穗长8.30~14.95 cm,每穗有花4.95~7.63朵;花色为白色、粉红色和红色,花冠直径3.07~5.28 cm。黑莓不同品种的花期、花穗数量与大小、花色和花冠大小等均存在显著差异。不同黑莓品种的花粉萌发率可达50.29%~85.16%;随贮藏时间的延长,花粉萌发率逐渐下降;在0℃~4℃、相对湿度10%~20%条件下密封贮存,有利于保持花粉的生活力。     

NaCl胁迫对甜菊不同品种幼苗生长的影响

采用基质培养法,用含3.0、3.5、4.0、4.5和5.0 g·L-1NaCl的Knop营养液进行胁迫处理,对5个甜菊(Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni)品种幼苗的生长指标及其耐盐性进行了分析和评价.结果表明:在NaCl胁迫条件下,5个品种幼苗地上部分和地下部分的干质量、株高、根长、叶片数、叶片长度、叶片宽度以及主茎节数和分枝数等生长指标均低于对照,且随NaCl质量浓度的提高总体上呈逐渐降低的趋势,但不同品种各指标的降幅存在明显差异.NaCl胁迫对'中山3号'和'守田2号'幼苗地上部分和地下部分的干质量影响较小,对'中山2号'和'守田3号'幼苗地上部分和地下部分的干质量有较大影响.在NaCl胁迫条件下,5个甜菊品种幼苗的根冠比均大于对照;'中山2号'和'守田3号'幼苗的根冠比随NaCl质量浓度的提高呈先增大后减小的趋势,并在4.0 g·L-1 NaCl胁迫条件下达到最大;其他3个品种的根冠比均随NaCl质量浓度的提高呈现缓慢增加的趋势.NaCl胁迫对根长的抑制作用小于株高,对叶片长度的影响小于叶片宽度.相关性分析结果表明,甜菊幼苗的叶片数和分枝数与地上部分干质量的相关性显著,是导致地上部分干质量下降的重要原因.根据实验结果,供试甜菊品种按耐盐性从强至弱依次排序为 '中山3号'、'守田2号'、'中山4号'、'守田3号' 和'中山2号',其中'中山3号'和 '守田2号'耐盐性较强且各项生长指标均相对良好,可作为优良的甜菊耐盐种质资源进行深入研究.     

百合花瓣衰老过程中的蛋白质变化研究

以5个百合品种为材料,对百合切花花瓣衰老过程中可溶性蛋白的变化进行了研究.结果表明,5个品种的百合切花都具有相同的蛋白质条带,如49.9 kDa、45 kDa、32.8 kDa、22.1 kDa;但品种问也有明显差异,如38.4 kDa是'黄色风暴'特有的;40 kDa为'铁炮百合'特有;'金百合'没有26.5 kDa的条带,但是相同的杂交品系之间蛋白条带的相似性要明显高于不同杂交品系;在百合花花瓣衰老过程中有的蛋白质的含量不断下降,而有的保持不变;在花瓣衰败期有新的蛋白条带出现,如'西伯利亚'、'黄色风暴'和'索邦'均出现58.3 kDa条带、'金百合'出现67 kDa的条带,这些条带可能与花瓣衰老相关,是衰老特异蛋白.     

超早熟栽培草莓花芽分化进程的扫描电镜观察

于2011年7月23日至8月24日,对草莓品种‘红颜’进行低温(夜温为17～20℃变温)、短日照(黑暗时间为16 h)处理,从处理之始到花序现蕾,约每3～5 d取样1次,实体解剖镜下解离草莓顶芽,材料均用FAA固定,临界点干燥,扫描电镜观察,以确定保护地栽培草莓的花芽开始分化始期,为生产中草莓尽早适期定植提供依据.根据扫描观察的微形态特征,将草莓花芽分化的全过程分为花芽未分化期、花芽分化始期、生殖顶端膨大期、花序分化期、顶花花萼与花瓣形成期、雄蕊形成期和雌蕊形成期共7个时期.花芽未分化期,顶芽一直处于营养生长阶段;花芽分化始期,草莓顶芽逐步由尖锐、狭窄的营养顶端向平坦、宽大的生殖顶端发育;生殖顶端膨大期,生殖顶端隆起而膨大;花序分化期,顶花序逐步分化出顶花原基和侧花原基;顶花花萼、花瓣形成期,花萼(包括副萼)、花瓣原基相继分化完成;雄蕊形成期,两轮雄蕊原基相继分化形成;雌蕊形成期,大量雌蕊原基逐步隆起,心皮原基逐步卷合、完成花芽分化.研究认为,草莓的定植期以生殖顶端充分膨大期为宜,即低温短日照处理15～20 d后即可定植大田.     

风信子花粉萌发及贮藏性研究

以20个风信子品种为材料,采用液体培养法研究了培养基组成、培养温度、贮藏温度和时间对花粉萌发特性的影响.结果表明:(1)适应风信子花粉萌发的培养基和温度因品种的不同而有差异,'安娜玛丽'品种为蔗糖100 g·L-1+H3BO3 20 mg·L-1+CaCl2 30 mg·L-1,15℃;'阿姆斯特丹'为蔗糖100 g·L-1+H3BO3 20 mg·L-1+CaCl2 30 mg·L-1,20℃;'奥斯塔'为蔗糖100 g·L-1+H3BO3 30 mg·L-1+CaCl2 30 mg·L-1,25℃.(2)不同品种风信子花粉萌发率差别较大,最高的'尉天蓝夹克'高达84.67%,最低的'爱丽斯'仅为10.71%,其余品种介于二者之间.(3)风信子花粉生活力随贮藏时间的延长而下降,'希腊之神'和'奥斯塔'花粉生活力在室温条件下贮藏9 d时已为0或接近0;在4℃和-20℃低温条件下,两品种贮藏12 d的花粉生活力仍大于20%.可见,不同风信子品种花粉萌发及贮藏条件不尽相同,在生产实践中应分别筛选,区别对待.     

Lilium candidum bulblet and meristem development

Lilium candidum L., commonly known as the Madonna lily, is a wild Lilium species with medicinal properties and excellent potential as an ornamental crop, but one that has been scarcely investigated. The aim of this research was to study (1) tissue culture propagation of L. candidum bulblets, (2) early bulblet development, and (3) the effect of temperature and bulblet weight on bulblet and plant growth and meristem development. An investigation of the effect of explant type and temperature on in vitro bulblet propagation showed that scales were the most efficient explants for in vitro propagation and that exposing the regenerating bulblets to 15°C for 4 wk increased bulblet weight but reduced the number of bulblets produced. For bulblets planted in soil after 12 wk of exposure to 15°C or 25°C, the fastest growth was observed in the bulblets that had been exposed to 15°C and that had a larger initial size. Histological examination showed that young in vitro-grown bulblets had a rudimentary meristem comprising few cells with no layer organization. After 12 wk of growth, all bulblets showed a layered meristem, regardless of bulblet size or exposure to 15°C. However, an increased amount of leaf primordia was detected in larger bulblets. Furthermore, the histological examination revealed that in L. candidum, as opposed to other lily species, there had been no real "phase change" in the meristem and that the phase change from juvenile to vegetative adult occurred at a much later stage in L. candidum than in other species.     

Petal: a reliable explant for direct bulblet regeneration of endangered wild populations of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Fritillaria imperialis</Emphasis> L.

Wild populations of Fritillaria imperialis L. are facing extinction and need urgent conservation. This paper presents an efficient system for in vitro direct bulblet regeneration of these populations by petal culturing of flower buds. Petals at different developmental stages, green-closed flower bud (before nectar secretion) and red-closed flower bud (beginning of nectar secretion), were used as explants, and the effects of various proportions of cytokinin to auxin on direct bulblet regeneration pathway were evaluated. More explants switched on direct regeneration pathway in combination of auxins (0.6 mg l⁻¹ NAA + 0.4 mg l⁻¹ IAA) with higher level of cytokinin (1 mg l⁻¹ BAP). In contrast, auxins (0.6 mg l⁻¹ NAA + 0.4 mg l⁻¹ IAA) with lower level of cytokinin (0.1 mg l⁻¹ BAP) produced more bulblets per regenerated explant. In green-closed flower bud stage, direct bulblets regenerated from the end of petal where it was connected to the receptacle, while nectar secretion site was the place of bulblet formation in red-closed flower bud stage. In addition, genotype-dependency of direct bulblet regeneration pathway was investigated by using two different wild populations of Fritillaria imperialis. This plant regeneration procedure was applicable to different Fritillaria genotypes and regenerated bulblets were normal.     

蓝亚麻花瓣中类黄酮化合物及代谢途径分析

花色是观赏植物重要的观赏性状之一,而类黄酮是其主要的呈色物质。该研究以蓝亚麻花瓣为研究对象,将蓝亚麻开花过程分为5个阶段,并用高效液相色谱—光电二极管阵列检测技术(HPLC-PAD)和高效液相色谱—电喷雾离子化—质谱连用技术(HPLC-ESI-MS)分析不同开花阶段花瓣中类黄酮化合物的成分和含量。结果表明:蓝亚麻花瓣中积累飞燕草素苷、矢车菊素苷和锦葵素苷,未检测到天竺葵素苷,其中以酰基化的飞燕草素苷为主要呈色物质;而总花青素苷含量在第2阶段达到最高。根据花青素苷终产物和类黄酮中间代谢产物推定了蓝亚麻花瓣中类黄酮代谢途径,其中以F3'5'H所引导的分支途径占优势,其主要原因可能是F3'5'H酶活高于F3'H。     

火百合花器的鳞茎诱导和增殖培养研究

采用4.5 ～6.5cm长、花苞青色未开放的火百合花蕾作材料,切取其子房、花柱、花丝为外植体进行鳞茎诱导,结果表明:花丝的鳞茎诱导率最高,其次是花柱,子房的诱导率最低。以子房和花柱为外植体诱导出的鳞茎个体大小不一(1～7mm) ,以花丝为外植体诱导出的鳞茎则普遍偏小,但较整齐一致(3～4mm) ;小鳞茎诱导的最佳6-BA浓度是1.0mg/L。研究了基本培养基、6-BA浓度、NAA浓度对小鳞茎增殖的效应及不同蔗糖浓度对小鳞茎增重的影响,结果表明:小鳞茎增殖的最佳培养基是:MS+6-BA2.0 mg/L+NAA0.2 mg/L,4 %蔗糖对鳞茎增重效果最好。     

Reproductive meristem fates in Gerbera

Flowering plants go through several phases between regular stem growth and the actual production of flower parts. The stepwise conversion of vegetative into inflorescence and floral meristems is usually unidirectional, but under certain environmental or genetic conditions, meristems can revert to an earlier developmental identity. Vegetative meristems are typically indeterminate, producing organs continuously, whereas flower meristems are determinate, shutting down their growth after reproductive organs are initiated. Inflorescence meristems can show either pattern. Flower and inflorescence development have been investigated in Gerbera hybrida, an ornamental plant in the sunflower family, Asteraceae. Unlike the common model species used to study flower development, Gerbera inflorescences bear a fixed number of flowers, and the architecture of the flowers differ in that Gerbera ovaries are inferior (borne below the perianth). This architectural difference has been exploited to show that floral meristem determinacy and identity are spatially and genetically distinct in Gerbera, and we have shown that a single SEPALLATA-like MADS domain factor controls both flower and inflorescence meristem fate in the plant. Although these phenomena have not been directly observed in Arabidopsis, the integrative role of the SEPALLATA function in reproductive meristem development may be general for all flowering plants.     

DEVELOPMENTAL STUDIES IN PTYCHOSPERMA (PALMAE). I. THE INFLORESCENCE AND THE FLOWER CLUSTER

This paper describes inflorescence structure, including organogenesis of the panicle and flower clusters and vasculature of flowering branches, for two species of Ptychosperma, a genus of arecoid palms. The inflorescence is an infrafoliar panicle with up to four orders of branches in a spirodistichous arrangement conforming to an irregular one-half phyllotaxy. The primordium of the inflorescence is crescentic and the apex has two tunica layers, a group of central cells, and a rib meristem. The distal flower-bearing parts or rachillae of all branches develop acropetally early in ontogeny and are vertically oriented in the bud. Although these rachillae terminate branches of different sizes and orders, they are similar in size and in number of flower clusters produced. Internodes and lower parts of branches develop later. Bracts of four types are produced: a prophyll and empty peduncular bract, bracts which subtend lateral branches, bracts subtending triads, and floral bracteoles. The prophyll and peduncular bracts are tubular and completely closed around all branches until about three months before the flowers reach anthesis. Bracts subtending lateral branches and those that subtend triads enlarge by small amounts of apical, adaxial, and marginal growth to cover subtended apices during early ontogeny, but are small to absent at maturity. Flower clusters are triads of two lateral staminate and a central pistillate flower. Organogenesis indicates that the triad is a sympodial unit. Flowers develop successively, each floral apex bearing a bracteole that subtends the next flower. The vasculature of the inflorescence may be divided into two systems. Bundles of the main axis extend acropetally into the vertically oriented branches as they are initiated and form a central cylinder of larger bundles in each branch. Flower clusters are supplied by a peripheral system of smaller bundles that develop later in relation to the developing floral organs. Bundles of the peripheral system branch frequently, but branching levels are irregular. The irregular branching of peripheral bundles appears related to the phyllotaxy of the flower clusters and the random right or left position of the first flower of the triad. The level of branching of a bundle may depend on the position of a floral primordium with respect to an existing procambial strand. Three (-4) bundles supply each staminate flower and six (-10) the pistillate flower. The histologically specialized inflorescence has stomata and contains abundant starch. Tannins and raphides, spherical silica bodies, and various forms of sclerenchyma appear in sequence and apparently provide support and protection during the long exposure of the branches.     

Stimulating effect of spermine on bulblet formation in bulb-scale segments of Lilium longiflorum

When bulb-scale segments of Lilium longiflorum were cultured on a medium containing auxin and cytokinin, the proportion of the expiants with newly-formed bulblets was significantly increased by the application of different polyamines. The most effective polyamine was spermine, where more than 90% of segments formed an average of 5 bulblets as compared to controls where less than 50% explants formed an average of 1.5 bulblets. Application of arginine one of the precursors putrescine biosynthesis, slightly promoted bulblet formation. The putrescine-stimulated bulblet formation was strongly inhibited by simultaneous addition of an inhibitor of the spermidine synthase, cyclohexylamine. The spermidine-promoted bulblet formation, however, could not be suppressed by this inhibitor. The promotive effect of spermidine on bulblet formation was reversed by an inhibitor of the spermine synthase, N-(3-aminopropyl)cyclohexylamine, but application of this inhibitor with spermine did not show any apparent effect on the bulblet formation. Endogenous level of spermine increased in common during bulblet formation that were stimulated by exogenous polyamines. Thus, spermine seemed to be the main stimulating chemical on bulblet formation in lily bulb-scale segments.Abbreviations APCHA N-(3-aminopropyl)cyclohexylamine - Arg arginine - BA benzyladenine - CHA cyclohexylamine - MS Murashige and Skoog's - NAA naphthaleneacetic acid - Orn ornithine - Put putrescine - Spd spermidine - Spm spermine     

基于层次分析法的67种爵床科植物观赏价值综合评价

基于中国科学院西双版纳热带植物园收集保存的爵床科植物资源，运用层次分析法构建评价体系，对67种具有园林应用潜力的爵床科植物进行观赏价值综合评价。结果表明，在一级指标中，花观赏性所占权重最大，表示花观赏性在爵床科植物观赏价值综合评价中是最重要的方面；在二级指标中，花(序)量、花(序)色鲜艳度和盛花期时长对爵床科植物观赏价值的影响权重均超过10%，对评价结果有较大影响，而花(序)大小、花后观赏性和叶片盖度对爵床科植物观赏价值的影响权重均低于5%，对评价结果影响较小。依据指标权重和评分标准，对67种爵床科植物的观赏价值进行综合评分并划分等级，赤苞花(Megaskepasma erythrochlamys)、宽叶十万错(Asystasia gangetica)、鸟尾花(Crossandra infundibuliformis)、翠芦莉(Ruellia simplex)、翼叶山牵牛(Thunbergia alata)、金苞花(Pachystachys lutea)、黄花老鸦嘴(Thunbergia mysorensis)、白苞爵床(Justicia betonica)、叉花草(Strobilanthes hamiltoniana)、绯红珊瑚花(Pachystachys coccinea)、白金羽花(Schaueria calytricha)、山牵牛(Thunbergia grandiflora)等12种植物的观赏价值较高，综合评价等级为Ⅰ级，具有较好的园林应用前景。