Occurrence of Falcarinol and Falcarindiol In Tomato Plants after Infection with Verticillium albo-atrum and Characterization of Four Phytoalexins by Capillary Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry

Falcarinol and falcarindiol were isolated from tomato vascular tissue infected with Verticillium albo-atrum and identified. Separation and characterization of trimethylsilyl derivatives of four tomato phytoalexins could be obtained by capillary gas chromatographymass spectrometry. We are most grateful to Dr. P. J. G. M. de Wit , Agricultural University, Wageningen, to Dr. D. T. Coxon , Food Research Institute, Norwich and to Dr. M. S. Kemp , Long Ashton Research Station, Bristol for making their analytical data available for us. Also thanks are due to Miss J. I. Liem , Mr. G. Verweij and C. Loriaux for their assistance.     

Localization of melanin synthesis within the pigment cell: Determination by a combination of electron microscopic autoradiography and topographic planimetry

Summary Localization of melanin synthesis within the pigment cells of the Cloudman S-91 mouse melanoma was determined by means of a combination of high resolution autoradiography and topographic planimetry. Initial melanin biosynthesis occurred predominantly in the endoplasmic reticulum and associated ribonucleoprotein particles of the melanocytes. By measuring a number of cell organelles and employing the index of relative specific localization it could be shown that the nucleus and mitochondria are of little or no importance in the process of melanogenesis.This investigation has been supported by the following research grants: CA 06548 CB, NIH, PHS and an Institutional Grant from the American Cancer Society (to H. M. H.); CA-05887, NIH, PHS (to A. S. Z.); M-00388 and NB-00782, NIH, PHS (to J. F. H.). One of us (H. M. H.) holds a Research Cancer Development Award (5-K 3-GM-2634) of the National Institute of General Medical Sciences, Public Health Service.We are grateful to Mr. Ronald Abler for his help with the topographic measurements; to Dr. Erhard Haus for help and advice; to Mr. J. Thornby and Mr. A. P. Basu for assistance with the statistical aspects of this study; and to Mrs. Lenore Mottaz, Miss Bernice Uittenbogaard, and Mrs. Judith Strong for careful technical assistance.     

A study of pattern and process in coastal vegetation using principal components analysis

A study is made of the dune system at Tentsmuir Point National Nature Reserve, Scotland, using transects crossing the vegetation zonation. Principal Components Analysis and tabular ordination are used to analyse the data, and an attempt is made to relate the results obtained to the dynamics of the system. The effects of different management regimes are considered, and it is concluded that the establishment of pine on the area has the largest effect on the development of the vegetation. Reduction in grazing pressure by rabbits is found to increase species diversity slightly, but has no major influence as yet on vegetation development. While some information on the dynamics of the vegetation can be inferred, the problems involved in this are considered to be large, and the study raises a number of questions to be studied in greater detail. It is concluded that permanent plots would be the most effective method to employ.Nomenclature follows Clapham, Tutin & Warburg (1962) for vascular plants, Watson (1968) for bryophytes, and Duncan (1970) for lichens.We should like to thank Dr. R. A. H. Smith of the Nature Conservancy Council for her assistance and permission to work on Tentsmuir Point N. N. R., and Mr. J. G. Young, then warden at Tentsmuir for his help at the start of the project. We are grateful to Dr. R. Meutzelfeldt for computational advice. In addition, one of us (R.J.H.) would like to thank Dr. E. van der Maarel and Dr. R. S. Clymo for their tuition during the Nordic Council for Ecology course Numerical Methods in Vegetation Analysis' in Lund, September, 1979.     

Comparative immunochemical studies with antisera to sheep prolactin and bovine growth hormone on anterior pituitaries of ox,sheep, rats and mice

Summary Rabbit antisera to sheep prolactin and bovine growth hormone were used in the indirect fluorescent antibody technique on cryostat sections of anterior pituitaries of sheep, ox, rats and mice. It is demonstrated that in sheep and ox prolactin and growth hormone are manufactured by different acidophilic pituitary cells. Though the antisera do not precipitate the analogous hormones of rats and mice in gel diffusion tests, evidence is given for the specificity of the cross-reaction of the antisera with the analogous murine hormones in situ as found with the fluorescent antibody technique.We are grateful to Dr. J. D. H. Homan of Organon, Oss (The Netherlands) for the supply of bovine growth hormone and for kindly giving us the information concerning this preparation.We should like to thank Dr. F. J. A. Prop for the prolactin assays, Dr. H. G. Kwa for providing the mouse pituitary tumours and Dr. L. M. Boot for the mouse pituitary isograft in the kidney, Mrs. J. J. Geiger-Koedijk for the conventional staining of pituitary sections, and Mr. J. van der Kamp for the photography.     

The structure of the salivary gland of the moth (Manduca sexta)

Summary The salivary glands of the moth,Manduca sexta, are described, emphasizing correlations between structure and function in an attempt to explain the production of a dilute saliva. Each of the paired glands consists of five distinct regions: protein secreting, fluid secreting, thin duct, bulbous duct, and common duct. Each region constists of a single, ultrastructurally distinct, cell type. It is proposed that the protein and fluid secreting regions produce an enzyme-containing primary saliva isosmotic with the haemolymph; this saliva is modified in the remaining regions of the gland to yield a dilute saliva. Acknowledgements. We thank Professor T. Weis-Fogh for accommodation in the Department of Zoology and Dr. J. E. Treherne for use of A.R.C. facilities. We are especially grateful to Dr. Nancy Lane for encouragement, advice and critical comments and to Drs. M. J. Berridge and S.H.P. Maddrell for helpful discussion. H.A.R. is grateful to Clare College, Cambridge for financial aid.     

Ordination and classification in the upland Rugege forest (Rwanda,Central Africa)

Summary Quantitative data on habitat and vegetation from 42 releves of the Rugege forest have been submitted to different ordination and classification methods.The habitat factors which have an important effect upon vegetation are: hydromorphy, abundance of tree layer and depth of soil.The different ordination (principal components analysis and reciprocal averaging) and numerical classification methods applied to the same set of data lead to consistent results. The numerical classification seems better than the Braun-Blanquet's method.Four groupings have been defined.The future developments of ecological studies in the Rugege forest are discussed in relation to the forest conservation.All data presented in this work were collected during my stay in the National Institute of Scientific Research of Rwanda, 1971 – 1972. Part of the computations (numerical analysis and principal components analysis) was carried out at the Nijmegen University's IBM 370/155; I am happy to thank Dr. E. van der Maarel and Dr. J.G.M. Janssen for their welcome and assistance. The reciprocal averaging ordinations and the principal components analysis on the basis of correlation between relevés were performed on the Louvain-La-Neuve University's IBM 370/158; I am very grateful to Professeur Berthet for this important assistance.This paper corresponds to part of a thesis presented at the Liège University on 7th November 1973.     

Ionic currents flow throughMicrasterias andClosterium cells during expansion of the primary cell wall

The results of studies of Micrasterias rotata (Grev.) Ralfs, M. thomasiana Archer (biradiate and uniradiate forms) and Closterium sp. using one- and two-dimensional vibrating probes show that transcellular ionic currents are detectable only around cells undergoing expansion of the primary cell wall (half-cell); current enters local regions of expansion and exits over both the rigid surface of the secondary wall and regions of the primary wall where hardening of the wall prevents further expansion. Current densities remain at steady levels until expansion stops with maturation of the primary wall, whereupon currents are no longer detectable. The temporal and spatial correlation between the currents and regions of wall expansion is particularly evident because morphogenesis of the half-cell is a determinate process. Measurements of inward currents ranged from 0.1 to 5.4 A · cm^–2, and outward currents ranged from-0.05 to -1.5 A · cm^–2 measured at 18 from the cell surface. The results of ion substitution and channel-blocker studies indicate that the currents may be carried at least in part by Ca²⁺, Cl^–, H⁺ and K⁺ ions. The possible role of a Ca²⁺ influx during tip growth in desmids is discussed.This work was conducted at the National Vibrating Probe Facility, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Mass., USA. Dr. Lionel F. Jaffe, Director of the Facility, and Dr. Jeremy D. PickettHeaps, University of Colorado, Boulder, USA, provided valuable guidance and support, and gave unstinting encouragement during these studies. Dr. Franklin M. Harold provided support for the writing of this paper during C.L.T.'s postdoctoral year at the National Jewish Center for Immunology and Respiratory Research, Denver. Mr. Alan Shipley and Mr. Steve Dixon provided talented technical assistance. C.L.T. is grateful for support received from a National Institutes of Health Pre-doctoral Training Grant in the Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado. The work was supported by N.I.H. grants 5 P41 RR01395 and 3 P41 RR01395-02S1 (to L.F.J.), National Science Foundation grants No. BSR 82 14199 and PCM 83 09331 (to J.P.-H.), and No. DCB 86 18694 (to F.M.H.).     

Statice Virus Y - a Virus related to Bean Yellow Mosaic and Clover Yellow Vein Viruses

The authors are greatly indebted to the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft for financial support, to Miss B. M urthlm , Mrs. U. H erzberg , Mrs. B. H ane and Miss P. R ahse for reliable technical assistance and to Dr. M. H ollings , Dr. R. O. H ampton and Mr. D. Z. M aat for gifts of antisera.     

REVIEWS

Book reviewed in this article:
Botanical Pen-Portraits . By J. W. M oll and Dr H. H. J anssonius .
Diseases of Crop Plants in the Lesser Antilles . By W illiam N owell
The Principles of Insect Control . By R obert A. W ardle , M.Sc. and P hilip B uckle
Diseases of Greenhouse Plants . By W. F. B ewley     

XXXII.—Some Spring Observations on the Birds of the Camargue.

T he present communication embodies the combined observations of the authors on several spring visits to the Camargue. W. B. A. paid a visit in March 1905, and another, in company with Mr. H. M. Wallis, M.B.O.U., from 26 April to 2 May, 1928. T. H. H. spent from 13 to 18 April, 1931, in the area. W. B. A., H. J. R. P., and B. W. T. made a joint expedition from 9 to 13 April, 1932, and H. J. R. P. remained on until 28 April.     

Reviews

Transport of photoassimilates. Ed. by D. A. B aker and J. A. M ilburn.
Plant Lipids : Targets for Manipulation (British Plant Growth Regulator Group, Monograph No. 17). Ed. by N. J. P infield and A. K. S tobart.
Experimental Techniques in Plant Disease Epidemiology. Ed. by J. K ranz and J. R otem.
The Names of Plants. By D. G ledhill
Plant Form and Vegetation Structure. Ed. by M. J. A. W erger , P. J. M. V an der A art , H. J. D uring and J. T. A. V erhoeven.
Vegetation Structure in Relation to Carbon and Nutrient Economy. Ed. by J. T. A. V erhoeven , G. W. H eil and M. J. A. W erger .
Diversity and Pattern in Plant Communities. Ed. by H. J. D uring , M. J. A. W erger and J. H. W illems .     

Sympodiomyces gen. n., a yeast-like organism from southern marine waters

Sympodiomyces gen. n. is described with the single speciesSympodiomyces parvus sp. n. The distinguishing characteristic of this yeast-like genus is the method of asexual reproduction: conidia are produced on a conidiophore that develops sympodially. A sexual stage has not been observed, therefore the genus is placed among the Fungi Imperfecti, family Cryptococcaceae.Contribution No. 1364 from the Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, Florida.The authors gratefully acknowledge Dr. Jan Kohlmeyer, Univ. of North Carolina, Morehead City, North Carolina; Dr. R. T. Moore, North Carolina State Univ. at Raleigh; Dr. H. J. Phaff, Univ. of California at Davis; Miss W. Ch. Slooff and Mr. D. Yarrow, CBS, Delft, Netherlands; Dr. K.Tubaki, Institute for Fermentation, Osaka, Japan; and Dr. J. A. von Arx, C.B.S., Baarn, for examining cultures ofS. parvus. Dr. D. P. Rogers, Univ. of Illinois, Urbana, Ill, prepared the generic Latin diagnosis. Mr. Steven Y. Newell and Mr. A. Weiner, Univ. of Miami, assisted in obtainingEltanin collections. This study was supported by the National Science Foundation through the Office of Antarctic Programs Grant No. GA 13675.     

REVIEWS

Book reviewed in this article:
Plant Cells . By F. A. L. C lowes and B. E. J uniper .
The History of British Vegetation . By W inifred P ennington . Modern Biology: General Editor J. E. W ebb .
Flora Europaea , Vol. II. Rosaceae to Umbelliferae . Ed. by T. G. T utin , V. H. H eywood , N. A. B urges , D. M. M oore , D. H. V alentine , S. M. W alters and D. A. W ebb .
Desert Wild Flowers . By E dmund J aeger .
British Mosses and Liverworts . By E. V. W atson .
Anatomy of the Monocotyledons , Vol. III. Commelinales—Zingiberales . By P. B. T omlinson . General Editor C. R. M etcalfe .
Biological Science—The Web of Life . Supervising Editor, D. M organ .
Plant Chimeras . By W. N eilson -J ones .
The Potatoes of Argentine, Brazil, Paraguay and Uruguay, a Biosystematic Study . By J. G. H awkes and J. P. H jerting .
Towards an Understanding of the Mechanism of Heredity . By H. L. K. W hitehouse .
Viruses in Plant Hosts; Form, Distribution and Pathologic Effects . By K atherine E sau .
An Introduction to Industrial Mycology . By G eorge S mith .     

Review

Book Reviewed in this article:
Organelle Heredity. B y N icolas W. G illham .
Microbodies/Peroxisomen pflanzicher Zellen. By B. G erhardt .
Plant Metabolism. By G erhard R ichter .
Water in Plants Bibliography. Ed. by J. P ospisilova and J. S olarova .
Plant Growth Analysis. By R oderick H unt .
Progress in Botany. Morphology, Physiology, Genetics, Taxonomy, Geobotany. Ed. by H. E llenberg , K. E sser , H. Merxmüller, E. S chnepf and H. Z iegler .
Organisation in Plants. By W. M. M. B aron .
Plant Breeding for Pest and Disease Resistance. By G. E. R ussell .
Incompatibility in Angiosperms. By D. D e N ettancourt .
Soybean Physiology, Agronomy and Utilization. Ed. by A. G. N orman .
Flora of Turkey , Volume 6 ( Lobehaceae to Scrophulariaceae ). Ed. by P. H. D avis , assisted by J. R. E dmondson , R. R. M ill and B.S.P arris .
Tropical Trees and Forests. An Architectural Analysis. By F.H allé , R.A.A. O ldeman and P. B. T omlinson .
Vegetation Mitteleuropas mit den Alpen. By H einz E llenberg .     

The subcellular fractionation of the electric organ of Torpedo

Summary The acetylcholine-rich electric organ of Torpedo has been submitted to subcellular fractionation in an attempt to isolate nerve endings and synaptic vesicles derived from cholinergic neurones. Fractions containing small vesicles and granules as their only morphologically identifiable components also contained appreciable amounts of bound acetylcholine; however, it was not possible to demonstrate a specific enrichment of any one fraction with respect to bound acetylcholine as has been possible in brain. The tissue proved difficult to homogenize and few detached nerve endings (synaptosomes) were formed. A low-speed fraction rich in Na, K- activated adenosine triphosphatase contained numerous membrane fragments with tubular appendages derived from the non-innervated surface of electroplaques. Homogenization in media isotonic with elasmobranch plasma (e.g. 0.5 M sucrose + 0.33 M urea) was essential to preserve the structure of osmotically sensitive organelles (e.g. mitochondria).We wish to express our gratitude to Dr. R. D. Keynes who arranged the supply of Torpedos and to Mr G. H. C. Dowe and Miss L. Swales for skilled technical assistance. The electron microscopic facilities were provided by a grant from the Wellcome Trust and the work was supported by a grant no. NB-03928-02 (to V.P.W.) from the National Institute of Neurological Diseases and Blindness, U.S. Public Health Service. During the period of this work Dr. Sheridan held a Postdoctoral Fellowship of the U.S. Public Health Service and Dr. Israël was an Exchange Scholar of the Medical Research Council.We are also most grateful to Professor Sir Bryan Matthews, C.B.E., Sc. D., F.R.S., for providing aquarium facilities in the Physiological Laboratory of Cambridge University.     

Lateral connections between heart muscle cells as revealed by conventional and high voltage transmission electron microscopy

Summary The lateral surfaces of heart muscle cells are interconnected by a varied and extensive network of structures that exist in addition to intercalated discs. Ultrastructural images of this network are vastly improved over those from epoxy-embedded material, particularly for low density components, through the application of a method for removing the embedding matrix from thin or thick sections that are then stereoscopically analyzed with standard or high voltage transmission electron microscopy. The connections include cables, 3–20 nm in diameter, multi-strand cables, 10–40 nm-granules, meshlike mats, and sheets, all extensively interwoven. It is suggested that intercellular connections of varying strength and distribution aid in the integration of mechanical performance of the large population of myocytes during the contractile cycle of the heart.This study was supported by a grant from NIH Biotechnology Resources through the University of Colorado High Voltage E.M. Laboratory, NIH Research Grant HL 24336, a N.Y. Heart Association Grant-in-Aid, and NIH Research Career Development Award HL 00568I thank Dr. E.H. Sonnenblick for continual aid and encouragement and Dr. R. Terry, Ms. Y. Kress, and Ms. J. Fant for use of facilities. I also thank Dr. K.R. Porter for guidance in the use of the HVEM technique, Dr. J.J. Wolosewick and Dr. M. Fotino for valuable suggestions, and Ms. J. Fleming, Mr. G. Wray, and Mr. G. Charlie of HVEM staff at Boulder. I acknowledge Dr. F. Pepe for use of facilities, Dr. R. Bloodgood for comments, and Mrs. L. Cohen-Gould, Ms. T. Downey, Mr. F. Reingold, Mrs. T. Maio, and Mrs. R. Shamoon for excellent assistance     

Effect of dietary cholesterol on the pattern of osmium deposition in the symbiote-containing cells of the pea aphid

Summary Pea aphids left for 48 h in unbuffered osmium tetroxide show heavy staining of many organelles in the symbiote-containing cells (mycetocytes and sheath), embryos and oenocytes very similar to that characteristic of mammalian sterol-synthesizing cells. However, the staining of the pea-aphid cells is, to a large extent, dependent on the presence of cholesterol benzoate, or free cholesterol, in the aphid's diet. In aphids cultured in vitro with ³H mevalonate in the presence of added cholesterol, the incorporation of label into the cholesterol and lanosterol fractions is significantly reduced. If the dietary cholesterol effects a similar inhibition in vivo, the cholesterol-dependent osmium staining could be due to precursors(s) of cholesterol accumulating in the intracellular sites described.There is also osmium staining of large (normally electron-transparent) vacuoles in mycetocytes, gut and fat body, irrespective of dietary cholesterol.Research supported by the College of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Wisconsin, and by a research grant (PCM 74-2401A01) from the National Science FoundationThe authors are grateful to Dr. E.J. Houk and Dr. G.A. DeZoeten for valuable suggestions, and to Mr. Gary Gaard for technical assistance     

The shingle ridge succession at Dungeness

FERRY, B. W., BARLOW, S. L. & WATERS, S. J. P., 1989. The shingle ridge succession at Dungeness . The range of plant communities which have colonized both intact shingle ridges and areas of disturbed shingle on Denge Beach, Dungeness, are described. An attempt is made to place these communities into categories of the National Vegetation Classification scheme, and further to relate them to physical and chemical gradients and variations in the shingle substrate.     

Book reviewed

Book reviewed in this article:
Utrich Gisi und Mitabeiter: Bodenokologie, 2, neu bearbeitete und erweiterte Auflage
Ganzeimeier, H., D. Rautmann, IM. Streloke, M. Herrmann, H. J. Wenzeiburger, H. F. Walter: Studies on the Spray Drift of Plant Protection Products
Ream, W. and S, B. Gelvin (eds): Crown Gall: Advances in Understanding Interkingdom Gene Transfer.
Eylenbosch, E. J. K.: Elsevier's Dictionary' of Pests and Diseases in Useful Plants.
Lichtenthaler, H. K. (ed.): Vegetation Stress. Based on the International Symposium on Vegetation Stress, Munich-Neuherberg.
Grace, J. B, and D. Tibnan (Eds): Perspectives on Plant Competition