冬虫夏草的研究简介

冬虫夏草,通称虫草。是我国名贵的真菌药物和高级补品。在我国明代以前,人们已知道应用虫草。从明代中叶开始,就受到东南亚人民的喜爱,在国际市场上享有很高的声誉。冬虫夏草是子囊菌寄生于虫草编幅娥等昆虫体内而形成的。冬天在感染的昆虫内形成菌核,外表仍保持原来虫形,到次年夏季温暖潮湿时适于菌体生长,从虫体头部长出一根棕色有柄的律状子座,长4～11cm,粗约3mm,形似一根野草,为此而得名“冬虫夏草”。由此可见,虫革既不是“冬为虫,夏为草”,也木是“既为虫,又是草”,而是一种虫和菌的结合体。由于冬虫夏草所处的生态环…     

冬虫夏草人工培养研究概述

冬虫夏草(Cordyceps sinensis)是虫草真菌的子座及其寄主蝙蝠蛾(Hepialus armoricanus)幼虫尸体的复合物。本菌属子囊菌纲、麦角科、虫草属,此属的种类很多。据日本学者小林义雄等记载的共有260种,在我国,据梁佩琼等报道,已知的有58种,常见的七种虫草为冬虫夏草、蛹虫草、亚香棒虫草,蛾蛹虫草、大蝉虫草、小蝉虫草、泰山虫草,其     

冬虫夏草研究的新进展

冬虫夏草是冬虫夏草菌寄生于虫草蝙蝠蛾（Hepialus armoricanus）幼虫体后发育成的真菌子座和充满菌丝的僵死幼虫的复合体,与人参、鹿茸齐名,为我国三大珍贵滋补防病中药材。冬虫草源流于我国,主产于四川、青海、西藏和甘肃等省,从冬虫夏草的基本概况、生物学特性、理化成分、人工培育现状及其应用前景等进行了综述,以期推动冬虫夏草资源的研究和开发利用进程。     

冬虫夏草菌丝体的开发与利用

本文系统介绍了冬虫夏草的历史来源,成分分析,主要药理作用及产品开发现状。     

药用竹黄菌的生物学研究进展

对药用真菌竹黄菌的分类学地位,竹黄菌的寄主及生态学,竹红菌素、竹黄菌多糖、竹黄菌的抗菌谱等生物活性物质,竹黄人工培养的生物学研究进展进行了综述。提出了自然界是否存在着竹黄新种属和寄主专一性目前竹黄尚处于自生自灭状态,子座尚未能人工培养,不利竹黄物种和药源保护与可持续利用等问题;指明今后还需深入开展竹黄菌的生物学研究和探索竹黄人工培养技术,以利竹黄的开发、利用。     

冬虫夏草研究进展

综述了近几年来我国对冬虫夏草 [Cordycepssinensis(Berk)Sacc .]的无性型鉴定、人工培养、深层发酵、化学成分分析、药理及临床应用等方面的研究进展。     

冬虫夏草活性成分研究进展

本文系统综述了冬虫夏草Cordyceps sinensis的主要化学组成和药理学作用研究进展,重点对冬虫夏草多糖、核苷、肽类和甾醇的研究成果进行了总结,同时也针对有关冬虫夏草的一些问题进行了客观评述,为深入研究其有效成分与虫草相关新药物研发提供了依据和思路.     

冬虫夏草无性型研究概况

文献调查结果表明与冬虫夏草有关的无性型菌种已报道有22个学名,涉及13个属。针对些命名称上存在的命名问题本文展开了讨论,并评述了不同名称与冬虫夏草的关系及其有关菌种的研究进展。在已报道的分离菌种中,作为新种正式描述的名称有8个,其中6个为合格发表,其余2个未能满足名称合格发表的条件;还有4个名称在文献中作为新种提到,但没有合格发表的出处,也有一例只提到名称而无其他要素;另有5个名称则只有属名,尚未鉴定到种的水平。中国被毛孢为多个独立的研究证明为冬虫夏草的无性型,还有3个无性型名称已被证明不可能是冬虫夏草的无性型。其他无性型名称与冬虫夏草的关系有待进一步验证。文中对与冬虫夏草有关的菌种定名、无性型分离和验证方法、复无性型现象,以及有关学名问题作了讨论。     

冬虫夏草原生质体形成和再生的初步研究

研究冬虫夏草菌丝体的菌龄、酶种类、酶解温度、酶解时间、pH、稳渗剂和几种再生培养基对原生质体形成和再生的影响。最佳条件为 :生长 6d的菌丝体 ,组合酶 (1%蜗牛酶 +1%纤维素酶 ) ,酶解温度 36℃ ,酶解时间 2 .5h,pH6 .4 ,稳渗剂 0 .4M甘露醇溶液 ,RM3再生培养基。在此条件下原生质体的形成为 2 .0 4× 10 9个 ml,再生率为 0 .0 91%。     

药用竹黄菌的生物学研究进展*

对药用真菌竹黄菌的分类学地位,竹黄菌的寄主及生态学,竹红菌素、竹黄菌多糖、竹黄菌的抗菌谱等生物活性物质,竹黄人工培养的生物学研究进展进行了综述。提出了自然界是否存在着竹黄新种属和寄主专一性目前竹黄尚处于自生自灭状态,子座尚未能人工培养,不利竹黄物种和药源保护与可持续利用等问题;指明今后还需深入开展竹黄菌的生物学研究和探索竹黄人工培养技术,以利竹黄的开发、利用。     

人工培养冬虫夏草研究

冬虫夏草 [Cordycepssinensis (Berk .)Sacc .]是名贵中药和珍稀滋补品 ,是由其无性型中国被毛孢 (Hir sutellasinensisX .J .Liu ,Y .L .Guo ,Y .X .Yu&W .Zeng)侵染蝠蛾属 (Hepialusspp .)幼虫形成的菌虫复合体 ,分布在我国青海、西藏、四川、云南和甘肃等地的海拨 35 0 0～ 5 0 0 0m高寒灌丛草甸。自 1980年至今持续进行冬虫夏草的人工培养研究 ,分离获得了冬虫夏草的无性型菌株 ,经鉴定为中国被毛孢新种 ,并对其进行了一系列培养试验 :在培养基上能产生子座 ;低海拔环境下规模化室内饲养寄主昆虫成功 ,人工条件下 1年可完成寄主昆虫一个生活周期 ,且幼虫个体大 ;室内人工培养冬虫夏草取得成功。     

虫草多糖研究综述

虫草是我国特有的名贵药用真菌 ,其主要活性物质虫草多糖近年来受到科学工作者的普遍关注并做了大量实验研究。主要从虫草多糖分子结构鉴定 ,深层发酵工艺 ,药理功能等几个方面对近些年来取得的成果作简要概述。     

Cordyceps owariensis f. viridescens and its new Nomuraea anamorph

Cordyceps owariensis f. viridescens forma nov. (Nom. Jap., Amami-yarinohosemitake) is described from an underground nymph of Platypleura kuroiwae collected in Amami-oshima Island, southwestern Japan. Cultural isolations were made from ascospores of the fresh material of this fungus, and consequently a new hyphomycete was developed as its anamorph. Nomuraea owariensis is described to accommodate this anamorphic state. This is the first report on the association of a Nomuraea anamorph with cicadicolous Cordyceps species. Received: June 6, 2001 / Accepted: December 18, 2001     

Optimization of selected cultivation parameters for Cordyceps guangdongensis

Aims: To increase the fruit body production of Cordyceps guangdongensis, selected cultivation conditions, especially nutritional parameters were optimized. Methods and Results: Cordyceps guangdongensis was inoculated on potato dextrose agar slants with pH values from 4·5 to 9·0 and cultivated in artificial media with different carbon and nitrogen supplements. Primordium formation in C. guangdongensis was favoured by slightly acidic conditions. Fruit body yields and biological efficiency (BE) recorded were all highest in cultures of C. guangdongensis supplemented with sucrose and KNO₃ as carbon and nitrogen supplements, respectively. Highest fruit body yields and BE values were recorded with C : N ratio of 12 : 1. The optimal medium consisted of (g l^?1) 20·0 sucrose, 4·0 soya bean powder, 5·0 beef extract and 10·0 KNO₃. Cultivation experiments using this medium confirmed its reliability; 18·35% of BE was obtained, compared with a calculated maximum BE of 18·65% based on orthogonal test data. Conclusions: Cordyceps guangdongensis preferred sucrose and potassium nitrate as best carbon and nitrogen supplements. It produced satisfying yield of fruit body with optimized medium. Significance and Impact of the Study: Optimized artificial cultivation conditions could promote the yield of C. guangdongensis and decreased the cost of production.     

A comparative study on the production of exopolysaccharides between two entomopathogenic fungi Cordyceps militaris and Cordyceps sinensis in submerged mycelial cultures

AIMS: The present study comparatively investigates the optimal culture conditions for the production of exopolysaccharides (EPS) and cordycepin during submerged mycelial culture of two entomopathogenic fungi Cordyceps militaris and Cordyceps sinensis. METHODS AND RESULTS: Fermentations were performed in flasks and in 5-l stirred-tank fermenters. In the case of C. militaris, the highest mycelial biomass (22.9 g l(-1)) and EPS production (5 g l(-1)) were achieved in a medium of 40 g l(-1) sucrose, 5 g l(-1) corn steep powder at 30 degrees C, and an initial pH 8.0. The optimum culture conditions for C. sinensis was shown to be (in g l(-1)) 20 sucrose, 25 corn steep powder, 0.78 CaCl2, 1.73 MgSO4.7H2O at 20 degrees C, and an initial pH 4.0, where the maximum mycelial biomass and EPS were 20.9 and 4.1 g l(-1) respectively. Cordycepin, another bioactive metabolite, was excreted at low levels during the early fermentation period (maximum 38.8 mg l(-1) in C. militaris; 18.2 mg l(-1) in C. sinensis). CONCLUSIONS: The two fungi showed different nutritional and environmental requirements in their submerged cultures. Overall, the concentrations of mycelial biomass, EPS and cordycepin achieved in submerged culture of C. militaris were higher than those of C. sinensis. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: C. militaris and C. sinensis are representative insect-born fungi which have been longstanding and widely used as traditional medicines in eastern Asia. Comparative studies between two fungi are currently not available and this is the first report on the optimum medium composition for submerged culture of C. sinensis.     

冬虫夏草成熟过程中中国被毛孢和蝙蝠蛾拟青霉DNA共存及竞争增殖力、化学成分变化

文献报道从冬虫夏草中分离得到蝙蝠蛾拟青霉和中国被毛孢,本研究检测了蝙蝠蛾拟青霉和中国被毛孢真菌及其DNA在冬虫夏草中的共存,同时检测了2个真菌在冬虫夏草成熟过程中的竞争增殖力。应用色谱法和质谱法检测了冬虫夏草及中国被毛孢和蝙蝠蛾拟青霉菌丝体的化学成分指纹谱。在冬虫夏草中检测到蝙蝠蛾拟青霉和中国被毛孢活菌,在虫体和子座中检测到这两个真菌的DNA。从子座露出地表后,冬虫夏草的成熟伴有蛋白质和小分子有机化合物指纹谱的动态变化,中国被毛孢竞争增殖力下降(P<0.001)。中国被毛孢和蝙蝠蛾拟青霉菌丝体的化学成分指纹谱均不能与冬虫夏草的成分完全重叠,与中国被毛孢相比,蝙蝠蛾拟青霉菌丝体与冬虫夏草的指纹谱更相似。结论:中药冬虫夏草的成熟伴有蝙蝠蛾拟青霉和中国被毛孢真菌共存于它的虫体和子座,也伴有冬虫夏草化学成分的变化和中国被毛孢竞争增殖力的下降。     

冬虫夏草与韩芝液体发酵混合培养特性研究

平板培养基上比较了冬虫夏草、韩芝及树舌的菌丝生长速度和对淀粉的利用情况,结果显示三者的生长速度分别达到1.28、0.64和0.55 cm/d,且韩芝与树舌对淀粉的利用均优于冬虫夏草;混合培养结果得出菌种的最佳菌龄比为虫草:韩芝=3 d:5 d,最佳的接种比例为2:3;正交试验混合发酵最佳的培养基配方(%):葡萄糖1.0、淀粉2.0、黄豆粉2.0、酵母粉0.5,在此条件下,菌丝生物量达到最大值1.97 g/100 mL。     

Effect of Cordyceps, Paecillomyces sp., Cordyceps pruinosa and Paecillomyces japonica, on the Development of Domestic Silkworm, Bombyx mori

ABSTRACT This study was carried out to investigate pathogenicity of cordyceps on the silkworm larva, Bombyx mori . For experiment, Cordyceps, Pacillomyces sp. strain collected from Chiak mountain area in Gangwon Province and Pacillomyces japonica collected from dead silkworm larva at the rearing room in Sangju National University were used. Spores of cordyceps were propagated on sterile PDA (potato dextrose agar 39g, water 1,000mL) at 25°C for 21 days. Spores of cordyceps isolated from media were inoculated on integuments of 3rd instar newly exuviated silkworm for pathogenicity on the silkworm larvae. The cordyceps used in this study was highly infectious to the silkworms. Virulence of cordyceps was different depending on species. Pacillomyces japonica was the most efficacious with 70% mortality on silkworm larvae. Cordyceps had adverse effect on the overall rearing from larval period to mounting of matured silkworm larvae, cocoon making, pupation and moth emergence. The result suggests that cordyceps used in this study may be useful for the tracking of biocontrol.     

Effects of a water-soluble extract of Cordyceps sinensis on steroidogenesis and capsular morphology of lipid droplets in cultured rat adrenocortical cells

Cordyceps sinensiscontains a factor that stimulates corticosteroid production in the animal model. However, it is not known whether this drug acts directly on the adrenal glands or indirectly via the hypothalamus-pituitary axis. In the present study, we used primary rat adrenal cell cultures to investigate the pharmacological function of a water-soluble extract of Cordyceps sinensis(CS) and thesignaling pathway involved. Radioimmunoassay of corticosterone indicated that the amount of corticosterone produced by adrenal cells is increased in a positively dose-dependent manner by CS, reaching a maximun at 25 μg/ml. This stimulating effect was seen 1 h after CS treatment and was maintained for up to 24 h. Concomitantly, the lipid droplets in these cells became small and fewer in number. Immunostaining with a monoclonal antibody, A2, a specific marker for the lipid droplet capsule, demonstrated that detachment of the capsule from the lipid droplet occurs in response to CS application and that the period required for decapsulation is inversely related to the concentration of CS applied. The mechanism of CS-induced steroidogenesis is apparently different from that for ACTH, since intracellular cAMP levels were not increased in CS-treated cells. However, combined application with calphostin C, a PKC inhibitor, completely blocked the effect of CS on steroidogenesis, suggesting that activation of PKC may be responsible for the CS-induced steroidogenesis. J. Cell. Biochem. 69:483–489, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.