烟草RAPD双引物与单引物PCR扩增多态性效率的比较分析

以两个亲缘关系较远的烟草（Nicotiana tabacum）品种台烟7号和白肋21为材料（GS=0.58）,研究了单引物扩增和双引物聚合扩增对RAPD-PCR分子标记多态性的影响。结果显示：双引物反应能够比单引物反应扩增出更多的多态性片段,双引物在白肋21和台烟7号中扩增出的多态性片段总数是单引物反应扩增出的多态性片段总数的6.6倍。因此,双引物RAPD的运用有助于提高烟草多态性分子标记的有效性。     

水稻RAPD反应体系的正交优化

以焦旱1号总DNA为材料,首先对影响RAPD-PCR反应的模板DNA、Mg~(2+)、dNTP、引物和Taq DNA聚合酶浓度等因素进行了初步优化,分析了各因素对RAPD-PCR扩增结果的影响.在此基础上对影响RAPD-PCR反应的Mg~(2+)、dNTP、引物和Taq DNA聚合酶浓度等4个主要因素进行正交优化,研究结果表明:在25 μl RAPD-PCR反应体系中,模板DNA 20 ng;Mg~(2+)浓度1.5mmol/L;dNTP的浓度0.2mmol/L;引物量15 pmol;Taq DNA聚合酶1.0 U.在此最佳条件下,利用引物B8对18个北方粳稻品种进行了成功的扩增.     

采用随机引物组合对绞股蓝作RAPD分析及SCAR鉴定

为寻找简单、可重复的分子鉴定方法,对绞股蓝（Gynostemma pentaphyllum（Thunb．）Makino）新鲜品、药材干品及其混淆品乌蔹莓（Cayratia japonica（Thunb．）Gagnep）进行了鉴定。首先从2000余条10碱基的随机引物中筛选出20条,并以5条为1组随机分成4组,然后采用RAPD方法对7份不同来源的绞股蓝新鲜品进行扩增,对扩增得到的绞股蓝特征条带进行基因克隆、测序,分析序列特征,再设计特异性引物,最后．用绞股蓝新鲜品、药材干品及其混淆品乌蔹莓等样品进行PCR验证。结果显示：RAPD扩增能够得到7份绞股蓝新鲜品重复的共有特征条带;经基因克隆、测序并设计特异性引物后进行PCR验证,获得了绞股蓝特异序列扩增区域标志（Sequence—characterized amplified region maker,SCAR）。初步建立了区分绞股蓝及其混淆品乌蔹莓的分子鉴定标准,并首次将SCAR应用于绞股蓝分子鉴定中。     

我国部分金莲花种质资源遗传多样性的RAPD研究

用RAPD标记对来自不同产地的24份金莲花种质从分子水平开展遗传多样性研究,为综舍评价我国金莲花资源现状及植物资源的合理保护提供参考。结果显示,30条RAPD引物共扩增获得194条清晰可辨条带,其中多态性条带108条,多态性位点百分率为55．67％,金莲花总多样性指数为0．1460,居群内遗传多样性为0．0591,Shannon’s多样性指数为0．2248;通过UPGMA进行聚类分析,将24份金莲花种质划分为3个大类,根据总遗传多样性和居群内遗传多样性计算不同居群间遗传分化系数为0．6902,基因流估计平均值为0．2244。研究结果表明,目前我国金莲花种质资源的遗传多样性指教偏低,应该尽快采取相应措施,对不同金莲花资源进行合理保护。     

Genetic Diversity and Species-Diagnostic Markers of Mud Crabs (Genus Scylla) in Eastern Thailand Determined by RAPD Analysis

Genetic diversity of three mud crab species, Scylla serrata (Forsk?l), S. oceanica (Dana), and S. tranquebarica (Fabricius), collected from two locations in eastern Thailand (Chanthaburi and Trat) was examined by randomly amplified polymorphic DNA-polymerase chain reaction (RAPD-PCR). Ninety-one reproducible RAPD fragments, generated by UBC456, UBC457, and YNZ22, were polymorphic. The percentage of polymorphic bands within populations ranged from 47.92% to 77.59%. Species-specific RAPD markers were also observed and used to construct a molecular diagnostic key in these taxa. Large genetic differences between species were found (D(ij) = 0.425 to 0.751), whereas those between populations within each species were much lower (D(ij) = 0.171 to 0.199). The neighbor-joining tree based on genetic distances among pairs of individuals indicated three distinct groups, corresponding to S. serrata, S. oceanica, and S. tranquebarica. No genotypes were shared among these three species. This suggests the absence of genetic exchanges between sympatric mud crab species in eastern Thailand. Therefore, mud crabs in this area should be recognized as three different species rather than a single panmictic species exhibiting different morphs.     

TE缓冲液对RAPD带型的影响

TE为作为一种溶解DNA的中液,它对RAPD带型的影响往往没有受到重视。通过对TE缓冲液与RAPD带型之间关系进行了较系统的研究。结果说明TE对RAPD带型有明显影响,并且显示在Mg^2 为2mmol/L时,TE是影响RAPD带型的敏感因素,还针对TE的不利影响,提出了有效的解决办法。     

利用RAPD技术鉴定海南荔枝品种光明

应用RAPD标记对6份无性系材料进行检验,20个引物对6份材料均扩增出完全相同的125条带,不具多态性,证明6份材料遗传基础高度相似。利用30个引物对光明和其他42份材料的基因组进行多态性分析,多态性位点为212个,占总数的80、83％,显示多态性较高。光明和其他荔枝品种间的相似系数均较高,与大丁香的相似系数（0．884）最高。在相似系数0．78水平上,可将供试材料分成4大类,这些类型与成熟期有一定相关,光明属于第3类。光明不具特征谱带,但可用少数引物组合将其和很多品种区别开,如利用AP09、AM16和AK17即可将光明从其他荔枝材料中鉴别出来。     

杨梅RAPD-PCR体系的正交优化研究

以杨梅DNA为模板,对影响杨梅RAPD-PCR扩增的重要参数进行了优化试验,以期建立杨梅RAPD反应的最佳体系。通过采用正交试验设计的方法,对杨梅RAPD-PCR条件进行了优化,结果表明最佳的杨梅RAPD-PCR的反应体系(20μl)中含有1×buffer,1.0U TaqDNA聚合酶,3.0mmol/L MgCl2,0.30mmol/L dNTPs,1.5μmol/L引物和模板DNA 30-40ng。适宜的扩增条件为94℃预变性3min,再进入38个PCR循环(94℃变性30s,38℃退火30s,72℃延伸90s),72℃延伸7min,4℃保存。     

土壤微生物RAPD分析体系的优化研究

采用正交实验设计,对影响土壤微生物RAPD扩增体系的Mg2+、dNTP浓度及引物浓度进行了研究,同时对退火温度、延伸时间及循环次数进行摸索。结果表明,适宜土壤微生物PCR扩增反应在25μl体积中进行,包括7ng土壤微生物DNA样品、20pm随机引物l、.5uTaq酶、3.0mmol.L-1Mg-CL2和0.2mmol.L-1dNTP。PCR扩增反应进程如下:94℃3min,使土壤DNA变性;然后再进行39个循环,每个循环包括94℃1min,37℃40s,72℃90s,结束后72℃延伸7min。     

Evidence for RAPD heteroduplex formation in cranberry: implications for pedigree and genetic-relatedness studies and a source of co-dominant RAPD markers

Silver-stained random amplified polymorphic DNA (ssRAPD) markers have been identified that are always jointly present or absent in the ssRAPD profiles of cranberry varieties. On the basis of segregation data and the ability to re-create these associated ssRAPDs through the intermixing of amplified DNA from individuals lacking them, five of the six pairs of associated ssRAPDs analyzed were shown to be consistent with heteroduplex molecules. Heteroduplexes are hybrid double-stranded DNAs that are formed following the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of two DNA segments that have a high degree of homology to one another, yet differ in their nucleotide sequences as a result of base pair deletions, additions, or substitutions. Three of the five putative heteroduplex systems identified are consistent with a one locus, two-allele heteroduplex model. The remaining two systems appeared to be multi-allelic, involving interactions among three and four alleles, respectively. RAPD heteroduplex formation has the potential to confound genetic relatedness and pedigree studies. Heterozygous individuals exhibit heteroduplex RAPDs not seen in either of the two homozygote classes. Genetic estimates under such a circumstance would inflate the differences between the heterozygote and the homozygote classes. Heteroduplex formation is also a mechanism for the presence of non-parental RAPDs in progeny of parents homozygous for alternate alleles. While this class of molecular markers can confound RAPD analyses, they also offer a source of co-dominant RAPD markers, which are of value in genetic relatedness estimates and as markers for studying breeding behavior.Supported by State and U.S. Federal funds, CSRS grant 93-34155-8382, and Ocean Spray Cranberries, Inc.     

Analysis of single protoplasts and regenerated plants by PCR and RAPD technology

Summary We investigated the use of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and the associated random amplification of polymorphic DNA (RAPD) technique in the analysis of DNA and specific genes in plant cells at different stages of regeneration in in vitro cultures. We demonstrate that both procedures can be used to differentiate reproducibly between closely related species as well as to reveal levels of DNA polymorphism in regenerated plants. We also demonstrate that both procedures, using protocols that we have developed, are applicable at all tissue culture stages, from single isolated protoplasts to regenerated plants. Possible explanations for the variation levels detected in regenerated wheat plants are advanced.     

金弹总DNA提取及RAPD体系优化

以金弹叶片为材料,研究其总DNA提取方法及RAPD-PCR条件。结果表明,用改良CTAB法Ⅱ提取的DNA适于RAPD分析;优化的金弹RAPD-PCR体系为:反应体积20μl,Mg²⁺2.5 mmol/L、dNTP 0.25 mmol/L、引物0.20μmol/L、模板DNA 1.0 ng/μl和1 U Taq DNA聚合酶。相应的扩增程序为:94℃预变性3 min;94℃变性45 s,37℃复性60 s,72℃延伸120 s,循环45次;72℃延伸10 min,4℃结束。     

RAPD技术在玉米自交系亲缘关系研究中的应用

通过对我国正在使用的１２个玉米骨干自交系的ＲＡＰＤ分析,从２２０个Ｏｐｅｒｏｎ引物中筛选出１２个能产生稳定的遗传多态性的引物,利用这些引物扩增出的指纹图谱,进行聚类分析,可将全部供试自交系分成３个类群,第１类群包括黄早４系统的５个自交系;第２类群包括４７８和４８８两个姊妹系;第３类群包括５个关系较远的自交系,其中３个来自美国,１个是全部中国血统,１个既有美国血统又有中国血统。这个结果与根据各个自交     

Sexing birds using random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers

We used random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers to sex birds from small tissue (usually blood) samples. Arbitrarily chosen 10-mer PCR primers were screened with DNA from known-sex individuals for the production of a bright female-specific band. Suitable primers were found for seven bird species after screening about 30 primers (range 2–63), and no primer was found for three other species after screening about 50 primers for each species. Investigations into the reliability of RAPD markers for sexing great tits Parus major and oystercatchers Haematopus ostralegus show that: (i) when PCR reaction conditions for great tit DNA are varied, either the presence of the female-specific band correctly predicts the individual's sex or no DNA amplification occurs; (ii) the female-specific band in great tits can be sequenced, and subsequently amplified using specific PCR primers; (iii) null alleles of the female-specific fragment occur at an estimated frequency of 0% ( n = 241 females) in great tits and 0.6% ( n > 290 females) in oystercatchers; (iv) the female-specific fragment in great tits occurs in individuals from a wide geographical range encompassing two subspecies; and (v) the relative intensity of bands in great tit RAPD banding profiles is consistent across individual birds and scorers. The RAPD primers that we have identified are generally species specific, and the consequent time cost of screening for primers is the chief disadvantage of using RAPD markers to sex birds. However, with large sample sizes this disadvantage is outweighed by the relative technical simplicity and low cost of the technique.     

Use of DNA from dry leaves for PCR and RAPD analysis

Fresh or frozen tissue is usually used as a source of DNA for PCR and RAPD analysis. We have found that leaves can be allowed to dry at room temperature before extraction of DNA. Heating the leaves or microwave drying resulted in poor recovery of DNA. Storage of fresh leaves in paper envelopes in the laboratory was the most successful approach. This allowed the tissue to dry out over a period of several days and DNA could be extracted at any time, providing a convenient method for the collection and analysis of field material. DNA from leaves stored for four months at room temperature was suitable for PCR analysis.     

柚类种质资源RAPD标记研究的引物筛选

利用 10 0个 10碱基随机引物 ,对柚类 4个品种酸柚、沙田柚、文旦柚和泰国柚进行了RAPD标记的引物筛选研究 ,结果为无扩增产物的引物 18个 ,在 1、 2、 3个和所有 4个样品中有扩增产物的引物数分别为 2 0、 13、 2 5和 2 4个 ;读取了 12个在所有 4个样品中都有扩增产物的引物的 RAPD带 ,计算了样品间 RAPD多态性位点的百分率为 60 .6% ;计算了样品间的相似系数和遗传距离 ,并对遗传距离进行了 UPGMA聚类分析 ,论证了利用所筛选出的引物对柚类进行 RAPD标记研究的可行性和可靠性     

荔枝DNA提取及RAPD扩增条件优化

为应用RAPD技术开展对荔枝种质资源的分析,以S43(GTCGCCGTCA)为引物,通过试验设计,分别研究了退火温度、模板浓度、引物浓度、dNTP浓度、Taq DNA聚合酶用量对荔枝RAPD-PCR反应的影响。建立并优化了适宜荔枝RAPD分析的扩增体系:20μL的反应体系,30ng的模板DNA度,0.25μmol/LRAPD引物、1.0UTaqDNA聚合酶,0.2μmol/LdNTP为荔枝适宜的RAPD-PCR扩增条件。     

夏枯草DNA提取及RAPD反应条件的优化

用改进后的SDS法从夏枯草植物的新鲜叶片中提取基因组DNA,通过正交设计和单因素结合的方法对RAPD-PCR反应条件进行优化,确定了适合夏枯草DNA的最佳扩增体系:20μL的PCR反应体系中,模板DNA浓度1.0-2.0 mg/L,引物浓度1.00-1.50 mmol/L,Mg2 浓度2.0-2.5 mmol/L,dNTP浓度0.20-0.25 mmol/L,Taq酶用量0.5 U,10×BufferMg2 free 2μL,BSA浓度0.25-0.50μg/μL。     

沙田柚系列遗传关系的RAPD标记研究

采用 RAPD标记技术分析了沙田柚系列 1 2个样品的遗传关系。利用经筛选具多态性的 1 4个 1 0碱基随机引物对 1 2个样品进行 DNA随机扩增 ,获得清晰可重复的位点 99个 ,其中多态性位点 5 8个 ,占 5 8.89% ;在部分样品中检出了特异性 RAPD标记 1 9个 ,占 1 9.1 9% ;通过样品间遗传相似性系数比较与 UPGMA聚类分析 ,并根据历史事实可知 ,广西沙田柚、梅州金柚为沙田柚的无性繁殖系 ,软枝系沙田柚、沙田柚早熟单株为沙田柚的芽变后代 ,梅花早柚、菊花心沙田柚、冬瓜圈沙田柚、段氏柚、垫江沙田柚、古老钱沙田柚为沙田柚的实生变异品系。