猕猴自然感染肝片吸虫诱发胆管结石的形成

在研究肝片吸虫诱发猕猴自发性胆结石形成的病理学基础上,采用红外光谱分析、原子吸收光谱分析和组织化学染色对胆结石的成分及结构进行了测定,初步探讨了本病发生的机理。在一只９岁雌性猃猴肝总胆管内发现４条肝片吸虫（Ｆａｓｃｉｏｌａ ｈｅｐａｔｉｃａ）,胆囊胆汁中检出大量肝片吸虫虫卵。左侧胆管内有一颗棕黑色结石,直径为１ｃｍ、长约２．５ｃｍ圆柱形。肝细胞灶性坏死伴有轻度结缔组织增生,胆管腺体重度增生,上皮细     

胆囊炎和胆囊结石症是怎么回事

胆囊功能是贮存和浓缩胆汁,由肝脏分泌出来的胆汁经胆囊管排入胆囊,随着进餐后消化的需要,胆囊收缩将胆汁排至总胆管并入肠,参与消化脂肪。胆汁含有胆汁酸盐、胆固醇、磷胆及水分。且各种成份比例是一定的,保持着胆固醇的乳化、溶解状态、当胆固醇含量比例偏高时则易形成胆固醇结晶和沉淀,即所谓的结石。而胆固醇沉淀又可刺激胆囊粘膜,引起胆囊慢性炎症,胆囊的慢性炎症还会使脱落的上皮细胞及滋生的细菌进一步成为结石的核心而促使胆固醇进一步沉积。因此胆囊炎和胆石症常同时并存。患了胆囊炎和胆囊结石症,患者可有腹胀消化不良、…     

胆结石

胆结石是一种常见病,在发达国家中,40岁以上女性约有20％可患本病,男性的发病率可随年龄而增长。70岁以上者可达20％。超重者及经产妇女的发病率则更高。胆结石的分类和主要成分胆结石是胆囊或胆管内胆汁所含各种成分的结晶体,常见于胆囊和胆管内。胆汁的主要成分是胆固醇、胆盐、胆红素、蛋白质、碳酸盐、磷酸盐、钙、钠、钾及多种酶(包括葡萄糖苷酸酶和磷酸脂酶)。根据肉眼所见的胆汁的主要成分,将胆结石分为:胆固醇结石、胆色素结石、胆固醇与胆色素混合结石。在西方国家中,混合结石约占75—80％,胆色素结石约占15％,     

胆结石患者应注意怎样饮食?

饮食和胆结石有密切关系,正确的饮食可以降低胆汁中胆固醇浓度,减少胆结石发生。①进食大量蔬菜和一些水果对预防胆石形成及减少胆石症的急性发作均有重要意义。坚果、豆类、桔子抗胆石症发作的作用较明显。②少量饮酒可抑制胆结石的发生,可能由于少量酒精可促进胆固醇的分解代谢,从而抑制了胆固醇结石的形成。③高糖低纤维素饮食,可加速胆石形成,咖啡有助于胆石症急性发作,不吃早餐的习惯增加胆石症的风险,肥胖者胆石发病率高,过快地减肥而致进食脂肪量过少,不能有效地刺激胆囊收缩,使胆囊不能正常排空,有利于结石形成,高脂餐…     

牛奶可抑制胆结石症

现在患胆结石的病人越来越多,目前国外已发现一种极其方便有效的预防办法,即在睡觉前喝一杯牛奶,牛奶可以有效地防止胆结石的形成.其原理是:牛奶可起到刺激胆囊排空的作用.这样,经过一夜,胆汁不会在胆囊内浓缩,从而避免了在胆囊内形成小晶体,也就不会产生胆石.这种预防措施主要是针对已产生了结石的人.但是,假如你第二天不吃早点,那前一天晚上所喝的牛奶就无效,这就是说,至少要在第二天早     

氨肽酶N的表达及其与结石形成的关系(英文)

 为研究大鼠高胆固醇饮食时 ,肝脏氨肽酶N(APN)在实验结石形成中可能的结石发生作用 ,采用 1.2 %胆固醇饮食 4周 ,诱发新西兰兔胆囊结石形成 .根据兔APN基因cDNA序列设计引物 ,提取肝脏总RNA .利用RT PCR检测肝脏APNmRNA水平的变化 ,用组织化学方法观察肝脏毛细胆管膜上APN的表达 .观察新西兰兔胆囊结石形成过程中肝脏APN的mRNA水平的变化、APN表达及胆汁中APN活性、胆脂、总蛋白含量的变化 ,探讨APN在胆石形成中可能的作用 .经成石饲料饲养后 ,随着胆汁饱和度增加和APN活性加强 ,胆囊结石组肝脏APNmRNA水平较对照组明显增高 ,胆囊结石组胆汁中总胆固醇、CSI、总蛋白浓度及APN活性均明显高于对照组 ,且胆汁中APN活性与肝脏APN的表达及胆汁CSI增高呈正相关 .结果提示 ,当存在胆汁过饱和的情况下 ,APN很可能作为促成核因子在胆结石形成早期发挥重要作用     

胆囊细菌L型

用非高渗透压培养基培养法从常规细菌学检查阴性的慢性胆囊炎胆囊组织、胆汁及胆石中分离细菌Ｌ型,获得了８６．０２～１００％的检出率。胆囊检出的细菌Ｌ型绝大多数是稳定Ｌ型,在常规细菌学培养基或Ｌ型高渗透压琼脂培养基上不能形成可见的生长现象。沸水浴１０分钟可杀死胆囊或胆结石中的细菌Ｌ型,多种抗生素能抑制胆囊细菌Ｌ型的生长。细菌稳定Ｌ型在胆囊中如此广泛存在,可能是慢性胆囊炎与胆囊结石的重要病因。     

利用微卫星标记分析贵州白水牛与普通水牛的遗传多样性与亲缘关系

利用11对微卫星引物对贵州白水牛和6个普通水牛群体的有效等位基因数、基因杂合度、多态信息含量和遗传距离进行了分析。结果表明,11个微卫星基因座在7个水牛群体中均存在多态性,可以用于水牛的遗传多样性评估。贵州白水牛和6个普通水牛群体的平均杂合度和平均多态信息含量分别为0·7450～0·7922和0·7021～0·7605。贵州白水牛和遵义普通水牛的亲缘关系最近,遗传距离为0·0910。由UPGMA聚类法得到的系统聚类图反映了贵州白水牛和6个普通水牛群体的亲缘关系远近程度,贵州白水牛没有单独聚为一类,而是与同分布区的遵义普通水牛首先聚类,然后依次与其余地区的普通水牛聚类。研究提出了贵州白水牛应是其产地的普通水牛群体中的一个突变群的见解,为开展贵州白水牛的遗传资源评估、保护与利用提供了分子水平的遗传学依据。     

清胆颗粒利胆作用的实验研究

目的：通过研究清胆颗粒对正常大鼠及模型动物胆汁及病理组织的影响,确定其利胆功效,为临床应用提供依据.方法：采用胆管引流法测定清胆颗粒对正常大鼠胆汁量的影响;应用石胆酸（lithocholic acid,LCA）造成豚鼠胆囊炎模型,测定其对模型动物肝重、肝指数、胆囊容积及胆囊病理组织的影响.结果：清胆颗粒能显著增加正常大鼠胆汁流量,明显减轻模型动物肝湿重和肝指数,缩小胆囊容积,能明显降低胆汁中TB、DB及UCB/TB含量,对Ca^2＋增高有明显的抑制作用,对模型动物胆囊粘膜上皮增生有明显的抑制作用.结论：清胆颗粒具有显著的利胆作用.     

干扰素(α-2b)治疗慢性乙型肝炎的肝病理及血清学研究

观察干扰素α－２ｂ（安达芬）治疗１８周后的慢性乙型肝炎患者肝组织学及血清ＨＢＶ ＤＮＡ等变化。采用肝组织损伤程度ｋｎｏｄｅｌｌ计分法、免疫组织化学及血清ＨＢＶ ＤＮＡ定量检测对２２例病人治疗前后进行比较。治疗结束时有５５％（１２／２２）病人肝组织学活动指数得以改善（肝组织学活动指数减少≥２分）,其中１６例肝组织炎症活动度（Ｇ）≥３者治疗前后肝组织学活动指数有明显降低（Ｐ〈０．０５）,而Ｇ≤２的６例     

Dynorphin B-like immunoreactivity in gastroduodenal biopsy specimens from gallstone patients.

Dynorphin B-like immunoreactivity (ir-dyn B) was measured by a validated radio-immunoassay in gastroduodenal biopsy specimens from control and gallstone patients. Levels were significantly lower in acetic acid extracts of specimens of the transverse portion of the duodenum from gallstone patients. Gel permeation chromatography showed that almost all ir-dyn B in duodenal samples corresponded to a molecular form co-eluting with authentic dyn B. Duodenal extracts from gallstone patients had less of this form. Reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography of the pooled gel chromatography fractions showed up a molecular form with the same retention time as synthetic dyn B which was significantly less in fractions from duodenal extracts of gallstone patients. These results indicate the occurrence of dyn B in the human gastrointestinal tract; however, at this stage of our understanding, no causal relationship can be demonstrated with functional alterations of the biliary tree.     

Activation of heterotrimeric G proteins by a high energy phosphate transfer via nucleoside diphosphate kinase (NDPK) B and Gbeta subunits. Specific activation of Gsalpha by an NDPK B.Gbetagamma complex in H10 cells

Formation of GTP by nucleoside diphosphate kinase (NDPK) can contribute to G protein activation in vitro. To study the effect of NDPK on G protein activity in living cells, the NDPK isoforms A and B were stably expressed in H10 cells, a cell line derived from neonatal rat cardiomyocytes. Overexpression of either NDPK isoform had no effect on cellular GTP and ATP levels, basal cAMP levels, basal adenylyl cyclase activity, and the expression of G(s)alpha and G(i)alpha proteins. However, co-expression of G(s)alpha led to an increase in cAMP synthesis that was largely enhanced by the expression of NDPK B, but not NDPK A, and that was confirmed by direct measurement of adenylyl cyclase activity. Cells expressing an inactive NDPK B mutant (H118N) exhibited a decreased cAMP formation in response to G(s)alpha. Co-immunoprecipitation studies demonstrated a complex formation of the NDPK with Gbetagamma dimers. The overexpression of NDPK B, but not its inactive mutant or NDPK A, increased the phosphorylation of Gbeta subunits. In summary, our data demonstrate a specific NDPK B-mediated activation of a G protein in intact cells, which is apparently caused by formation of NDPK B.Gbetagamma complexes and which appears to contribute to the receptor-independent activation of heterotrimeric G proteins.     

Effect of clostridium butyricum on the formation and dissolution of gallstones in experimental cholesterol cholelithiasis

The effect of oral administration of $\text{Clostridium butyricum Miyairi}$ on the formation and dissolution of gallstones was examined in a mouse model of cholesterol cholelithiasis, in comparison with that of chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA). A diet containing cholesterol and sodium cholate was used as a lithogenic diet. The feeding of the lithogenic diet containing 1.0 × 10⁸ cells of this bacterium per g for five weeks prevented the formation of gallstones, resulted in lower values of the gallstone index, incidence and cholesterol content of gallstones than those of untreated group by 46, 43 and 46% in order. Furthermore, after mice were maintained on the lithogenic diet for five weeks, subsequent bacterial treatment exhibited a marked gallstone dissolution effect. The feeding of 10⁸ cells/g was effective for the prevention of gallstone formation and dissolution of gallstones, but that of 10⁶ cells/g was not significantly effective. The gallstone index of the bacterium-treated group was lower than that of CDCA-treated group during the period of experiment, but there was no difference in the cholesterol content of gallstones between these two groups, which suggests a different mechanism of action of the bacterium from that of CDCA.     

Cytokine single nucleotide polymorphisms in patients’ with gallstone: dose TGF-β gene variants affect gallstone formation?

Gallstone is a common biliary disorder with several risk factors. Immune responses and inflammatory cytokines are important in this disease; as a result, some cytokines can be detected in bile fluid. In this research, cytokine gene polymorphisms were studied, and their effects on gallstone formation were evaluated. On 158 gallstone patients and 254 normal subjects, by PCR- RFLP method, IL-4-C590T polymorphism and by ARMS-PCR method, IFN-γ T+874A, TNF-α-A308G, IL-6 G-174C and TGF-β T+869C variants were studied. Pathologic evaluations were done on surgical specimens. There were no significant differences in distribution of evaluated polymorphisms between patient group and normal control group (P > 0.05), except TGF-β +869T allele (P = 0.04, OR = 1.23, 95 % CI = 1–1.79) which was higher in patients with gallstone. Although the pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α and IL-6 may promote gallstone formation, in this study no significant correlation between TNF-α and IL-6 polymorphisms and gallstone formation was seen. It is taught that TGF-β may affect gallbladder cells to promote gallstone formation and higher producer TGF-β +869T allele can be a risk factor of gallstone disease, so further studies would be more elucidative.     

Cdc25B在小鼠受精卵的表达和定位

为阐明细胞分裂周期(Cdc)25B调控小鼠受精卵发育的机制,利用Western印迹检测小鼠受精卵各时期Cdc25B的表达及Cdc2-Tyr15的磷酸化状态。利用间接免疫荧光技术观察Cdc25B在小鼠受精卵的定位。构建pEGFP-Cdc25B融合表达载体并显微注射到受精卵中,观察Cdc25B在受精卵M期的定位变化。结果表明Cdc25B在G1和S期被磷酸化,在G2和M期去磷酸化。Cdc2-Tyr15在G1和S期处于磷酸化状态,G2期只检测到Cdc2-Tyr15轻微的磷酸化信号,M期未检测到任何Cdc2-Tyr15的磷酸化信号。Cdc25B在G1期定位于细胞质和细胞核中,S和G2期定位于细胞质的皮质部分,M期由细胞质转向核区。证明Cdc25B核输出后激活有丝分裂促进因子,从而启动小鼠受精卵的有丝分裂。     

Quantitation of aflatoxin B1 and aflatoxin B1 antibody by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent microassay.

A specific microtest plate enzyme immunoassay has been developed for the rapid quantitation of aflatoxin B1 at levels as low as 25 pg per assay. Multiple-site injection of rabbits with an aflatoxin B1 carboxymethyloxime-bovine serum albumin conjugate was used for the production of hyperimmune sera. Dilutions of the purified antibody were air dried onto microplates previously treated with bovine serum albumin and glutaraldehyde and then incubated with an aflatoxin B1 carboxymethyloxime-horseradish peroxidase conjugate. The amount of enzyme bound to antibody was determined by monitoring the change in absorbance at 414 nm after the addition of a substrate solution consisting of hydrogen peroxide and 2,2'-azino-di-3-ethyl-benzthiazoline-6-sulfonate. Antibody titers determined in this manner closely correlated with those determined by radioimmunoassay. Competition assays as performed by incubation of different aflatoxin analogs with the peroxidase conjugate showed that aflatoxins B1 and B2 and aflatoxicol caused the most inhibition of conjugate binding to antibody. Aflatoxins G1 and G2 inhibited the conjugate binding to a lesser degree, whereas aflatoxins M1 and B2a had no effect of the assay.     

Attenuation of luteolytic response following fish meal supplementation in dairy buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis)

Luteolysis of corpus luteum, due to un-inhibited PGF(2α) secretion, has been reported to be a cause of early embryonic mortality in dairy animals. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of fish meal (FM) supplementation on the uterine secretion of PGF(2α) and hence establish its supplementation as an antiluteolytic strategy in dairy buffaloes. Five cycling Murrah buffaloes were supplemented with 250g FM daily for 55 days in addition to their routine feed and seven buffaloes were kept as non-supplemented control. After 30 days of FM supplementation, the oestrus was synchronized in all the buffaloes using Ovsynch protocol. On day 15 of synchronized cycle, animals were challenged with oxytocin (OT; 100IU) intravenously and blood samples were collected at 15min interval, 1h before to 4h after OT challenge. The PGF(2α) response was measured as the venous concentration of 13,14-dihydro-15-keto PGF(2α) (PGFM). The mean hourly concentration of PGFM in FM supplemented buffaloes was lower than in the control buffaloes at all the occasions. During peak response (1h post-OT challenge), PGFM concentration was significantly lower (P<0.05) in FM supplemented buffaloes than in the control (197.4±41.7pg/ml versus 326.3±33.5pg/ml, respectively). Also the percent rise in PGFM after OT-challenge in FM supplemented buffaloes was less than the control (11.73% versus 22.47%). The dietary supplementation did not affect the size of corpus luteum (CL) and plasma progesterone concentration. Plasma glucose and total protein concentrations remained within the normal physiological limits during FM supplementation. The present study indicated that supplementing FM decreased the concentrations of PGF(2α) without alterations in the size of CL and plasma progesterone concentrations in dairy buffaloes.     

云南水牛的同期发情、超数排卵和胚胎移植试验

为探讨水牛胚胎移植的效果 ,于 2 0 0 2年对云南水牛进行了胚胎移植试验 :①用国产氯前列烯醇(PG) 0 6mg/头·次处理供、受体水牛的同期发情率和可用率分别为 4 3 33% (13/ 30 )和 16 6 7% (5 / 30 ) ;同期发情率经产水牛高于青年水牛 (P =0 0 86 ) ,杂交水牛高于德宏水牛 (P =0 15 3) ,体重 4 0 1～ 5 30kg水牛显著高于体重 30 0～ 4 0 0kg水牛 (P <0 0 5 ) ;发情明显水牛的可用率极显著高于发情不明显的水牛 (P <0 0 1)。②选用河流型摩拉水牛与沼泽型德宏水牛的杂交一代 5头为供体 ,分进口激素组 (n =2 )和国产激素组 (n =3)进行超数排卵 ,共有 2头获 9枚胚胎 ;进口激素组供体的平均获胚数和可移植胚数分别为 2 0枚和 1 5枚 ,比国产激素组分别多 0 33枚 (P =0 4 5 4 )和 1 17枚 (P =0 2 88)。③所获 4枚可用鲜胚分别移植 3头受体 ,结果 90d的妊娠率为 33 33% ,但最终无一头产犊。试验结果表明使用进口FSH 2 4mg +PG (Lutalyse○R) 35mg和国产FSH 11mg +PG 0 8mg对水牛超数排卵有效 ,同时提示需要足够数量的受体 ,从中选用发情表现明显、黄体发育良好的进行胚胎移植 ,才能取得良好效果。