辐射传输模型多尺度反演植被理化参数研究进展

植被是生态系统最重要的组成成分之一,许多与植被有关的物质能量交换过程都与植被的理化参数密切相关,因此定量估算植被的理化参数含量对监测植被生长状况、森林火灾预警以及研究全球碳氮循环过程等都具有重要意义.在众多定量反演植被理化参数的方法中,基于数学、物理学以及生物学的基本理论建立起来的辐射传输模型受到越来越多的关注.辐射传输模型描述了植被与入射辐射之间的相互作用过程和特征,相对于传统的经验/半经验方法,辐射传输模型物理意义明确,具有稳定性和可移植性强的特点.在分析国内外最新相关研究的基础上,首先从植被叶片、冠层和像元3个不同的尺度阐述反演植被理化参数的辐射传输模型.叶片尺度上主要介绍PROSPECT模型和LIBERTY模型;冠层尺度上主要介绍SAIL冠层辐射传输模型以及PROSPECT与SAIL耦合的PROSAIL叶片-冠层辐射传输模型;像元尺度的植被理化参数反演目前主要采用冠层尺度的辐射传输模型.其次,分析尺度变化下植被理化参数遥感反演所面临的主要问题,如不同尺度下模型参数敏感性的变化、辐射传输模型的选取以及混合像元的影响等.最后,总结展望植被理化参数反演多模型与多种数据源相互结合的研究趋势,以及将来具有高空间分辨率的高光谱遥感卫星升空后所带来的发展前景.     

植被含水量高光谱遥感监测研究进展

植被含水量是陆地植被重要的生物物理特征, 其定量遥感反演有助于植被干旱胁迫的实时监测与诊断评估。该文系统综述了国内外利用高光谱遥感评估植被水分状况的4个常见植被水分指标——冠层含水量、叶片等量水厚度、活体可燃物湿度和相对含水量的概念及其遥感估算方法研究进展, 评述了植被含水量高光谱遥感估算各类方法的优缺点, 探讨了植被含水量高光谱遥感估算目前存在的问题, 并提出进一步的研究任务, 即服务于植被干旱胁迫的高光谱遥感监测、预警与评估。     

Research progress on monitoring vegetation water content by using hyperspectral remote sensing

植被含水量是陆地植被重要的生物物理特征, 其定量遥感反演有助于植被干旱胁迫的实时监测与诊断评估。该文系统综述了国内外利用高光谱遥感评估植被水分状况的4个常见植被水分指标——冠层含水量、叶片等量水厚度、活体可燃物湿度和相对含水量的概念及其遥感估算方法研究进展, 评述了植被含水量高光谱遥感估算各类方法的优缺点, 探讨了植被含水量高光谱遥感估算目前存在的问题, 并提出进一步的研究任务, 即服务于植被干旱胁迫的高光谱遥感监测、预警与评估。     

影响黄土高原地物光谱反射率的非均匀因子及反照率参数化研究

通过应用高光谱反射仪进行各种植被覆盖度地物的同期观测,分析不同地物光谱反射率和宽波段反照率的差异,得出:除太阳高度角的影响外,植被的不同生育期及生长状况决定的叶绿素、细胞构造和含水量等要素都会影响植物光谱反射率;基于归一化植被指数( NDVI)、归一化植被水分指数(NDWI)、土壤体积含水量以及参考对象的光谱曲线建立了植物光谱反射率的估算模型,能较好地反映地物光谱反射率特征;基于地物波谱反射率估算得到的全波段反照率误差在0.02范围内,可以作为反照率遥感反演和转换的依据;该方法也为高光谱遥感在反照率等陆面过程参数尺度耦合和转换过程中应用奠定了基础.     

植被叶面积指数遥感反演的尺度效应及空间变异性

遥感作为宏观生态学研究中数据获取的一种便捷手段,有助于把握较大尺度内生态学现象的特征.应用遥感数据反演LAI时,由于像元的异质性,不同尺度遥感数据之间的转换是遥感发展的一个重要问题.以河北省黄骅市为研究区,在利用TM和MODIS遥感数据对芦苇LAI反演误差产生原因进行分析的基础上,利用半变异函数对像元空间异质性进行了定量描述.发现NDVI算法的非线性带给LAI尺度转换的误差很小,而LAI的空间异质性则是引起LAI尺度效应的根本原因.并且当像元内空间异质性很大时半变异函数的基台值比纯像元要大得多,空间自相关的程度是引起LAI尺度转换误差的主要原因;反之,像元内空间异质性不大时,随机误差是引起LAI尺度转换误差的主要原因.当像元为纯像元时,由像元异质性引起的反演误差基本可以忽略.此外,研究区芦苇的空间相关有效尺度约为360m,超过此距离空间相关性则不复存在.     

遥感反演植被含氮量研究进展

植被含氮量表征植被氮素状态。它作为植被生长状况的重要指标,在生态系统健康状况检测、生态系统生产估测、精准农业、生态系统干扰评估等方面均有重要意义。遥感监测植被含氮量主要基于高光谱和多光谱数据,采用的算法包括经验方法(波谱指数与回归分析)及物理方法(辐射传输模型法)。但受数据源和研究方法的局限,目前植被氮含量遥感监测局限于区域范围较小且内部植被类型与环境条件(气候、地形等)基本一致的情形,而对复杂生态系统的监测能力不足。未来的研究需针对氮沉降和人类活动的生态系统响应这一重大研究需求,发展和改进现有植被含氮量遥感反演方法。可考虑开展对不同环境条件下、不同类型植被光谱曲线进行标准化的研究,以形成普适的植被含氮量反演方法。并考虑综合运用多种数据(如微波遥感、无人机遥感),形成多尺度同步监测,以提高遥感对区域乃至全球范围内植被氮含量常规监测的能力。     

多尺度遥感数据协同的干旱地区植被覆盖度提取

纯植被像元获取是植被覆盖信息遥感反演的必要环节。干旱地区植被分布零散稀疏,使用中、低分辨率遥感数据提取植被覆盖度时,难以获取纯植被像元,致使植被覆盖度提取精度较低。针对上述问题,本文提出一种基于多尺度遥感数据协同的干旱区植被覆盖度反演方法。该方法利用空间分辨率较高的Landsat-8 OLI数据确定纯植被像元,考虑到不同传感器之间的光谱差异,使用实测地物光谱数据进行光谱转换,代替中等分辨率MODIS数据的纯植被像元,应用于像元二分模型,选择典型的干旱区新疆阜康市为研究区,进行植被覆盖度反演实验,最后使用无人机航拍影像对反演结果进行精度验证。结果表明,植被覆盖度反演结果精度较高,与实测值间存在较高的相关性(R2=0.75),均方根误差较低(RMSE=0.10)。该方法能够有效提高干旱区植被覆盖度反演精度,可为利用中低分辨率数据研究干旱地区生态环境变化提供一种新思路。     

遥感技术在鸟类生态学研究中的应用

获取鸟类活动及生境信息是鸟类生态学研究的基础, 而遥感技术弥补了传统野外调查方法的缺陷, 提供了获取多种信息的新途径。应用遥感技术的鸟类生态学研究热点从最初的种群行为观察, 到栖息地选择, 再到生境适宜性、破碎化及人为干扰探究等, 随着技术的不断发展也在扩展和变化。不同波段或组合下的遥感技术各有所长。光学遥感应用广泛, 尤其是信息量较大的红外波段图像和作为野外鸟巢及物种活动监测常用工具的红外相机; 多光谱图像常用于栖息地制图以及地物识别, 高空间分辨率的数据甚至可对鸟类种群进行直接计数; 高光谱数据则可对光谱特征相似的地物进行更为精确的区分和反演; 激光雷达遥感主要用于栖息地植被结构的三维探测, 为了解鸟类栖息地选择提供更好的依据。微波遥感在飞鸟探测上应用颇多, 近年来多极化数据在复杂栖息地精确制图上也具有优势, 但成本较高、解译复杂且推广度较低。在实际应用中, 遥感数据时空尺度的选择会影响研究结果, 部分遥感反演参数也缺乏生态学意义。多源遥感数据的结合应用能够提升制图分类的精度, 实现数据的时空分辨率互补, 优化鸟类生态研究所需参数。未来的遥感技术在鸟类生态学中的应用应致力于提供更加明确的光谱信息、相对简便的解译方法, 以及更为合理的多源数据组合方式等。     

高光谱与拟合多光谱植被指数反演武夷山亚高山草甸LAI的对比研究

植被叶面积指数(LeafAreaIndex,LAI)是重要的生态学参数,被广泛用于指示植被密度、生物量、碳、氮物质循环以及气候变化对生态系统的影响,也作为生态过程模型的重要输入参数。地面实测高光谱遥感数据能以更高的空间分辨率及更高的光谱分辨率监测植物的光谱特征,为精准反演LAI提供了基础。本项研究以武夷山国家公园黄岗山顶的亚高山草甸为研究对象,通过建立多种高光谱植被指数和拟合多光谱植被指数反演叶面积指数的统计模型,并比较高光谱与多光谱对叶面积指数反演的效果,阐明用于反演高覆盖率亚高山草甸的最适高光谱和拟合多光谱植被指数。结果表明:高光谱新植被指数(NVI)对于反演LAI有最好的效果, R²=0.85, P <0.01;依据高光谱NVI拟合而成的多光谱NVI反演结果次之, R²=0.82, P <0.01。几种常用比值植被指数NDVI、MSR、RVI和GNDVI在高光谱和拟合多光谱反演结果中相差不大,表现较好,R²都在0.65以上。通过对比高光谱和拟合Sentinel-2A和Landsat-8两种多光谱卫星波段...     

乌梁素海湿地芦苇最大羧化速率的高光谱遥感

湿地植被生产力和固碳潜力的研究是全球碳循环和全球变化的热点研究问题。湿地植被的光合能力能够指示其生长的健康状态。最大羧化速率是重要的植被光合参数之一,对精确模拟湿地植被光合作用和气体交换模型中的固碳过程具有重要的作用。以内蒙古乌梁素海湖泊湿地为研究区,进行了芦苇叶片光合参数和光谱的测量。芦苇叶片最大羧化速率(V_(cmax))数值是基于Farquhar光合作用模型,从光合测量获取的A-C_i曲线计算并校正到25℃得到的。分别基于bootstrap PLSR模型、单波段和高光谱植被指数(包括简单比值指数SR和归一化差值指数ND),构建湿地芦苇叶片最大羧化速率(V_(cmax))估算模型。基于高光谱遥感图像HJ-1A HSI,采用ND高光谱指数中具有较高V_(cmax)估算精度的入选波段702和756 nm,获取研究区湿地芦苇最大羧化速率空间分布图。研究结果表明,湿地植被光谱特征和高光谱植被指数,可用于估算湿地芦苇V_(cmax),其中最高精度产生于基于bootstrap PLSR模型的建模方法(R~2=0.87,RMSECV=3.90,RPD=2.72),ND高光谱指数的V_(cmax)估算精度高于SR高光谱指数的估算精度;从获取的V_(cmax)空间分布图上提取估算值,其与测量值对比,存在较好的相关性(R~2=0.80,RMSE=4.74)。     

Fractal properties of forest spatial structure

The definition of fractal dimension of natural objects, which enables to deal with scale dependence of fractal dimension is discussed. Abrupt changes of fractal dimension of spatial structure of terrestrial ecosystems are considered in the context of hierarchical paradigm. On this ground the procedure is proposed for segmentation of a territory, which takes into account the scale dependence of spatial variability of ecological parameters. Using remotely sensed data — normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and thermal radiation in the infrared band — fractal dimensions and critical scales are evaluated for different forest types with the help of software, developed for this purpose. The results obtained corroborate the potentialities of fractal approach in ecology. These methods and results can be used for discrimination of remotely sensed data; but further investigations, including detailed comparison of fractal characteristics of remotely sensed forest images with results of on-site field studies are necessary to validate them.     

基于影像纹理特征的川西南山地常绿阔叶林有效叶面积指数的空间分析

遥感是获取叶面积指数（LAI）信息的最有吸引力的选择之一,但目前基于遥感数据的叶面积指数估测精度有限.本文以川西南山地常绿阔叶林为研究对象,基于地面调查的83个20 m×20 m样地和SPOT5数据,运用灰度共生矩阵法提取影像单波段、简单波段比图和主成分图的纹理信息,以不同图像处理方式的纹理参数作为辅助变量进行地统计分析估算有效LAI（LAIe）.结果表明： LAIe与不同方式处理图像的纹理参数存在不同程度的相关性,其中,与B₁波段、B₁/B₄和PC₁的均质性呈极显著相关关系.与以归一化植被指数（NDVI）为辅助变量相比,以纹理参数B₁波段、B₁/B₄和PC₁的均质性作为辅助变量估测LAIe的精度均有所提高,分别提高5.3%、11.0%、14.5%,还能在一定程度上降低统计误差.以NDVI、PC₁均质性作为辅助变量的LAIe空间地统计估测模型最优（R²＝0.840,RMSE=0.212）.本研究结果为合理地选择除植被指数外的其他辅助变量估测区域LAI的空间分布提供了一种新的思路和方法.     

Remote sensing imagery in vegetation mapping: a review

Aims Mapping vegetation through remotely sensed images involves various considerations, processes and techniques. Increasing availability of remotely sensed images due to the rapid advancement of remote sensing technology expands the horizon of our choices of imagery sources. Various sources of imagery are known for their differences in spectral, spatial, radioactive and temporal characteristics and thus are suitable for different purposes of vegetation mapping. Generally, it needs to develop a vegetation classification at first for classifying and mapping vegetation cover from remote sensed images either at a community level or species level. Then, correlations of the vegetation types (communities or species) within this classification system with discernible spectral characteristics of remote sensed imagery have to be identified. These spectral classes of the imagery are finally translated into the vegetation types in the image interpretation process, which is also called image processing. This paper presents an overview of how to use remote sensing imagery to classify and map vegetation cover.Methods Specifically, this paper focuses on the comparisons of popular remote sensing sensors, commonly adopted image processing methods and prevailing classification accuracy assessments.Important findings The basic concepts, available imagery sources and classification techniques of remote sensing imagery related to vegetation mapping were introduced, analyzed and compared. The advantages and limitations of using remote sensing imagery for vegetation cover mapping were provided to iterate the importance of thorough understanding of the related concepts and careful design of the technical procedures, which can be utilized to study vegetation cover from remote sensed images.     

采用广义加法模型整合数字高程模型和遥感数据进行植被分布预测

为了采用广义加法模型整合数字高程模型和遥感数据进行植被分布的预测, 并探索耦合环境变量和遥感数据作为预测变量是否能够有效地提高植被分布预测的精度, 选择海拔、坡度、至黄河最近距离、至海岸线最近距离, 以及从SPOT5遥感影像中提取的光谱变量作为预测变量, 采用广义加法模型整合环境变量和光谱变量, 建立植被分布预测模型。研究设置3种建模情景(以环境变量作为预测变量, 以光谱变量作为预测变量, 综合使用环境变量与光谱变量作为预测变量)对黄河三角洲的优势植被类型的分布进行了预测, 并对预测结果采用偏差分析、受试者工作特征曲线和野外采样点对比等3种方法进行了验证。结果表明: (1)基于广义加法模型的植被分布预测方法具有一定的实用性, 可以较为准确地预测植被的分布; 盖度较高的植被类型预测精度较高, 盖度较低的植被类型预测精度较低, 植物群落结构的特点是出现这些差异的主要原因; 综合使用环境变量和光谱变量作为预测变量的模型, 预测精度高于单独以环境变量或者光谱变量作为预测变量的模型。(2)环境变量、光谱变量大多被选入模型, 二者均对植被分布预测有重要的作用; 同一预测变量在不同植被类型的预测模型中的贡献不同, 这与植被的光谱、环境特征差异有关; 同一预测变量在不同的建模情景下对模型的贡献不同, 环境变量与光谱变量的耦合效应可能是导致预测变量对模型的贡献出现变化的原因。     

The Complicate Observations and Multi-Parameter Land Information Constructions on Allied Telemetry Experiment (COMPLICATE)

The Complicate Observations and Multi-Parameter Land Information Constructions on Allied Telemetry Experiment (COMPLICATE) comprises a network of remote sensing experiments designed to enhance the dynamic analysis and modeling of remotely sensed information for complex land surfaces. Two types of experimental campaigns were established under the framework of COMPLICATE. The first was designed for continuous and elaborate experiments. The experimental strategy helps enhance our understanding of the radiative and scattering mechanisms of soil and vegetation and modeling of remotely sensed information for complex land surfaces. To validate the methodologies and models for dynamic analyses of remote sensing for complex land surfaces, the second campaign consisted of simultaneous satellite-borne, airborne, and ground-based experiments. During field campaigns, several continuous and intensive observations were obtained. Measurements were undertaken to answer key scientific issues, as follows: 1) Determine the characteristics of spatial heterogeneity and the radiative and scattering mechanisms of remote sensing on complex land surfaces. 2) Determine the mechanisms of spatial and temporal scale extensions for remote sensing on complex land surfaces. 3) Determine synergist inversion mechanisms for soil and vegetation parameters using multi-mode remote sensing on complex land surfaces. Here, we introduce the background, the objectives, the experimental designs, the observations and measurements, and the overall advances of COMPLICATE. As a result of the implementation of COMLICATE and for the next several years, we expect to contribute to quantitative remote sensing science and Earth observation techniques.     

Using a sub-pixel mapping model to improve the accuracy of landscape pattern indices

The assessment of landscape spatial patterns is a key issue in landscape management. Landscape pattern indices (LPIs) are tools appropriate for analyzing landscape spatial patterns. LPIs are often derived from raster land cover maps that are extracted from remotely sensed data through hard classification. However, pixel-based hard classification methods suffer from the mixed pixel problem (in which pixels contain more than one land cover class), making for inaccurate classification maps and LPIs. In addition, LPIs generated by hard classification methods are characterized by grain sizes (the sampling unit sizes) that limit the derived landscape pattern to a certain scale. Sub-pixel mapping (SPM) models can enable fine-scale estimation of the spatial patterns of land cover classes without requiring additional data; hence, this is an appropriate downscaling method for land cover mapping. The fraction images generated by soft classification estimate the area proportion of each land cover class within each pixel, and using these images as input enables SPM models to alleviate the mixed pixel problem. At the same time, by transforming fraction images into a finer-scaled hard classification map, SPM models can minimize the influence of grain size on LPIs calculation. In this research, simulated landscape thematic patterns that can provide different landscape spatial patterns, eight commonly used LPIs and a SPM model that maximizes the spatial dependence between neighbouring sub-pixels were applied to assess the efficiency of deriving LPIs from sub-pixel model maps. Results showed that the SPM model can more precisely characterize landscape patterns than hard classification methods can. Landscape fragmentation, class abundance, the uncertainty in SPM, and the spatial resolution of the remotely sensed data influenced LPIs derived from sub-pixel maps. The largest patch index, landscape division, and patch cohesion derived from remotely sensed data with different spatial resolutions through the SPM model were suitable for inter-comparison, whereas the patch density, mean patch area, edge density, landscape shape index, and area-weighted mean shape index derived from the sub-pixel maps were sensitive to the spatial resolution of the remotely sensed data.     

Assessing species density and abundance of tropical trees from remotely sensed data and geostatistics

Question: What relationships exist between remotely sensed measurements and field observations of species density and abundance of tree species? Can these relationships and spatial interpolation approaches be used to improve the accuracy of prediction of species density and abundance of tree species? Location: Quintana Roo, Yucatan peninsula, Mexico. Methods: Spatial prediction of species density and abundance of species for three functional groups was performed using regression kriging, which considers the linear relationship between dependent and explanatory variables, as well as the spatial dependence of the observations. These relationships were explored using regression analysis with species density and abundance of species of three functional groups as dependent variables, and reflectance values of spectral bands, computed NDVI (normalized difference vegetation index), standard deviation of NDVI and texture measurements of Landsat 7 Thematic Mapper (TM) imagery as explanatory variables. Akaike information criterion was employed to select a set of candidate models and calculate model‐averaged parameters. Variogram analysis was used to analyze the spatial structure of the residuals of the linear regressions. Results: Species density of trees was related to reflectance values of TM4, NDVI and spatial heterogeneity of land cover types, while the abundance of species in functional groups showed different patterns of association with remotely sensed data. Models that accounted for spatial autocorrelation improved the accuracy of estimates in all cases. Conclusions: Our approach can substantially increase the accuracy of the spatial estimates of species richness and abundance of tropical tree species and can help guide and evaluate tropical forest management and conservation.     

基于HJ1B和ALOS/PALSAR数据的森林地上生物量遥感估算

森林地上生物量的精确估算能够减小碳储量估算的不确定性。为了探寻一种有效地提高森林生物量估算精度的方法,探讨了基于遥感物理模型和经验统计模型估算山地森林地上生物量的方法。首先,基于Li-Strahler几何光学模型和多元前向模式(MFM)进行模型模拟,结合查找表算法(LUT)从多光谱图像HJ1B估算贺兰山研究区的森林地上生物量。其次,采用统计方法建立了2种回归模型:(1)多光谱图像HJ1B进行混合像元分解(SMA),并与雷达图像ALOS/PALSAR进行图像融合建立生物量回归模型;(2)雷达图像ALOS/PALSAR后向散射系数和实测生物量建立了生物量回归模型。用实测数据对3种算法估算结果进行精度验证。研究结果表明:采用几何光学模型和MFM算法估算的森林地上生物量精度最好(决定系数R2=0.61,均方根误差RMSE=8.33 t/hm2,P0.001),其估算地上生物量与实测值一致性较好,估算生物量精度略优于SMA估算的精度(R2=0.60,RMSE=9.417 t/hm2);ALOS/PALSAR多元回归估算的精度最差(R2=0.39,RMSE=14.89 t/hm2)。由此可见,采用几何光学模型和混合像元分解SMA适合估算森林地上生物量,利用这2种方法进行森林地上生物量遥感监测研究具有一定的应用潜力。     

多尺度遥感综合监测我国北方典型草原区植被盖度

利用多尺度遥感影像综合进行全球和区域尺度的土地利用/覆盖变化(LUCC)研究是最近全球变化研究的重要方向之一。本文综合利用野外群落样方、数字相机、ETM+影像、NOAA/AVHRR影像,在遥感、GIS和GPS支持下,对我国北方典型草原区植被盖度进行了综合监测、模拟与分析。结果表明:(1) 利用经处理后的数字相机影像测量盖度的结果准确性较高,可以作为植被盖度测量的标准结果,反映真实的覆盖特征,并用以验证利用其它方法测量结果的精度。(2) 利用野外1 m2样方网格法目视估测的植被盖度结果变化较大,不稳定。本次实验中,与数字相机测量结果相比,样方估测的盖度普遍偏高,平均偏差为9.92%;但两者相关性较好(r2=0.89)。(3) 采用Gutman模型ETM+影像、NOAA/AVHRR影像反演植被盖度的结果与数字相机测量结果偏差分别为7.03%、7.83%,ETM+像元分解NOAA像元后得到的植被盖度与数字相机测量结果偏差5.68%。三者与数字相机测量结果的相关系数r2分别为0.78、0.61和0.76。(4)利用野外实测植被盖度数据直接与NOAA-NDVI影像建立统计模型估算植被盖度的精度较低(r2=0.65),而通过空间分辨率介于两者之间的ETM+影像进行转换后,该精度得到一定的提高(r2=0.80)。利用像元分解的方法提高了大尺度植被盖度监测的精度,是利用遥感数据进行尺     

Analysing and Correcting the Differences between Multi-Source and Multi-Scale Spatial Remote Sensing Observations

Differences exist among analysis results of agriculture monitoring and crop production based on remote sensing observations, which are obtained at different spatial scales from multiple remote sensors in same time period, and processed by same algorithms, models or methods. These differences can be mainly quantitatively described from three aspects, i.e. multiple remote sensing observations, crop parameters estimation models, and spatial scale effects of surface parameters. Our research proposed a new method to analyse and correct the differences between multi-source and multi-scale spatial remote sensing surface reflectance datasets, aiming to provide references for further studies in agricultural application with multiple remotely sensed observations from different sources. The new method was constructed on the basis of physical and mathematical properties of multi-source and multi-scale reflectance datasets. Theories of statistics were involved to extract statistical characteristics of multiple surface reflectance datasets, and further quantitatively analyse spatial variations of these characteristics at multiple spatial scales. Then, taking the surface reflectance at small spatial scale as the baseline data, theories of Gaussian distribution were selected for multiple surface reflectance datasets correction based on the above obtained physical characteristics and mathematical distribution properties, and their spatial variations. This proposed method was verified by two sets of multiple satellite images, which were obtained in two experimental fields located in Inner Mongolia and Beijing, China with different degrees of homogeneity of underlying surfaces. Experimental results indicate that differences of surface reflectance datasets at multiple spatial scales could be effectively corrected over non-homogeneous underlying surfaces, which provide database for further multi-source and multi-scale crop growth monitoring and yield prediction, and their corresponding consistency analysis evaluation.