人类基因组及后基因组研究进展及其应用与开发研究现状

人类对自身基因组的研究,随着人类基因组工作草图的绘制完成和对基因功能研究的深入已加快进入了实质性、关键性的开发利用阶段。本文概述了人类基因组及后基因组的研究进展及依此开展基因治疗及基因（组）药物研制等应用开发研究的现状。     

Synthesis and neuropharmacological evaluation of 2-aryl- and alkylapomorphines

A novel synthesis has been elaborated for the pharmacologically remarkable 2-arylapomorphines described and characterized in the last few years. This new procedure contains two alternative synthetic routes and has allowed the preparation of several hitherto unknown compounds as well. The pharmacological profile of the previously published and the novel 2-alkyl- and arylapomorphines has been determined with the application of in vitro and in vivo techniques. For 2-phenyl- (2) and 2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)apomorphines (3) the superior dopamine agonist profile has been confirmed and for the novel compounds some remarkable results have been observed.     

Isolation and structure of guinea pig gastric and pancreatic somatostatin

Somatostatin-14 has been isolated from guinea pig pancreas and stomach and purified to homogeneity by gel filtration, ion-exchange chromatography and reverse phase HPLC. Amino acid composition and sequence analysis indicated that guinea pig somatostatin from both tissues has the same structure as somatostatin-14 from all other mammalian species yet studied. The study has demonstrated that somatostatin-14 from gastric tissue has the same structure as the peptide from hypothalamus and pancreas.     

Microbial and bioconversion production of D-xylitol and its detection and application

D-Xylitol is found in low content as a natural constituent of many fruits and vegetables. It is a five-carbon sugar polyol and has been used as a food additive and sweetening agent to replace sucrose, especially for non-insulin dependent diabetics. It has multiple beneficial health effects, such as the prevention of dental caries, and acute otitis media. In industry, it has been produced by chemical reduction of D-xylose mainly from photosynthetic biomass hydrolysates. As an alternative method of chemical reduction, biosynthesis of D-xylitol has been focused on the metabolically engineered Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Candida strains. In order to detect D-xylitol in the production processes, several detection methods have been established, such as gas chromatography (GC)-based methods, high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-based methods, LC-MS methods, and capillary electrophoresis methods (CE). The advantages and disadvantages of these methods are compared in this review.     

空间和平衡理论在景观生态学中的发展和应用

传统生态学承认生态系统中平衡、稳定状态的存在 ,“自然平衡理论”是其集中体现。而近 30年来 ,非平衡理论的出现 ,使得人们对生态系统的认识发生了彻底的改变。非平衡理论认为 ,偶然事件 (如干扰等 )在生态过程中起着重要作用。随着认识的转变 ,对生态过程中的“空间”和空间异质性的理解也发生了变化 ,传统生态学总是试图回避空间动态和空间异质性问题 ,而着重强调时间格局的重要性。但在近 2 0年来 ,空间格局则得到了广泛重视。空间理论及空间格局的研究表明 ,空间异质性既可能增加生态系统和生态过程的稳定性 ,也可能降低其稳定性。分析两种变化趋势 ,指出了它们的相互关系 ,同时讨论了空间理论的发展及其在景观生态学中的应用 ,并阐述了生态平衡的含义。     

沙鼠脑缺血模型特点及应用的研究进展

脑缺血因其高的发病率而成为近年来研究的热点。用于研究脑缺血的动物模型较多,其中沙鼠因大脑基底动脉环先天性发育不完全而成为脑缺血研究的较理想模型。沙鼠脑缺血模型在研究单侧脑缺血和全脑缺血方面都具有独特的优势,在研究脑缺血后脑区的病理变化、再灌注损伤机制及开发脑保护药方面都得到十分广泛的应用。本文针对不同脑缺血模型尤其是沙鼠模型的制作方法、优缺点及应用领域,将近年来国内外相关研究文献进行较为系统的梳理和综述。     

Purification and properties of phosphoglycerate phosphomutase from spores and cells of Bacillus megaterium.

Phosphoglycerate phosphomutase has been purified to homogeneity from vegetative cells and germinated spores of Bacillus megaterium, and the spore and cell enzymes appear identical. The enzyme is a monomer of molecular weight 61,000. The compound 2,3-diphosphoglyceric acid is not required for activity, but the enzyme has an absolute and specific requirement for Mn2+. The enzyme is inhibited by ethylenediaminetetraacetate and sulfhydryl reagents, has a pH optimum of about 8.0, and has Km values for 3-phosphoglyceric acid and Mn2+ of 5 x 10(-4) and 4 x 10(-5) M, respectively.     

Molecular dynamics of zervamicin II and its analogs in water and methanol

A comparative study has been made of the molecular dynamics of zervamicin II (an antimicrobial peptide of the peptaibol group, which has channel-forming activity) in water and methanol. The influence of amino acid substitutions on the dynamics and stability of the peptide structure has been investigated. The amino acid sequence responsible for the absence of swivel motions in short peptaibols has been determined.     

我国生物信息产业的现状及问题分析

针对我国生物信息产业的现状及存在的问题进行分析,介绍了生物信息学以及生物芯片研究的现状和新技术、生物信息产业的发展,并对生物信息产业的知识产权保护问题进行了分析和讨论。对于今后如何发展我国生物信息产业以及如何采取策略和措施提供参考。     

Mechanisms of thymus organogenesis and morphogenesis

The thymus is the primary organ responsible for generating functional T cells in vertebrates. Although T cell differentiation within the thymus has been an area of intense investigation, the study of thymus organogenesis has made slower progress. The past decade, however, has seen a renewed interest in thymus organogenesis, with the aim of understanding how the thymus develops to form a microenvironment that supports T cell maturation and regeneration. This has prompted modern revisits to classical experiments and has driven additional genetic approaches in mice. These studies are making significant progress in identifying the molecular and cellular mechanisms that control specification, early organogenesis and morphogenesis of the thymus.     

Ultrasound and hydroultrasound diagnosis of colonic and rectal tumors

A method of US hydrocolonoscopy with the use of multicomponent contrast medium has been applied to examine 76 patients with tumors of the straight intestine and segmented one. Cancer has been diagnosed in 56 patients, benign tumors in 19 patients, lymphosarcoma of the blind gut has been revealed in one case. It is stated that a complex US examination of the straight and segmented intestines has a number of additional diagnostic potential in a visualization of the wall thickness, structure, tumor size and in a determination of the lesion length as compared with other radiation methods of observation. The use of survey US examination of the abdomen, USE with liquid echocontrast diagnostic medium and transrectal observation enable to solve in most cases severe problems in diagnosis and differential diagnosis of cancer of the straight intestine and segmented one.     

FOXP2 and the neuroanatomy of speech and language

That speech and language are innate capacities of the human brain has long been widely accepted, but only recently has an entry point into the genetic basis of these remarkable faculties been found. The discovery of a mutation in FOXP2 in a family with a speech and language disorder has enabled neuroscientists to trace the neural expression of this gene during embryological development, track the effects of this gene mutation on brain structure and function, and so begin to decipher that part of our neural inheritance that culminates in articulate speech.     

Genetics of asthma and atopy

The genetics of asthma and atopy has made tremendous progresses over the last couple of years. It has been known for ages that allergies and asthma are concentrating within families. Modern genetics has pinpointed some gene areas such as 5q31.1, 6p21.3, 11q13, 12q15, 14q11.1 and 16p12. Much of the information available today has been fragmentary and not always confirmed. Alleles at multiple loci are likely to be involved and the ultimate picture is most likely determined by many genetic and environmental factors.     

Molecular regulation of autophagy and apoptosis during ischemic and non-ischemic cardiomyopathy

A significant understanding of the genetic signaling pathways governing the extrinsic and intrinsic apoptotic pathways has been established. In recent years, the role of apoptosis in the heart during ischemic and non-ischemic cardiomyopathies has been under investigation and reported to contribute to ventricular remodeling and heart failure. Autophagy has been recently characterized as an essential cellular process in the heart, but whether autophagy functions as a pro-death or pro-survival program during disease conditions is still not completely understood. The mitochondrial death protein Bnip3 has been implicated in both apoptosis and autophagy, and its role in both processes is also discussed.     

Dissection of ammonium uptake systems in Corynebacterium glutamicum: mechanism of action and energetics of AmtA and AmtB

Corynebacterium glutamicum has two different Amt-type proteins. While AmtB has a low substrate affinity and is not saturable up to 3 mM methylammonium, AmtA has a high substrate affinity and mediates saturable, membrane potential-dependent transport, resulting in a high steady-state accumulation of methylammonium, even in the absence of metabolic trapping.     

Characterization of lipophilicity and antiproliferative activity of E-2-arylmethylene-1-tetralones and their heteroanalogues

A molecular library based on E-2-arylmethylene-1-tetralone has been designed and synthesized. A reversed phase high performance liquid chromatographic (RP-HPLC) method has been developed and applied to separate them and to characterize their lipophilicity. The chromatographic method applied here was suitable to separate the structural (ortho and para) isomers of compounds and was sensitive enough to differentiate their lipophilicities. The measured (k') and computer calculated (CLOGP) lipophilicity values has been compared. Good linear correlation has been found in the case of these structurally related molecules. In vitro biological assay has been performed with Methylene blue dying to investigate the antiproliferative potency of the compounds synthesized in this work. The measured (k') and calculated (CLOGP) lipophilicities of the compounds were compared with the antiproliferative activities and an optimum value of lipophilicity has been found for these compounds.     

Cytokine and anti-cytokine therapy for the treatment of asthma and allergic disease

Until recently, the only controller treatment for chronic asthma has been corticosteroids. However, identification of specific effector molecules in asthma has led to targeting of specific pathways by using cytokines and cytokine inhibitors. Administration of a monoclonal blocking antibody against IgE has been shown to be highly efficacious in severe allergic asthma, but blockade of eosinophils using anti-IL-5 monoclonal antibodies has no clinical benefit. In more severe asthma, blockade of TNF-alpha using the decoy etanercept has revealed efficacy in a small open study suggesting that Th-1 in addition to Th-2 pathways are important as the disease adopts a more severe phenotype. It is likely that asthma is not a single disease but a group of disorders which differ in the relative contribution of specific pathophysiological pathways.     

Molecular regulation of autophagy and apoptosis during ischemic and non-ischemic cardiomyopathy

A significant understanding of the genetic signaling pathways governing the extrinsic and intrinsic apoptotic pathways has been established. In recent years, the role of apoptosis in the heart during ischemic and non-ischemic cardiomyopathies has been under investigation and reported to contribute to ventricular remodeling and heart failure. Autophagy has been recently characterized as an essential cellular process in the heart, but whether autophagy functions as a pro-death or pro-survival program during disease conditions is still not completely understood. The mitochondrial death protein Bnip3 has been implicated in both apoptosis and autophagy, and its role in both processes is also discussed.     

Purification and substrate specificity of BcmI restriction endonuclease

A strain producing the new specific restriction endonuclease BcmI has been found in the Bacillus generum. The enzyme has been purified by chromatography on the blue sepharose, phosphocellulose PII, heparin sepharose. The analogous purification has been obtained when the blue sepharose has been substituted for the orange sepharose, the home produced sorbent. The BcmI enzyme has been shown by the substrate specificity definition to be an isoschizomer of the restriction endonuclease ClaI.     

Polymorphism of microsatellite DNA and study of maize genetic resources

Microsatellite loci PCR-analysis of 80 maize lines and hybrids from two regions of Ukraine has been carried out. Allelic sets individual for each maize genotype have been revealed and discrimination potential of applied marker system has been determined. Comparative analysis of frequencies of alleles and genotypes occurrence in both samples has been carried out and possible participation of the investigated SSR-loci in formation of maize adaptability system has been shown.