洗涤废水处理工艺探讨

中国作为世界上人口最多的国家,水资源人均分配量不足,南北分布差异较大,再加上城市的不断发展,一些工业也林立而起。随着工业的发展,废水的排放量也相对增加,水的污染问题日趋严重,使水资源短缺更为紧张。工厂的排放量很大,如果直接排放到自然水体中的话,就很容易造成大面积水体污染,破坏生态平衡。因此在目前我国水资源严重短缺、注重环境保护的形势下,对洗涤废水进行处理至关重要,本文就洗涤废水处理工艺进行探讨。     

印染废水脱色菌的选育及其生态特性的研究

1 前言 印染工业是太湖地区小城镇的一大工业部门。随着乡镇企业的发展,印染废水排放量逐年增加,已成为严重污染区域水环境的重点污染源之一。近年国内外报道了利用微生物对印染废水进行脱色处理的可能性,为了多途径寻找适合于乡镇企业印染废水的经济、高效的生物处理技术,本研究针对目前印染废水生物处理中的菌种适应性和作用范围问题,选育出一批对多种染料有降解作用的“土著”脱色菌,并对     

食品工业废水资源化与处置

近年来．我国食品工业技术取得了长足发展,生产成本不断下降．经济效益不断增长,但环境污染问题已逐步成为食品工业生存和发展的重要制约因素。食品工业是我国水源污染大户之一,废水COD排放量中食品工业占11％,居轻工行业第二位。另外．环境生物技术的研究重点已从单纯的污染治理转化为开发从废水或废弃物中回收化学品以及电能的有效生物反应途径。     

环保好伙伴——刚毛藻

水污染问题是世界各国高度重视的环境问题,减少废水排放量、治理污水已列入城建的重点.以我国的重工业省份山西省为例,煤焦废水、工业废水的污染尤为严重,所含污染物主要有苯系物、氟化物、氯苯类化合物和酚类化合物等.苯系物是环境中毒性较大的污染物,多存在于焦化、造纸、橡胶和家装材料等工业废水中.     

具有废水处理潜力的微生物生物修复策略

随着工业化和城市化的不断发展,废水排放量不断增加,废水污染已成为一个严重的环境问题。传统的废水处理技术如物理处理、化学处理等存在高能耗、高成本等问题,不能很好地满足废水处理的需要。基于此,文章分析了微生物修复策略在废水处理中的应用现状及研究进展,探讨了微生物生物修复策略在废水处理应用中的优势和不足,指出了今后需要加强的方面。     

基于上升性理论的重庆市生态经济系统投入产出分析

从信息论的角度入手,运用上升性理论对生态经济系统增长、发展与环境质量进行定量地描述。以重庆市为例讨论了上升性理论在生态经济系统中的应用,利用投入产出表的延长表来计算产业废弃物的排放量,并利用产业废弃物的排放量来反映环境质量状况,把环境质量变化归因于受系统总吞吐量的规模效应、技术效应和结构效应的共同影响。研究结果表明,在1990-1999年重庆市生态经济系统实物型总吞吐量年均增加7.40%,上升性(A)增加近4倍,但是平均相互信息却从0.447比特降到0.342比特,废气排放量年均增长1.1%,废水排放年均增长率达3.2%,根据上升性理论表明在这10a间重庆市生态经济系统处于不可持续的发展状况。在1999-2006年,重庆市生态经济系统实物型总吞吐量仍不断增加,但年均增加率从1999-2006年的7.40%降到3.91%,上升性(A)增加了2倍多,平均相互信息从0.342比特增加到0.478比特,废气排放量的年均下降2.5%,废水排放量年均下降3.7%,这表明在这7a间重庆市生态经济系统朝着良性方向发展。要实现重庆市的生态经济系统良性发展,需提高资源在生态经济系统中的利用效率,实现资源的循环利用,加强资源在生态经济系统中各部门之间的流通性。     

区域生态经济系统的物质输入与输出分析——以常州市武进区为例

运用物质流分析（MFA）方法,对江苏省常州市武进区生态经济系统中物质输入与输出进行了系统的分析,结果表明：（1）随着社会经济发展和人口增长,武进区物质输入总量及人均物质输入量也在增加,但递增速率均远小于GDP增长速率,而物质输出总量及人均物质输出量则呈现递减趋势;（2）在不考虑水的因素情况下,武进区物质输入量保持较快的上升速度,其中固体物质的增长速率远远大于气体物质的增长速率;物质输出量则呈总体下降趋势,其中以气体物质输出量的贡献最大,对环境造成污染的物质以气体特别是以化石燃料燃烧排放的废气和工业废气为主;（3）排除占大部分比例农业用水的上升,工业用水、城镇生活用水和地下水总量及人均利用强度都在减少;同时,总的废水排放量及人均排放量在减少,其中又以生活废水排放量的减少最快,其次是工业废水;（4）单位GDP物质输入量的变化处于波动状态,同期的单位GDP物质输出量则呈递减趋势,单位GDP用水量和单位GDP废水排放量则有相同的递减趋势,表征了武进区资源利用效率的稳步提高,区域经济增长和环境压力也在逐步脱钩。上述结果体现了武进区近年来循环经济发展模式的优势,但还存在较多问题,说明武进区在调整物质利用强度和提高资源利用效率方面还需下更大的功夫,并采取相关措施,以期提高实施循环经济战略与建设节约型社会的地位和意义。文章最后结合研究区实际情况就区域环境一经济的协调发展进行了展望,指出了物质流分析方法在应用中的一些缺陷,为今后该领域的进一步研究提供了借鉴。     

基于熵理论的山东省国家湿地公园管理绩效评价

量化评价管理绩效能为湿地公园管理措施的优化提供理论支持。选取山东省68个国家湿地公园作为研究对象,从自然环境、社会经济角度出发,选择植被覆盖率、废水排放量等8个指标构建指标体系。结合相关数据,基于熵理论定量评价国家级湿地公园的管理绩效。结果表明,（1）山东省整体总熵流为负（-0.3018）,其中41个湿地公园为负熵流,系统趋于稳定,管理绩效提升;（2）正熵流主要来自废水排放量（0.0854±0.0434）,负熵流则主要来自环保投入（-0.0802±0.0392）;（3）国民生产总值和熵流呈现负相关关系,而第一产业产值比重和第二产业产值比重均和熵流呈现正相关关系。综合经济发展和熵流评价结果,2个市的湿地公园面临高管理风险,其中菏泽市需要引起注意;山东省近海和海岸湿地的管理绩效较低,且面临高管理风险,应当优先制定、开展保护治理规划。     

L-天冬氨酸的清洁提取工艺

针对L-天冬氨酸酶法制备过程中用硫酸调pH存在的环境污染问题,探讨了利用富马酸提取L-Asp的方法,结果表明最佳提取条件为结晶温度90℃、富马酸加入量为底物溶液中富马酸量的0．65倍、最终冷却至37℃。比较硫酸和富马酸两种提取L-Asp方法发现,后者的废水排放量及废水处理费用仅为前者的1／6,是一种清洁经济的提取工艺。     

威兰胶生产废液循环利用工艺

为减少威兰胶生产过程中的废水排放量,针对威兰胶生产中废水形成的主要环节,对乙醇蒸馏母液的循环利用工艺进行初步研究。在分析乙醇蒸馏母液主要成分的基础上,对比威兰胶发酵过程的物质耗用量,以蒸馏母液作为配制培养基用水,确定威兰胶循环发酵培养基的组成,构建威兰胶生产废液循环利用的闭路工艺,达到清洁生产的目的。研究表明,与常规威兰胶发酵相比,采用闭路循环发酵工艺可节省30％KH2PO4及60％MgSO4·7H2O用量,同时产品质量浓度维持在16．8g/L左右,其黏度及流态特性指数n值分别维持在5．1 Pa·s和0．275左右。     

香蒲铅锌废水净化塘藻类、菌类生境调查及抗性藻种筛选

香蒲铅锌废水净化塘藻类、菌类生境调查及抗性藻种筛选刘玉,麦志勤胡文凤（中山大学环境科学研究所,广州５１０２７５）（华南师范大学植保系,广州５１０６４２）ＨａｂｉｔａｔＩｎｖｅｓｔｉｇａｔｉｏｎｏｆＡｌｇａｅａｎｄＢａｃｔｅｒｉａｉｎａＴｙｐｈａＰｕｒ...     

Mechanisms of cadmium detoxification in cattail (Typha angustifolia L.)

Cadmium (Cd) is a widespread heavy metal pollutant and environmental and human health hazard, which may be partially resolved using green and cost-effective phytoremediation techniques. However, the efficiency of phytoremediation is often limited by the small biomass of Cd-hyperaccumulator plants. Although cattail (Typha angustifolia L.) is tolerant of heavy metals and has a high biomass, there is little information available on its detoxification mechanisms for heavy metals, especially Cd. In the present study we investigated the tolerance of cattail to Cd and mechanisms involved in its Cd detoxification. Our results show that: (a) cattail is tolerant of Cd; (b) the root Casparian band, cell wall, vacuole, glutathione (GSH), and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) play important roles in Cd detoxification; and (c) mechanisms of Cd detoxification differ in leaf cell cytoplasm (mainly a GSH-related antioxidant defense system) and root cell cytoplasm (mainly a GSH-related chelation system). In summary, cattail possesses multiple detoxification mechanisms for Cd and is a promising species for phytoremediation of Cd-polluted environments.     

两种程度富营养化水中不同植物生理生态特性与净化能力的关系

通过模拟流水的小型无基质试验,研究了杭州地区１７种草本植物在轻度和重度富营养化水中的净化能力及其与生物量、生长速度和蒸散强度等的关系。结果表明：⑴在重度富营养化水中,提高植物生物量可大大提高对Ｎ和Ｐ等的去除率;⑵在轻度富营养化水中,同种植物不同生物量对各指标去除率的差异小于种类间净化能力的差异,选择高净化能力的种类更重要;⑶在重度富营养化水净化工程选种中,可通过植物在水中快速生长时期的生长速率判断     

含盐化工废水生物净化与藻类学指标变化

室内模拟净化实验结果表明,从实验槽的入水口至出水口至出水口,随流程和净化时间的延长,污染物浓度不断降低,藻类的种类、种类多样性指数、初级生产力不断上升,出水口最高。藻类的优势种则耐物种变为中污种,藻类的数量、叶绿素含量也不断上升,经过３２ｄ的净化到第３级池出水,藻类的数量、生物量、叶绿素ａ含量与水体ＢＯＤ５、ＣＯＤ、ＮＨ３－Ｎ、ＰＯ４－Ｐ含量关系可用一元二次方程表达。污水净化和藻类生长受温度的影响     

Phytoremediation of selenium using subsurface-flow constructed wetland

The potential of two plant species, Phragmites australis (common reed) and Typha latifolia (cattail), in the phytoremediation process of selenium (Se) was studied in subsurface-flow constructed wetland (SSF). Se was supplemented continuously at a concentration of 100 microg Se L(-1) in the inlet of the cultivation beds of the SSF. Water samples collected from the outlet of the Phragmites bed after 1, 3, 6, 9, and 12 wk of treatments showed that Se content was under detectable limits. Water samples collected from the Typha bed at the same five periods showed that Se concentrations in the outlet were 55, 47, 65, 76, and 25 microg/L, respectively. The results of bioaccumulation in the biomass of both species after 12 wk of treatment indicated that Typha plants accumulated Se mainly in fine roots. Phragmites accumulated Se mainly in leaves and rhizomes, and moderate levels were found in stems and fine organic materials. The results indicate that common reed is a very good species for Se phytoextraction and phytostabilization (immobilization) and that cattail is only a phytostabilization species. The use of common reed and cattail for Se phytoremediation in a SSF system and in constructed wetland models are discussed.     

Biomass and nutrient allocation of sawgrass and cattail along a nutrient gradient in the Florida Everglades

Biomass and nutrient allocation in sawgrass (Cladium jamaicense Crantz) and cattail (Typha domingensis Pers.) were examined along a nutrient gradient in the Florida Everglades in 1994. This north to south nutrient gradient, created by discharging nutrient-rich agricultural runoff into the northern region of Water Conservatio ea 2A, was represented by three areas (impacted, transitional and reference). Contrasting changes of plant density and size along the gradient were found for communities of both species. For the sawgrass community, more small plants were found in ref ce areas, whereas few large plants were found in impacted areas. In contrast, for the cattail community, bigger plants were found in reference areas, and smaller plants were found in impacted areas. Both species allocated approximately 60% of their total biomass to leaves and 40% to belowground tissues. However, sawgrass biomass allocation to leaves, roots, shoot bases and rhizomes (65%, 19%, 11%, and 5%, respectively) was similar among the three areas. In contrast, cattail plants growing in referen reas showed higher root allocation (27.3%), but lower leaf allocation (51.1%) than those growing in impacted areas (14.6% and 65.8% for root and leaf allocation, respectively). Cattail had higher phosphorus concentrations than sawgrass in tissues associated with growth functions (leaves, roots, and rhizomes). In contrast, sawgrass had higher phosphorus and nitrogen concentrations than cattail in tissues primarily associated with resource storage (shoot bases). From impacted to reference areas, for sawgrass, there was a decrease of leaf TP from 605 to 248 (mg/kg), root TP from 698 to 181 (mg/kg), rhizome TP from 1,139 to 142 (mg/kg), and shoot base TP from 5,412 to 400 to (mg/kg). For cattail, leaf TP decreased from 1,175 to 556 (mg/kg), root TP de sed from 1,100 to 798 (mg/kg), rhizome TP decreased from 1390 to 380 (mg/kg), and shoot base TP decreased from 2,990 to 433 (mg/kg). N/P ratios of sawgrass in reference areas were 27, 63, 38, and 50 for leaves, roots, rhizomes, and shoot bases, respectively, whereas in impacted areas they were 11, 21, 6, and 2, respectively. The greatest TP storage was found in impacted areas. Differences in seed output, seed number, and mean seed weight were found for both species as well. Each cattail flower stalk duced approximately 105 tiny seeds (0.048 ± 0.001 mg) while each sawgrass flower stalk produced about 103 large seeds (3.13 ± 0.005 mg). These results suggest that phosphorus is a limiting resource in the Everglades and that the two species have different life history strategies. These data provide an ecological basis for making informed management and planning decisions to protect and restore the Everglades.     

Sucrose metabolism in green algae. I. The presence of sucrose synthetase and sucrose phosphate synthetase.

The presence of sucrose synthetase and sucrose phosphate synthetase has been demonstrated in two species of green algae: Chlorella vulgaris and Scenedesmus obliquus. Partial purification from crude extracts allowed the determination of the kinetic constants of algae enzymes. They are very similar to the ones reported for enzymes from higher plants.     

磷对藻类生长及污水净化的影响

在室内模拟氧化槽中比较研究了污水中不同磷含量及氮磷比例对藻类生长及污水净化的影响。原污水中氮含量均为20mg/L,磷含量分别为1.25、2.50、5、10mg/L,结果发现原污水中的N/P为20/2.5时,藻类净生产量最高,污水净化效果最好。     

Effects of soil moisture regimes on photosynthesis and growth in cattail (Typha latifolia)

Both waterlogging and water deficiency are major environmental factors affecting plant growth and functioning in many wetland and floodplain ecosystems across North America. Wetland plants possess various characteristics that enable them to survive and function in the intermittently flooded wetland environments, while their sensitivity to drought has received less attention. The present study quantified the photosynthetic and growth responses of cattail (Typha latifolia), an important species of freshwater wetlands, to a wide range of soil moisture regimes. In addition, changes in the efficiency of photosynthetic apparatus following initiation of the treatments were investigated. Under greenhouse conditions, seedlings were subjected to four soil moisture regimes: (1) drained (control), (2) continuous flooding, (3) periodic flooding, and (4) periodic drought. Results indicated that dark fluorescence yield was increased in response to periodic drought, while it showed decreases under continuous flooding. Net photosynthesis and stomatal conductance were enhanced by continuous flooding and periodic flooding. In contrast, these parameters exhibited reduction under periodic drought. In addition, leaf chlorophyll content was adversely affected by periodic drought. Recovery of net photosynthesis was noted, along with enhanced height growth, in both continuously and periodically flooded plants. Meanwhile, continuous flooding enhanced biomass production while periodic drought led to biomass reduction. Periodic drought also contributed to substantial reduction in root growth compared with shoot growth. Therefore, the combined photosynthetic performance and growth responses of cattail are likely to contribute to the ability of this species to thrive in flooded condition but be susceptive to periodic drought.     

Phytoperiphyton of the Samarga River basin (Primorskii Krai)

In the periphyton of the Samarga River basin, 313 species of algae (337, including infraspecific taxa) from eight divisions have been found. The groups of algae from the river main flow, creeks, streams, and the mouth are described. Data on the density and biomass of periphyton algae are presented. A decrease in these parameters after a flood is shown. In algal flora composition, benthic oligohalobic species of algae, preferring a slightly alkaline environment, dominate. At the river mouth a significant amount of mesohalobic species has been observed. A sanitary and biological evaluation of water quality has shown that the mass development of xenoand oligosaprobic algae defines the excellent quality of the river water. All parts of the main flow correspond to the oligosaprobic purification zone, class II of water purity (saprobic index of 0.95–1.48). The good quality of the Samarga River water is ensured by the absence of pollution sources and the satisfactory condition of its catchment area forests.