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1.
Yan JIANG 《Virologica Sinica》2007,22(6):434-442
This paper describes the development and challenge of HIV/AIDS testing laboratory network and quality assurance system in China. At present,the HIV/AIDS testing laboratories includes three classes,the National AIDS Reference Laboratory,HIV/AIDS confirmatory laboratories and HIV/AIDS screening laboratories. All of them are accredited by the health authorities,and each class of laboratories take charge of their function strictly according to the "National Management of HIV/AIDS Detection (2006)". A complete quality assurance and quality control system for HIV/AIDS testing has been developed,which includes technical training,strict laboratory monitoring and approval,examination or proficiency testing on HIV/AIDS detection,and quality evaluation and supervision of HIV/AIDS diagnostic kits. Besides conduct the routine anti-HIV antibody test,more and more laboratories began to conduct other tests,such as CD4 T lymphocyte cell counting,HIV viral load,HIV DNA PCR,genotyping,drug resistance,and HIV-1 recent infection test. The primary challenges faced by the HIV/AIDS testing laboratory network are in the areas of laboratory management and quality control. For example,the provincial PT program is inefficient,the internal quality control is conducted perfunctorily,personnel training can not met the needs of the workplace,which need to be improved. 相似文献
2.
This paper describes the development and challenge of HIV/AIDS testing laboratory network and quality assurance system in
China. At present, the HIV/AIDS testing laboratories includes three classes, the National AIDS Reference Laboratory, HIV/AIDS
confirmatory laboratories and HIV/AIDS screening laboratories. All of them are accredited by the health authorities, and each
class of laboratories take charge of their function strictly according to the “National Management of HIV/AIDS Detection (2006)”.
A complete quality assurance and quality control system for HIV/AIDS testing has been developed, which includes technical
training, strict laboratory monitoring and approval, examination or proficiency testing on HIV/AIDS detection, and quality
evaluation and supervision of HIV/AIDS diagnostic kits. Besides conduct the routine anti-HIV antibody test, more and more
laboratories began to conduct other tests, such as CD4+T lymphocyte cell counting, HIV viral load, HIV DNA PCR, genotyping, drug resistance, and HIV-1 recent infection test. The
primary challenges faced by the HIV/AIDS testing laboratory network are in the areas of laboratory management and quality
control. For example, the provincial PT program is inefficient, the internal quality control is conducted perfunctorily, personnel
training can not met the needs of the workplace, which need to be improved.
Foundation item: MOH Program on Applied Research in the Prevention and Treatment of AIDS (WA 2003-17) 相似文献
3.
Yan Yan Yong Ren Renfang Chen Jing Hu Yongjia Ji Junyang Yang Jiayin Shen Lvyin Hu Hao Pei Jun Wang Yuanwang Qiu Hongzhou Lu Lihua Huang 《中国病毒学》2018,33(3):227-233
Little data is available on the evaluation of the occurrence rates of Epstein-Barr virus(EBV) in saliva and relationship with highly active antiretroviral therapy(HAART) use in HIV/AIDS patients in China. We conducted a retrospective cohort study of EBV serological tests for HIV/AIDS patients who were treated in the hospitals for infectious diseases in Wuxi and Shanghai, China from May 2016 to April 2017. The EBV-seropositive samples were identified by ELISA. EBV-specific primers and probes were used for the quantitative detection of viral DNA from saliva via quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. CD4 cell counts of the HIV/AIDS patients were detected by a flow cytometry. A total of 372 HIV/AIDS patients were ultimately selected and categorized for this retrospective cohort study. For EBV IgG and IgM, the HIV/AIDS HAART use(H) and non-HAART use(NH) groups had significantly higher seropositive rates than the HIV-negative control group. The HIV/AIDS(NH) group had the highest seropositive rate(IgG, 94.27%; IgM, 68.98%) and the highest incidence of EBV reactivation or infection. For salivary EBV DNA-positive rates and quantities, the HIV/AIDS(H)(73.69%) and the HIV/AIDS(NH)(100%) groups showed significantly higher values than the HIV-negative control group(35.79%,[ twofold). Further, the salivary EBV DNA-negative population had significantly higher CD4 cell counts than the EBV DNA-positive population in the HIV/AIDS(H) group and the HIV/AIDS(NH) groups. Thus, HAART use is beneficial in decreasing the EBV salivary shedding in HIV/AIDS patients and indirectly decreases EBV transmission risk. 相似文献
4.
Background
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) are among the most complex health problems in the world. Young people are at high risk of HIV and AIDS infections and are, therefore, in need of targeted prevention. School-based HIV/AIDS health education may be an effective way to prevent the spread of AIDS among adolescents.Methods
The study was a school-based intervention conducted in three middle schools and two high schools in Wuhan, China, which included 702 boys and 766 girls, with ages from 11 to 18 years old. The intervention was a one-class education program about HIV/AIDS for participants. HIV/AIDS knowledge, attitude, and high-risk behaviors were investigated using an anonymous self-administered questionnaire before and after the education intervention. Chi-square test was used to compare differences before and after the intervention. Non-conditional logistic regression analysis was used to identify the factors that affect HIV/AIDS knowledge.Results
Misconceptions about basic medical knowledge and non-transmission modes of HIV/AIDS among all the students prevail. Approximately 10% to 40% of students had negative attitudes about HIV/AIDS before the intervention. After the intervention, all of the students had significant improvements in knowledge and attitude about HIV/AIDS (P<.05), indicating that educational intervention increased the students’ knowledge significantly and changed their attitudes positively. Logistic regression analyses indicated that before the intervention the students’ level of knowledge about HIV/AIDS was significantly associated with grade, economic status of the family, and attitudes toward participation in HIV/AIDS health information campaigns.Conclusions
HIV/AIDS education programs were welcomed by secondary students and positively influenced HIV/AIDS-related knowledge and attitudes. A systematic and long-term intervention among secondary school students must be conducted for the prevention of HIV. 相似文献5.
HIV Vaccine-Challenges and Opportunities 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Xin MA Cai-jun SUN Feng LI Ling CHEN 《Virologica Sinica》2007,22(6):486-492
The need for an efficacious HIV/AIDS vaccine remains the highest priority of the world HIV/AIDS agenda. The generation of an efficacious HIV/AIDS vaccine proves an enormous scientific challenge. This article reviews the neutralizing antibody problem,elusive immune protection,im-munogen design,pre-existing anti-vector immunity and design of phase 3 vaccine trials and the challenges and opportunities in development of HIV/AIDS vaccine are discussed. 相似文献
6.
Snelling D Rasugu Omariba DW Hong S Georgiades K Racine Y Boyle MH 《Journal of biosocial science》2007,39(3):421-442
A fundamental public health strategy to reduce the risk of HIV/AIDS is to increase levels of awareness and knowledge about the disease. Although knowledge about HIV/AIDS and protective sexual behaviour are linked theoretically, relatively little is known about their empirical relationship. Using Demographic and Health Survey data from 23 low- and middle-income countries, this study used multilevel logistic regression models: to examine cross-national variability in the relationship between HIV/AIDS knowledge and protective behaviour (condom use and restricted sex); to investigate the moderating influences of women's educational attainment on this relationship; and to test the extent to which severity of the HIV/AIDS epidemic accounts for cross-national variability in the association between HIV/AIDS knowledge and protective behaviour. There was an association between increased knowledge of HIV/AIDS and condom use that varied in strength and form cross-nationally. This cross-national variation was accounted for partially by the socioeconomic characteristics of women resident in the study countries and between-country differences in the severity of the HIV epidemic. While education modified the association between HIV/AIDS knowledge and protective behaviour--stronger associations at lower levels of education--epidemic severity exerted a stronger influence on behaviour than any other characteristic. Finally, this study indicates that protective sexual practices are disturbingly low. In eight of 23 countries, overall levels of condom use to prevent STDs and HIV/AIDS were less than 5.0%. Waiting for the spread of HIV/AIDS infection to change sexual practices in low- and middle-income countries will result in dramatic unnecessary suffering. 相似文献
7.
The need for an efficacious HIV/AIDS vaccine remains the highest priority of the world HIV/AIDS agenda. The generation of
an efficacious HIV/AIDS vaccine proves an enormous scientific challenge. This article reviews the neutralizing antibody problem,
elusive immune protection, immunogen design, pre-existing anti-vector immunity and design of phase 3 vaccine trials and the
challenges and opportunities in development of HIV/AIDS vaccine are discussed.
Foundation item: National High Technology Research and Development Program of China (2005AAZ18040) 相似文献
8.
Background: The Russian Federation and the Ukraine are among the Eastern European countries with the fastest growing number of cases of HIV. According to data from the Joint United Nations Program on HIV/AIDS, nearly 90% of newly reported HIV diagnoses in Eastern Europe in 2006 were from the Russian Federation (66%) and the Ukraine (21%). A growing number of women are infected with HIV. The impact of gender on HIV/AIDS is an important factor in understanding the development and evolution of the HIV/AIDS epidemic in Eastern Europe.Objective: The aim of this study was to assess the importance of integrating gender consideration into the creation of HIV programs and to examine the effect of gender on HIV/AIDS.Methods: Reported HIV/AIDS cases from the official epidemiological register of the Ukrainian Centre for AIDS Prevention alongside data from the Russian Federal AIDS Center were analyzed. Joint United Nations Program on HIV/AIDS country fact sheets were reviewed and analyzed, and this information was supplemented with published HIV prevalence and sexually transmitted disease case reporting information, unpublished reports, and expert evaluations.Results: Of the newly registered cases of HIV, the proportion of women rose from 13.0% in 1995 to 44.0% in 2006 in the Russian Federation, and from 37.2% in 1995 to 41.9% in 2006 in the Ukraine. There has also been a considerable increase in mother-to-child transmission of HIV since 1995. Between 1987 and 1994, the proportion of children among the people newly infected with HIV in the Ukraine was 2.2%; in 2006 it was 17.6%. In 2006, 16,078 new HIV cases were registered in the Ukraine and 39,652 new HIV cases in the Russian Federation. Large increases in the number of HIV-infected women were reported from both countries.Conclusions: The data examined in this study suggest subregional differences in the magnitude of the HIV/AIDS epidemic in the Russian Federation and the Ukraine and the importance of the impact of gender on the rapid spread of the HIV/AIDS epidemic among women and women of child-bearing age. To protect women from HIV infection, it is important to find ways to empower them by implementing policies and specific prevention measures that increase their access to knowledge about HIV/AIDS; the empowerment of women is vital to reversing the HIV/AIDS epidemic. 相似文献
9.
目的观察HIV/AIDS患者甲状腺功能的变化,了解HIV对内分泌的影响。方法检测168例HIV/AIDS患者TT4、TT3、FT4、FT3、TSH,并分析不同CD4水平对甲状腺功能影响。结果HIV/AIDS患者甲状腺功能可保持正常,但低CD4组的FT3、TSH水平低于高CD4组。结论HIV/AIDS患者甲状腺功能可保持正常,但HIV感染不同阶段会对内分泌系统有一定影响。HIV感染对甲状腺影响的具体机制尚不十分清楚,利用动物模型进行进一步研究非常必要。 相似文献
10.
获得性免疫缺陷综合征(AIDS)是由人类免疫缺陷病毒(HIV)感染引起的危险性极高的慢性传染病。高效抗逆转录病毒疗法(HAART)能够阻断正在进行的病毒复制而不能清除潜伏的病毒,目前尚无有效根治AIDS方法。免疫细胞在HIV/AIDS发展过程的不同阶段发挥着十分复杂的作用。细胞治疗是通过筛选表达抗HIV基因型的细胞或转染抗HIV基因、受体基因等方法获得抗HIV免疫细胞,并在体外进行扩增,将其转输给HIV/AIDS患者。细胞疗法与HAART等疗法有协同作用,促进HIV/AIDS的治疗。本文综述抗HIV-CAR T细胞、aTCR T细胞、负载HIV抗原的树突状细胞等在HIV/AIDS治疗中的应用及其疗效。 相似文献
11.
人类控制HIV感染长远的目标是发展安全、有效、廉价的HIV AIDS疫苗。但经 2 0多年的努力 ,人类探索HIV AIDS疫苗之路仍在继续。分析了疫苗研究的复杂性和发展HIV AIDS疫苗过程中所面临的挑战 ,并对发展HIV AIDS疫苗的可能性从实验和临床方面进行了阐述。同时结合HIV感染的免疫应答原理对现有的各种HIV AIDS疫苗研究策略作一综述 ,并根据以往HIV AIDS疫苗研究的经验和教训提出未来疫苗的发展思路及展望。 相似文献
12.
正China’s AIDS epidemic started among people who inject drugs(PWID)in Ruili county-level city,a China–Myanmar border city of Yunnan Province,in 1989(Fig.1).Since then HIV has spread rapidly across the country(He and Detels 2005).China launched a‘‘Four Frees and One Care’’policy in 2003 to fight against HIV/AIDS.As one of 相似文献
13.
Wen-yuan YIN Zun-you WU 《Virologica Sinica》2007,22(6):493-500
HIV/AIDS has posed an increasingly serious issue in China. In recent years,Chinese government has taken further intensified efforts to combat HIV/AIDS with high-level political commitment,supportive policy development,increased financial allocation,large-scale of government-led initiatives,expanded international cooperation and great involvement of non-governmental organizations. Meanwhile gaps and challenges coexist impacting the implementation and the results of national HIV/AIDS programs. Thus,further government efforts are needed to improve and tailor the actions to meet the requirement of HIV/AIDS control in China. 相似文献
14.
Fourth-year medical students at Zagreb University School of Medicine were surveyed about their knowledge and attitudes regarding HIV/AIDS in 2002/03 and this was compared to a student generation studying during 1993/94. Results indicated that the 2002/03 students scored significantly higher then did 1993/94 students on knowledge, and attitudes towards HIV/AIDS. However, 84% of 2002/03 students believed that health care workers (HCW) have the right to know the HIV status of their patients, 50% would disclose the HIV status to another HCW against patient's wishes and only 35% believed that HIV testing should be voluntary. The following factors were independently associated with a more favorable attitude towards HIV/AIDS: less homophobia (beta = -0.37, p < 0.001), experience with HIV/AIDS patients (beta = 1.02, p < 0.001), better knowledge about transmission (beta = 0.18, p = 0.016), and 2002/03 academic year (beta = -1.45, p = 0.011). Despite improvements, some negative attitudes towards HIV/AIDS remained prevalent in 2002/03. 相似文献
15.
This article presents an overview of HIV/AIDS epidemiology and surveillance in Croatia 20 years after the first documented case of AIDS in the country. Here we describe strategies employed for HIV/AIDS surveillance in Croatia as well as preliminary results of HIV seroprevalence among most-at-risk populations (MARPs) research conducted by the Infectious Diseases Epidemiology Service at the Croatian National Institute of Public Health (CNIPH). Croatia has a low incidence and prevalence of HIV and AIDS. At the end of 2005, there were 553 documented cases of HIV infection, 239 of which progressed to AIDS. In Croatia, AIDS is being registered within MARPs only and dominantly among men who have sex with men (MSM). AIDS patients and HIV infected persons are found in all parts of the country. Crude prevalence of HIV among MARPs was found to be 0.9%. It is necessary to continue with current prevention and control measures in the country, and to create a culture of awareness and precaution, a strategy that has proven effective in reducing risk of HIV infection. 相似文献
16.
Is the Social–Ecological Framework Useful in Understanding Infectious Diseases? The Case of HIV/AIDS
The extraordinary complexity of emerging infectious diseases calls for new paradigms and approaches to understand the casual
mechanisms underlying pathogen emergence and to improve disease prevention. An attempt was made to foster interdisciplinary
collaboration and stimulate transdisciplinary approaches to improve emerging infectious disease research during and subsequent
to a meeting held in March 2005 as part of the US NIH Roadmap initiative “Research Teams of the Future.” The meeting drew
on models and theories associated with the idea of humans and nature as interactive, complex systems. Of the three diseases
chosen as case studies to represent the wide range of social and ecological emergence factors involved (dengue, leptospirosis,
and HIV/AIDS), HIV/AIDS proved especially difficult. This Profile examines the meeting themes with a particular focus on the
deliberations of a working group focused on HIV/AIDS. Attention is given to the challenges of bridging different disciplines
and perspectives in applying a social-ecological framework to analyze HIV/AIDS and the benefits of reductionistic vs. holistic
strategies in responding to the global HIV/AIDS pandemic. The issues raised point to opportunities to significantly deepen
understanding of HIV/AIDS as a transdisciplinary problem.
Disclaimer: The author is Director of the Research Program at the East–West Center and was chair of the HIV/AIDS mini-symposium.
This Profile is based on the important contributions and efforts of all the members of the HIV/AIDS working group. All omissions
or misrepresentations are the author’s. 相似文献
17.
Objective: To contrast relief efforts for the 26 December 2004 tsunami with current global HIV/AIDS relief efforts and analyse possible reasons for the disparity. Methods: Literature review and ethical analysis. Results: Just over 273,000 people died in the tsunami, resulting in relief efforts of more than US$10 bn, which is sufficient to achieve the United Nation’s long‐term recovery plan for South East Asia. In contrast, 14 times more people died from HIV/AIDS in 2004, with UNAIDS predicting a US$8 bn funding gap for HIV/AIDS in developing nations between now and 2007. This disparity raises two important ethical questions. First, what is it that motivates a more empathic response to the victims of the tsunami than to those affected by HIV/AIDS? Second, is there a morally relevant difference between the two tragedies that justifies the difference in the international response? The principle of justice requires that two cases similarly situated be treated similarly. For the difference in the international response to the tsunami and HIV/AIDS to be justified, the tragedies have to be shown to be dissimilar in some relevant respect. Are the tragedies of the tsunami disaster and the HIV/AIDS pandemic sufficiently different, in relevant respects, to justify the difference in scope of the response by the international community? Conclusion: We detected no morally relevant distinction between the tsunami and the HIV/AIDS pandemic that justifies the disparity. Therefore, we must conclude that the international response to HIV/AIDS violates the fundamental principles of justice and fairness. 相似文献
18.
Securitization of infectious diseases may involve suspension of ordinary human rights and liberties. In the event of an epidemic, therefore, it is important to limit the occasions upon which draconian disease control measures are implemented in the name of security. The term 'security', moreover, should not be used too loosely if it is to retain force and meaning in political discourse. It may be argued that the bar for disease securitization should be set high so that it is limited to contexts involving rapidly spreading pathogens. Such an approach, however, would rule out securitization of more slowly spreading, endemic diseases such as HIV/AIDS. An advantage of characterizing HIV/AIDS as a security threat in developing countries, where the burden of the disease is concentrated, is that this is likely to mobilize resources needed to improve the situation there. That is, if HIV/AIDS is convincingly framed as a security threat, then governments may recognize self-interested reasons to ramp up control measures. Following consideration of arguments for narrow (excluding HIV/AIDS) versus broad (including HIV/AIDS) conceptions of security, we conclude that the legitimacy of 'securitizing' HIV/AIDS ultimately turns on empirical and semantic issues, and we emphasize the importance of distinguishing (1) the nature of the threat posed by HIV/AIDS and (2) the measures required to address that threat. 相似文献
19.
Debates on the role of scientific knowledge to affect behaviour are continuing. The theory of planned behaviour suggests that behaviour is influenced by attitudes, subjective norms and perceived behavioural control and not by knowledge. However, a large body of knowledge argues that increased HIV/AIDS-related knowledge leads to the adoption of safe behavioural practices. The purpose of this non-experimental survey study, therefore, was to investigate the correlation between academic HIV/AIDS knowledge, functional HIV/AIDS knowledge and self-reported behavioural preferences of 300 biology and 243 non-biology students from nine South African schools. Results suggest a correlation between students’ understanding of academic and functional HIV/AIDS knowledge. The behavioural preferences of both biology and non-biology students were generally the same and safe. Among biology students, correlation was observed between academic HIV/AIDS knowledge and self-reported safe behavioural preferences, which was not the case for non-biology students, where functional HIV/AIDS knowledge correlated with self-reported safe behavioural preferences. Within schools, however, no correlation was found between both forms of HIV/AIDS knowledge and self-reported safe behavioural preferences. There were indications that context-specific local factors have a greater influence on behavioural preferences. These findings suggest that the type of knowledge that could influence behaviour is informed by context-specific dynamics. 相似文献
20.
Yi ZENG 《Virologica Sinica》2007,22(6):419-420
HIV/AIDS has been circulating in China for over 25 year. While making progress and achievements on HIV/AIDS prevention,there still are great challenge and difficulties such as HIV epidemic controlling and vaccine research. 相似文献