钙释放激活钙通道研究进展

库操纵的钙(Store Operated Calcium,SOC)进入参与许多重要Ca2+信号生理过程,如细胞分化和凋亡虽然SOC的许多生物物理特性被表述,但研究最清楚的是钙释放激活的钙(Ca2+ release-activated Ca2+,CRAC)通道.最近通过RNA干扰技术在果蝇和哺乳动物细胞上鉴定出CRAC通道的两个组成蛋白STIM1和Orail细胞静息时,STIM1均匀分布在内质网膜(ER)上.一当钙库耗竭,ER上STIM1会聚集迁移到细胞膜下,相比而言,Orail是一个形成CRAC通道孔的四次跨膜蛋白.有报道说STIM1作为ER上一个Ca2+感受器向细胞膜传导钙库耗竭信号.虽然钙库耗竭激活CRAC通道的过程在最近的研究中被定量描述为四个步骤,但还有很多细节仍然不清楚.如STIM1是如何感受钙库耗竭而导致其发生聚集的不清楚,又如STIM1是如何定位到细胞膜下又如何传导信息的不清楚,STIM1和Orai1直接到底是如何相互作用的等都有待进一步的研究.本文对CRAC通道的研究历史和最新进展进行了讨论.     

STIM和Orai在钙库操纵的钙内流途径及心脑血管疾病中的作用

钙库操纵的钙内流(SOCE)是调节钙离子(Ca2+)内流进入细胞最普遍的一种途径,它的通道称为钙库操纵的钙内流通道(SOC)。SOC存在于大多数非兴奋细胞和部分兴奋细胞上,近年来确定,STIM和Orai是组成SOC的两种主要蛋白质。本文就近年来对SOCE途径的机制,STIM和Orai不同亚型的结构、功能及在心脑血管疾病中的作用作一综述。     

STIM／SOCE通路参与细胞功能调控的研究进展

钙库操作性钙离子通道（store-operated calcium entry,SOCE）是介导胞外Ca^2＋进入细胞内的重要通道之一,其核心蛋白由位于内质网上的基质相互作用分子（stromalinteractionmolecule,STIM）和位于细胞膜上的Orai蛋白构成。目前研究发现,STIM蛋白存在STIM1和STIM2两种亚型,其主要功能略有不同。当内质网内钙库中Ca^2＋消耗之后,STIM蛋白通过其特殊的结构能够感受内质网内钙库中Ca^2＋浓度的变化,发生快速的转位和聚合化等激活反应,与质膜上的Orai蛋白偶联。实现SOCE通路的功能开放,引起Ca^2＋内流。当钙库中Ca^2＋得到补充之后,STIM蛋白与Orai蛋白缓慢解离即失活,通路关闭。目前对STIM蛋白结构的研究提示,通过其激活和失活机制不仅能够参与调节SOCE通路的开放与关闭,也参与对细胞内重要的细胞增殖、分化等功能活动调控。STIM蛋白可能成为治疗多种疾病的潜在的新靶点。     

STIM1在肿瘤发生及转移中的研究进展

基质互作分子1 (stromal interaction molecule 1,STIM1)是细胞钙库操纵性钙内流(store-operated calcium entry,SOCE)通路的关键成员，它定位在内质网膜上，并在多种肿瘤细胞中高表达。异常表达的STIM1能够通过影响侵袭伪足(invadopodia)形成、干扰血管生成、介导炎症反应、改变细胞骨架和细胞动力等方式促进肿瘤发生及转移，然而其具体的调控作用机制仍未完全阐明。本文综述了目前STIM1在不同肿瘤发生及转移中的最新研究进展，总结并探讨了其在肿瘤发生及转移中的调控机制，为将来在肿瘤领域对STIM1的深入研究提供借鉴和参考。     

内质网–细胞质膜连接区蛋白质组鉴定及对其中的STIMATE的功能研究

在细胞内存在着连接内质网和细胞膜的特殊连接部位,称之为内质网–细胞质膜连接区(endoplasmic reticulum-plasma membrane junction,ER-PM J)。ER-PM J对脂类代谢及钙信号传导等有重要的作用,主要由STIM1(stromal interaction molecule 1)和Orai1介导的钙库操纵的钙内流(store-operated calcium entry,SOCE)就发生在该部位。但由于技术手段的缺乏,人们对ER-PM连接区中参与调控SOCE的特异的蛋白质组成了解得还不清楚,因而相关研究一直进展缓慢。这里引入了抗坏血酸过氧化酶2(ascorbate peroxidase 2,APEX2)介导的活体生物素原位标记法,标记STIM1附近的蛋白质组,鉴定出了对钙内流起调节作用的STIM激活增强子STIMATE(STIM-activating enhancer),并对其作用机制进行了初步的探究。     

容量性钙内流通道的分子代表

细胞内钙库排空产生一种信号,诱导细胞膜上的钙库操纵的钙通道（SOC）开放,使Ca^2 由细胞外进入细胞内,称为容量性钙内流（CCE）,或钙释放激活的钙通道（CRAC）,可能由果蝇一过性受体电位（trp)和trp样（trpl)基因编码,钙库排空和通道开放之间的偶联机制不清,目前主要提出三种机制：（1）弥散信使;（2）蛋白质－蛋白质之间的相互作用;（3）囊泡分泌。本文综述了CCE的分子代表 ,可能机制及电生理表型。     

RCN2和PEAK1在结直肠癌中的表达与临床病理特征及预后的关系

目的:检测网织钙结合蛋白2(RCN2)和伪足富集的非典型激酶1(PEAK1)蛋白在结直肠癌组织中的表达情况,分析RCN2和PEAK1表达与患者临床病理特征和预后的关系。方法:免疫组织化学法检测90例结直肠癌组织及其癌旁正常组织中RCN2和PEAK1蛋白表达情况,分析结直肠癌组织RCN2和PEAK1表达与患者临床病理特征的关系,Kaplan-Meier生存曲线分析RCN2和PEAK1表达对患者预后的影响,Spearman等级相关检验结直肠癌组织RCN2和PEAK1表达的相关性。结果:RCN2和PEAK1蛋白在结直肠癌组织中的阳性表达率均明显高于癌旁正常组织(P0.05)。结直肠癌组织RCN2表达与肿瘤直径、浸润深度和TNM分期均有关(P0.05),PEAK1表达与肿瘤浸润深度、淋巴结转移和TNM分期均有关(P0.05)。Log Rank检验结果显示,RCN2阳性表达组和PEAK1阳性表达组患者的术后5年总生存率均分别低于RCN2阴性表达组和PEAK1阴性表达组患者(P0.05)。结直肠癌组织RCN2和PEAK1表达呈正相关性(r=0.586,P=0.000)。结论:RCN2和PEAK1蛋白在结直肠癌组织中呈高表达,且均与肿瘤恶性进展和不良预后关系密切。RCN2和PEAK1可作为结直肠癌治疗靶标的候选分子。     

内质网钙池操控钙内流研究进展

细胞内的内质网钙库清空所引发的钙内流是细胞钙信号的重要组成,介导胞外钙离子进入细胞内,并参与细胞内一系列广泛的生理过程。该过程主要由内质网上的钙离子感受器STIM蛋白和细胞膜上的Orai钙离子通道的所介导的。对钙库操控性钙内流的研究进展进行了讨论,并展望了未来的研究方向,以期为相关研究提供参考。     

H_2O_2通过钙稳态失调诱导小鼠胚胎肝细胞凋亡

该文研究了体外培养肝细胞内钙离子浓度改变对细胞存活率、凋亡和增殖的影响。建立了H2O2诱导小鼠胚胎肝细胞损伤模型,CCK-8检测细胞存活率,Fura-2/AM负载检测细胞内[Ca2+]i;免疫荧光和Western blot分别检测STIM1和Orai1在细胞内的定位和含量;流式细胞术检测细胞凋亡;Brdu掺入检测细胞增殖。结果显示,H2O2刺激后细胞存活率降低为对照组的73%,凋亡细胞比例增加,增殖细胞数目显著减少,细胞内[Ca2+]i升高,STIM1和Orai1蛋白质水平增加,且STIM1可与Orai1蛋白质共定位。2-APB预处理组可以降低细胞内[Ca2+]i,减少STIM1和Orai1蛋白质表达水平,抑制STIM1和Orai1蛋白质的相互作用。结果表明,H2O2可通过影响细胞内钙离子稳态导致细胞凋亡。     

BK通道在细胞膜上的单分子定位及空间分布*

摘要目的：研究大电导、钙离子和电压激活的钾离子通道（BK通道）在HEK293 细胞膜上的单分子定位及其总体空间分布情况。 方法：分别用mEos2、Dronpa 等荧光蛋白标记BK通道的α亚基和辅助性β2 亚基,将这些质粒在HEK293 细胞内瞬时转染以表 达通道蛋白,然后用激光共聚焦荧光显微成像、全内反射荧光显微成像、光敏定位荧光成像等技术观察BK通道的亚细胞定位及 单分子分布,并用电生理实验技术检测荧光蛋白对BK通道有影响。结果：激光共聚焦荧光显微成像和全内反射荧光显微成像技 术只能在亚细胞水平定位通道蛋白,BK 通道在细胞膜上聚集并形成不规则的蛋白簇,它的α亚基和β2 亚基在细胞膜上完全共 定位;光敏定位荧光成像技术成功定位BK通道蛋白簇里面的单分子,虽然α和β2 亚基紧紧靠在一起,它们之间依然存在空间 距离;BK通道的质膜表达和功能特性不受荧光蛋白的影响。结论：BK通道蛋白簇里面包含大量的α和β2 亚基的蛋白单分子, 它们紧密地聚集在一起,但是并没有完全共定位,在分子水平上揭示了BK通道α和β亚基功能耦合的结构基础,为以后研究大 分子蛋白质间的相互作用机制提供了很好的分子模型,光敏定位荧光成像技术作为一种全新的单分子荧光成像手段,在基因表 达、信号通路、蛋白质相互作用等许多重要生命活动的研究中发挥重要作用。     

Potent functional uncoupling between STIM1 and Orai1 by dimeric 2-aminodiphenyl borinate analogs

The coupling of ER Ca²⁺-sensing STIM proteins and PM Orai Ca²⁺ entry channels generates “store-operated” Ca²⁺ signals crucial in controlling responses in many cell types. The dimeric derivative of 2-aminoethoxydiphenyl borinate (2-APB), DPB162-AE, blocks functional coupling between STIM1 and Orai1 with an IC₅₀ (200 nM) 100-fold lower than 2-APB. Unlike 2-APB, DPB162-AE does not affect L-type or TRPC channels or Ca²⁺ pumps at maximal STIM1–Orai1 blocking levels. DPB162-AE blocks STIM1-induced Orai1 or Orai2, but does not block Orai3 or STIM2-mediated effects. We narrowed the DPB162-AE site of action to the STIM–Orai activating region (SOAR) of STIM1. DPB162-AE does not prevent the SOAR–Orai1 interaction but potently blocks SOAR-mediated Orai1 channel activation, yet its action is not as an Orai1 channel pore blocker. Using the SOAR-F394H mutant which prevents both physical and functional coupling to Orai1, we reveal DPB162-AE rapidly restores SOAR–Orai binding but only slowly restores Orai1 channel-mediated Ca²⁺ entry. With the same SOAR mutant, 2-APB induces rapid physical and functional coupling to Orai1, but channel activation is transient. We infer that the actions of both 2-APB and DPB162-AE are directed toward the STIM1–Orai1 coupling interface. Compared to 2-APB, DPB162-AE is a much more potent and specific STIM1/Orai1 functional uncoupler. DPB162-AE provides an important pharmacological tool and a useful mechanistic probe for the function and coupling between STIM1 and Orai1 channels.     

Role of SOCE architects STIM and Orai proteins in Cell Death

Calcium (Ca²⁺) signaling plays a critical role in regulating plethora of cellular functions including cell survival, proliferation and migration. The perturbations in cellular Ca²⁺ homeostasis can lead to cell death either by activating autophagic pathways or through induction of apoptosis. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is the major storehouse of Ca²⁺ within cells and a number of physiological agonists mediate ER Ca²⁺ release by activating IP₃ receptors (IP₃R). This decrease in ER Ca²⁺ levels is sensed by STIM, which physically interacts and activates plasma membrane Ca²⁺ selective Orai channels. Emerging literature implicates a key role for STIM1, STIM2, Orai1 and Orai3 in regulating both cell survival and death pathways. In this review, we will retrospect the work highlighting the role of STIM and Orai homologs in regulating cell death signaling. We will further discuss the rationales that could explain the dual role of STIM and Orai proteins in regulating cell fate decisions.     

Ca signaling and STIM1

An increase in the intracellular calcium ion concentration ([Ca²⁺]) impacts a diverse range of cell functions, including adhesion, motility, gene expression and proliferation. Elevation of intracellular calcium ion (Ca²⁺) regulates various cellular events after the stimulation of cells. Initial increase in Ca²⁺ comes from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), intracellular storage space. However, the continuous influx of extracellular Ca²⁺ is required to maintain the increased level of Ca²⁺ inside cells. Store-operated Ca²⁺ entry (SOCE) manages this process, and STIM1, a newly discovered molecule, has a unique and essential role in SOCE. STIM1 can sense the exhaustion of Ca²⁺ in the ER, and activate the SOC channel in the plasma membrane, leading to the continuous influx of extracellular Ca²⁺. STIM1 senses the status of the intracellular Ca²⁺ stores via a luminal N-terminal Ca²⁺-binding EF-hand domain. Dissociation of Ca²⁺ from this domain induces the clustering of STIM1 to regions of the ER that lie close to the plasma membrane, where it regulates the activity of the store-operated Ca²⁺ channels/entry (calcium-release-activated calcium channels/entry). In this review, we summarize the mechanism by which STIM1 regulates SOCE, and also its role in the control of mast cell functions and allergic responses.     

Polarized but Differential Localization and Recruitment of STIM1, Orai1 and TRPC Channels in Secretory Cells

Polarized Ca²⁺ signals in secretory epithelial cells are determined by compartmentalized localization of Ca²⁺ signaling proteins at the apical pole. Recently the ER Ca²⁺ sensor STIM1 (stromal interaction molecule 1) and the Orai channels were shown to play a critical role in store‐dependent Ca²⁺ influx. STIM1 also gates the transient receptor potential‐canonical (TRPC) channels. Here, we asked how cell stimulation affects the localization, recruitment and function of the native proteins in polarized cells. Inhibition of Orai1, STIM1, or deletion of TRPC1 reduces Ca²⁺ influx and frequency of Ca²⁺ oscillations. Orai1 localization is restricted to the apical pole of the lateral membrane. Surprisingly, cell stimulation does not lead to robust clustering of native Orai1, as is observed with expressed Orai1. Unexpectedly, cell stimulation causes polarized recruitment of native STIM1 to both the apical and lateral regions, thus to regions with and without Orai1. Accordingly, STIM1 and Orai1 show only 40% colocalization. Consequently, STIM1 shows higher colocalization with the basolateral membrane marker E‐cadherin than does Orai1, while Orai1 showed higher colocalization with the tight junction protein ZO1. TRPC1 is expressed in both apical and basolateral regions of the plasma membrane. Co‐IP of STIM1/Orai1/IP₃ receptors (IP₃Rs)/TRPCs is enhanced by cell stimulation and disrupted by 2‐aminoethoxydiphenyl borate (2APB). The polarized localization and recruitment of these proteins results in preferred Ca²⁺ entry that is initiated at the apical pole. These findings reveal that in addition to Orai1, STIM1 likely regulates other Ca²⁺ permeable channels, such as the TRPCs. Both channels contribute to the frequency of [Ca²⁺] oscillations and thus impact critical cellular functions.     

Designing dynamical output feedback controllers for store-operated Ca entry

Store-operated calcium entry (SOCE) has been proposed as the main process controlling Ca²⁺ entry in non-excitable cells. Although recent breakthroughs in experimental studies of SOCE have been made, its mathematical modeling has not been developed. In the present work, SOCE is viewed as a feedback control system subject to an extracellular agonist disturbance and an extracellular calcium input. We then design a dynamic output feedback controller to reject the disturbance and track Ca²⁺ resting levels in the cytosol and the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). The constructed feedback control system is validated by published experimental data and its global asymptotic stability is proved by using the LaSalle’s invariance principle. We then simulate the dynamic responses of STIM1 and Orai1, two major components in the operation of the store-operated channels, to the depletion of Ca²⁺ in the ER with thapsigargin, which show that: (1) Upon the depletion of Ca²⁺ in the ER, the concentrations of activated STIM1 and STIM1-Orai1 cluster are elevated gradually, indicating that STIM1 is accumulating in the ER-PM junctions and that the cytosolic portion of the active STIM1 is binding to Orai1 and driving the opening of CRAC channels for Ca²⁺ entry; (2) after the extracellular Ca²⁺ addition, the concentrations of both STIM1 and STIM1-Orai1 cluster decrease but still much higher than the original levels. We also simulate the system responses to the agonist disturbance, which show that, when a sequence of periodic agonist pulses is applied, the system returns to its equilibrium after each pulse. This indicates that the designed feedback controller can reject the disturbance and track the equilibrium.     

A novel STIM1-Orai1 gating interface essential for CRAC channel activation

Calcium signalling through store-operated calcium (SOC) entry is of crucial importance for T-cell activation and the adaptive immune response. This entry occurs via the prototypic Ca²⁺ release-activated Ca²⁺ (CRAC) channel. STIM1, a key molecular component of this process, is located in the membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and is initially activated upon Ca²⁺ store depletion. This activation signal is transmitted to the plasma membrane via a direct physical interaction that takes place between STIM1 and the highly Ca²⁺-selective ion channel Orai1. The activation of STIM1 induces an extended cytosolic conformation. This, in turn, exposes the CAD/SOAR domain and leads to the formation of STIM1 oligomers. In this study, we focused on a small helical segment (STIM1 α3, aa 400–403), which is located within the CAD/SOAR domain. We determined this segment’s specific functional role in terms of STIM1 activation and Orai1 gating. The STIM1 α3 domain appears not essential for STIM1 to interact with Orai1. Instead, it represents a key domain that conveys STIM1 interaction into Orai1 channel gating. The results of cysteine crosslinking experiments revealed the close proximity of STIM1 α3 to a region within Orai1, which was located at the cytosolic extension of transmembrane helix 3, forming a STIM1-Orai1 gating interface (SOGI). We suggest that the interplay between STIM1 α3 and Orai1 TM3 allows STIM1 coupling to be transmitted into physiological CRAC channel activation.     

Evidence for the interaction of peroxiredoxin-4 with the store-operated calcium channel activator STIM1 in liver cells

Ca²⁺ entry through store-operated Ca²⁺ channels (SOCs) in the plasma membrane (PM) of hepatocytes plays a central role in the hormonal regulation of liver metabolism. SOCs are composed of Orai1, the channel pore protein, and STIM1, the activator protein, and are regulated by hormones and reactive oxygen species (ROS). In addition to Orai1, STIM1 also interacts with several other intracellular proteins. Most previous studies of the cellular functions of Orai1 and STIM1 have employed immortalised cells in culture expressing ectopic proteins tagged with a fluorescent polypeptide such as GFP. Little is known about the intracellular distributions of endogenous Orai1 and STIM1. The aims are to determine the intracellular distribution of endogenous Orai1 and STIM1 in hepatocytes and to identify novel STIM1 binding proteins. Subcellular fractions of rat liver were prepared by homogenisation and differential centrifugation. Orai1 and STIM1 were identified and quantified by western blot. Orai1 was found in the PM (0.03%), heavy (44%) and light (27%) microsomal fractions, and STIM1 in the PM (0.09%), and heavy (85%) and light (13%) microsomal fractions. Immunoprecipitation of STIM1 followed by LC/MS or western blot identified peroxiredoxin-4 (Prx-4) as a potential STIM1 binding protein. Prx-4 was found principally in the heavy microsomal fraction. Knockdown of Prx-4 using siRNA, or inhibition of Prx-4 using conoidin A, did not affect Ca²⁺ entry through SOCs but rendered SOCs susceptible to inhibition by H₂O₂. It is concluded that, in hepatocytes, a considerable proportion of endogenous Orai1 and STIM1 is located in the rough ER. In the rough ER, STIM1 interacts with Prx-4, and this interaction may contribute to the regulation by ROS of STIM1 and SOCs.     

Pore opening mechanism of CRAC channels

Three decades ago, James W. Putney Jr. conceptualized the idea of store-operated calcium entry (SOCE) to explain how depletion of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Ca²⁺ stores evokes Ca²⁺ influx across the plasma membrane. Since the publication of this highly influential idea, it is now established that SOCE is universal among non-excitable and probably even many types of excitable cells, and contributes to numerous effector functions impacting immunity, muscle contraction, and brain function. The molecules encoding SOCE, the STIM and Orai proteins, are now known and our understanding of how this pathway is activated in response to ER Ca²⁺ store depletion has advanced significantly. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge of how Orai1 channels are activated by STIM1, focusing on recent work supporting a hydrophobic gating mechanism for the opening of the Orai1 channel pore.