烟蚜在烟株上的垂直分布及其分布型

在烤烟Ｋ－３２６团棵期烟株上,Ⅰ－Ⅲ龄若蚜,Ⅳ龄若蚜＋无翅成蚜在各叶位间的分布量具有显著差异,且这种差异与烟株上国蚜Ｍｙｚｕｓｎｉｃｏｔｉａｎａｅ（Ｂｌａｃｋｍａｎ）的密度有关。     

烟蚜自然种群聚集与扩散趋势的初步研究

本文采用空间格局分析方法,从烟草移载到烟叶采收,对烟蚜Ｍｙｚｕｓ ｐｅｒｓｉｃａｅ在烟株和烟株上,中,下三个部位的聚集和扩散趋势,采用Ｍｏｎｔ Ｌｏｌｙｄ给出的方法,并结合Ｉｗａｏ的ｍ－ｍ回归分析法和ｍ－ｍ的改进模型进行判断分析。结果表明,六月下旬和七月中旬是烟蚜在烟株上的两个聚集高峰期。烟蚜在烟株不同部位的聚集和扩散趋势有所不同。整株烟株和上,中,下部烟蚜都呈聚集分布。分析结果对指导烟蚜防治有一     

烟田稻绿蝽空间分布型及抽样技术研究

稻绿馆Nezaravirchla（L）是贵州省金沙县烤烟上的偶发性害虫,该虫刺吸烟株生长点以下4～5cm处幼嫩部分的汁液,造成单叶或整株幼嫩部蔫萎。笔者于1995年对该虫在烤烟上的分布型和抽样技术作了研究,现将结果报道如下。三研究方法在烤烟生长的团棵期至成熟期,选择9个田块,每块田连片调查20行×25株,记录单株上精绿蝽成虫数量,并在方格纸上标出。2结果与分析2．1空间分布型指数与聚集原因：调查9块烟田的精绿错成虫数量,计算各种分布型指数如表1。由表1看出,9块烟田精绿馆成虫的聚集度I均大于0,平均拥挤度m大于平均数m,负二项分布…     

烟草潜叶蛾幼虫空间分布型及其应用研究

本文就烟草潜叶蛾幼虫空间分布型及其垂直分布规律进行了探讨,结果表明：烟草潜叶蛾幼虫在田间呈聚集分布,聚集强度不因种群密度的改变而改变,幼虫主要聚集分布在烟草下部第一段（4片叶）上;降集或随机分布在第二段上;随机分布在第三段上,此外,应用虫株率进行田间种群密度的估计,其中Wilson模型和Gerrard模型所配理论曲线的预测值与实测值显著适合,但Gerrard模型的抽样估计误差较Wilson模型的小,最后本文用Taylor式中的参数a,b确定理论抽样数及序贯抽样,其模型分别为。     

陕北烟田多异瓢虫空间分布型与抽样技术研究

根据1995年烟田多异瓢虫Hippodamiavariegats（Goeze）调查,计算了6种分布型指数,以及频次拟合优度检验,结果表明：该虫幼虫、蛹在陕北烟田里聚集分布,其聚集强度随种群密度增加而降低,聚集原因是环境差异;卵块分布同时具有聚集和随机的趋势,成虫为随机分布。同时建立了各虫态的理论抽样量公式,估测种群密度公式。     

空间分布型的形成过程研究

具合影个研究了广义空间分布型和复合空间分布型的形成问题,解释了空间分布型的形成机理,并给出了１１种广义空间分布型和９种复事空间分布型;同时提出了空间分布型的３种判定方法：扩散系数法、空间相关法和参数变动法,它们以可用于区分常见的空间分布型,也可以用于判定分布型的形成过程;为研究空间分布型的形成机理和变化规模提供了有力的手段。以马尾松毛虫的空间分布型的研究结果表明,马尾松毛虫幼虫的空间分布型是复合负     

白桦种群空间分布格局的研究

根据在白桦种群分布区内所选择的四个代表性地区的定位观测资料,本文运用数学分析方法,采用电电子计算机进行运算,模拟,研究白桦种群的空间分布格局。结果表明：随着生境温度的逐渐降低或温度的逐渐升高,白桦种群由聚集分布过渡为随机分布;随着种群年龄的增加,种群空间分布格局表现出相同的变化规律。     

稻田鼠害空间分布型调查用于危害临界数量的初步研究

采用频次拟合、聚集度测定和参数分析等方法,对稻田鼠害的分布格局进行了研究,结果鼠害多属负二项分布,以个体群为基本成份,呈现聚集分布型。聚集分布的出现,主要系稻田环境异质性所致,但鼠害株平均每丛2.3株以上时,则鼠类行为特性影响不应忽视。     

深圳大鹏半岛附近海域春季渔业资源空间分布及群落结构分析

为了解大鹏半岛附近海域的渔业资源的空间分布和群落结构特征,2020年春季对深圳大鹏半岛附近海域开展渔业资源调查。该调查对渔业资源密度空间分布情况进行分析,并利用多元统计方法对该海域春季渔业资源群落进行了划分,比较了各群落的生物多样性、均匀度及优势种等结构特征。研究发现,大鹏半岛西侧海域渔业资源密度略高于大鹏半岛东侧海域,大鹏半岛东南侧海域为东西侧海域春季渔业资源密度变化的过渡带,呈现出由西南向东北逐渐减小的趋势。大鹏半岛附近海域渔业资源量历年来呈现下降趋势,2020年春季的调查结果显示,其中位于西侧和南侧海域的群落（Group1）资源密度最高,为553.59 kg·km^-2;位于东侧（Group 2）和东北侧（Group 3）的群落资源密度相近,分别为278.61 kg·km^-2和273.33 kg·km^-2;均较低。总体看来,大鹏半岛海域渔业资源逐渐衰退,优势种演替,应针对各群落特点及受人类活动影响程度进行生态修复。该研究结果可为大鹏半岛渔业资源的保护和管理提供参考。     

东方蜜蜂采集空间分布的研究

东方蜜蜂 (Ａｐｉｓｃｅｒａｎａｃｅｒａｎａ)是喜马拉雅山东部地区的土著蜂种 ,是我国及东南亚周边国家人工饲养最悠久的蜂种。开发利用东方蜜蜂的授粉资源 ,有利于促进山区生态系统可持续发展 (Ｐａｒｔａｐ等 ,1993;Ｃｅｒｖａｎｃｉａ ,1997)。近年来一些研究表明 ,合理设置蜂场中蜂群之间的距离或农作区内蜂群的密度 ,能够提高授粉的效果 (Ｊｏｓｅｐｈ等 ,1985 ;Ｋｅｖａｎ等 ,1995 )。但是 ,东方蜜蜂的个体较小 ,在花朵上停留的时间短 ,在 1ｍｉｎ内可采访 10～ 2 0个花朵 (Ｐａｎｄａ等 ,1988) ;采集飞行的速度快 ,通常 1次野外采…     

温度和光周期对烟蚜性蚜的诱导

本文研究了温度和光周期对烟蚜性蚜诱导的影响,结果表明：郑州地区的红色和黄绿色烟蚜在１０小时光照和１５、２０℃组合下可产生性雌和雄蚜,而在１２、１４和８小时及２５℃条件下均未有性蚜产生。     

宁夏危害枸杞的蚜虫种类为棉蚜、桃蚜和豆蚜

宁夏是我国最重要的枸杞Lycium chinense Miller生产基地,蚜虫是危害枸杞的重要害虫。多年来枸杞蚜虫一直作为一个未定名物种使用Aphis sp.。2015年作者对宁夏危害枸杞的蚜虫进行了标本采集,经中国科学院动物研究所乔格侠研究员鉴定确认是常见的3种蚜虫,分别是棉蚜Aphis gossypii Glover、桃蚜Myzus persicae(Sulzer)和豆蚜Aphis craccivora Koch。本文提供了它们的鉴定检索表和简要形态特征描述、寄主植物和分布情况。     

桃蚜、萝卜蚜的种内密度和种间竞争效应

在温室内不同密度条件下,研究了桃蚜和萝卜蚜在甘蓝上的种内密度效应和种间竞争作用。结果表明：单独饲养时,在5头／株和10头／株密度下,两种蚜虫种内密度效应均较弱;而在15头／株时,桃蚜和萝卜蚜的寿命和产蚜量都随之显降低,说明当两种蚜虫达到一定的拥挤程度时,种内密度对种群均产生一定的负效应。两种蚜虫共存时,单头产蚜量均比单独饲养时显下降,种问竞争作用明显。在10、15头／株密度下,桃蚜的竞争作用大于萝卜蚜,萝卜蚜的寿命和单头产蚜量都极显低于桃蚜。     

几种病原真菌对二点叶螨、桃蚜的侵染能力研究

从兰州市刘家堡乡自然感病的菜豆蚜尸上,经分离、纯化、筛选得到5种病原真菌,即新接霉属、干尸霉属、虫瘴霉属、虫疠霉属、匍柄霉属。以室内盆栽菜豆上饲养供试桃蚜、二点叶螨为供试生物,测定了几种病原真菌的侵染力。结果表明:匍柄霉属、新接霉属、虫瘴霉属、虫疠霉属对桃蚜有较高的侵染力,接种第7 d后校正死亡率分别为74.0%、70.0%、64.0%、62.0%;对二点叶螨雌成螨的侵染力相对较低,干尸霉属、新接霉属、虫瘴霉属、匍柄霉属接种第7 d后校正死亡率分别为48%、45.9%、42.7%和38.8%。几种病原真菌孢子悬浮液处理二点叶螨螨卵后,可延长螨卵的发育历期,降低螨卵孵化率。     

Myzus persicae (green peach aphid) feeding on Arabidopsis induces the formation of a deterrent indole glucosinolate

Cruciferous plants produce a wide variety of glucosinolates as a protection against herbivores and pathogens. However, very little is known about the importance of individual glucosinolates in plant defense and the regulation of their production in response to herbivory. When Myzus persicae (green peach aphid) feeds on Arabidopsis aliphatic glucosinolates pass through the aphid gut intact, but indole glucosinolates are mostly degraded. Although aphid feeding causes an overall decrease in Arabidopsis glucosinolate content, the production of 4-methoxyindol-3-ylmethylglucosinolate is induced. This altered glucosinolate profile is not a systemic plant response, but is limited to the area in which aphids are feeding. Aphid feeding on detached leaves causes a similar change in the glucosinolate profile, demonstrating that glucosinolate transport is not required for the observed changes. Salicylate-mediated signaling has been implicated in other plant responses to aphid feeding. However, analysis of eds5, pad4, npr1 and NahG transgenic Arabidopsis, which are compromised in this pathway, demonstrated that aphid-induced changes in the indole glucosinolate profile were unaffected. The addition of purified indol-3-ylmethylglucosinolate to the petioles of cyp79B2 cyp79B3 mutant leaves, which do not produce indole glucosinolates, showed that this glucosinolate serves as a precursor for the aphid-induced synthesis of 4-methoxyindol-3-ylmethylglucosinolate. In artificial diets, 4-methoxyindol-3-ylmethylglucosinolate is a significantly greater aphid deterrent in the absence of myrosinase than its metabolic precursor indol-3-ylmethylglucosinolate. Together, these results demonstrate that, in response to aphid feeding, Arabidopsis plants convert one indole glucosinolate to another that provides a greater defensive benefit.     

Spatial and temporal dynamics of Myzus persicae clones in fields and suction traps

1 The population of peach‐potato aphid Myzus persicae in Scotland is comprised almost entirely of long‐term asexual clones. 2 Over a ten year period, M. persicae from Scottish fields and suction traps were analysed with six microsatellite markers. 3 Out of 1497 individuals analysed, 14 clones (denoted A–N) comprised over 98% of the collection. 4 Some clones were particularly abundant but most clones had a widespread distribution on all available plants. 5 Clones E and L had distinct features in their distributions as clone L was geographically totally restricted to the north east of Scotland and clone E showed a marked preference for brassica crops. 6 Clones E and L provide direct evidence of a role for local adaptations in the distribution of M. persicae clones.     

Transmission of potato leafroll virus in relation to the honeydew excretion of Myzus persicae

Honeydew excretion of single Myzus persicae nymphs on potato leafroll virus (PLVR)-infected Physalis floridana was studied during the acquisition access period (AAP) in relation to the efficiency of virus transmission.
With increasing length of the AAP, the percentage of nymphs that transmitted the virus increased. These nymphs produced significantly more honeydew droplets during the AAP on PLRV-infected P. floridana plants than nymphs which failed to transmit the virus. However, the number of honeydew droplets excreted during the AAP by transmitting nymphs did not affect the length of the latency period. Nymphs which infected the first test plant after a short latency period produced a similar amount of honeydew during the AAP to those with a longer latency period.
Honeydew excretion recorded on plants of varied age, showed that nymphs feeding on bottom leaves of infected plants produced more honeydew droplets than on comparable leaves of healthy plants. On infected plants, nymphs produced more honeydew droplets on bottom leaves with pronounced symptoms than on top leaves that hardly showed any symptom of PLRV infection.
The concentration of viral antigen measured by ELISA was lower in top leaves than in bottom leaves of infected plants. Nevertheless, nymphs feeding on top leaves transmitted the virus more efficiently than those which used bottom leaves as virus source. When bottom leaves were used as a virus source, the percentage of viruliferous nymphs decreased with plant age. These results indicate that the availability of virus for acquisition by aphids declines with increasing plant age and symptom severity.     

Efficacy of pymetrozine against Myzus persicae and in reducing potato virus Y transmission on tobacco plants

Forty‐four parthenogenetic lineages of Myzus persicae s.l. (Sulzer) from tobacco crops and peach orchards located in various regions of Greece were examined to determine their response to the insecticide pymetrozine using leaf‐dip bio‐assays. The results show that the aphid has not developed resistance, as all lineages exhibited resistance factors bellow 6.0. In transmission experiments of potato virus Y (PVY) using a lineage of the tobacco‐adapted subspecies M. persicae nicotianae Blackman on tobacco plants, one foliar application with pymetrozine provided adequate protection for 7 days. Pymetrozine significantly reduced both virus acquisition and inoculation compared with the untreated control and the reduction was comparable to a mineral oil application. These results are discussed in terms of the advantage of incorporating pymetrozine as a compound of pest management strategies against M. persicae s.l. and for control of non‐persistent viruses, especially in crops such as tobacco because of the high selection pressure from neonicotinoids resulting in potential of resistance developing in aphid populations.     

New methods for the detection of insecticide resistant Myzus persicae in the U.K. suction trap network

1  Myzus persicae is a highly polyphagous pest of U.K. agriculture. It presents particular control difficulties because it has developed resistance to several insecticide classes.
2 For almost 20 years, M. persicae collected in the U.K. suction trap network have been analysed for insecticide resistance and the data disseminated to growers via a resistance bulletin. These data are generated by the biochemical analysis of individuals for two major resistance phenotypes: (i) elevated carboxylesterase and (ii) modified acetylcholinesterase (MACE).
3 The development of new polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based technologies using fluorescently labelled probes has allowed other resistance mechanisms, such as knockdown resistance to pyrethroids (kdr/super-kdr), to be detected and has greatly increased the speed and accuracy of resistance monitoring. Unfortunately, these newer PCR-based assays are incompatible with the older biochemical assays.
4 The present study describes the development and testing of new compatible methods for detecting elevated carboxylesterases and MACE for use on M. persicae caught in the field or suction traps.
5 These new tests have significant advantages over present methodologies by allowing individual aphids to be tested for three resistance mechanisms quickly and accurately on a single platform.     

福建主要烟区烟蚜抗药性及烟蚜体内酶的活性

本文通过测定建立了灭多威、辛硫磷、吡虫啉、氰戊菊酯、高效氯氟氰菊酯和啶虫脒6种药剂的敏感基线。测定了2009年福建南平、三明和龙岩烟区的烟蚜田间种群的抗药性水平以及烟蚜种群解毒酶与靶标酶的活性。结果显示：与2008年的监测结果相比较,灭多威对福建南平、三明和龙岩3个烟区的烟蚜种群的LC50分别增长了0．004倍、0．046倍和0．051倍;辛硫磷对福建南平、三明和龙岩3个烟区的烟蚜种群的Lc50分别降低了0．213倍、0．078倍和0．088倍;毗虫啉对福建南平、三明和龙岩3个烟区的烟蚜种群的LC50分别增长了1．186倍、1．328倍和0．56倍;氰戊菊酯对南平和龙岩烟区的烟蚜种群的Lc50分别增长了0．367倍和0．139倍,对三明烟区的烟蚜种群的Lc50降低了0．103倍;高效氯氟氰菊脂对南平和龙岩烟区的烟蚜种群的LC50分别增长了0．345倍和0．244倍,对三明烟区的烟蚜种群的Lc如降低了0．035倍;啶虫脒对福建南平、三明和龙岩3个烟区的烟蚜种群的Lc靳分别增长了O．498倍、0．724倍和0．868倍。由于3个烟区近几年大田防治烟蚜极少或没有使用灭多威、辛硫磷、氰戊菊酯和高效氯氟氰菊酯这4种杀虫剂,所以3个烟区的烟蚜种群对这4种杀虫剂的抗药性增加率降低或抗药性下降。目前除了南平烟区的烟蚜种群对啶虫脒产生了高抗（抗性倍数为6cL92倍）,其余烟区还未出现高抗种群。3个烟区烟蚜种群的3种酶活性差异明显,以三明种群最高,南平种群次之,龙岩种群最低。与2007年的测定结果相比较,三明、南平和龙岩的烟蚜种群CarE比活力分别增加了2．249倍、2．335倍和3．491倍;AChE比活力分别增加了0．336倍、0．664倍和0．782倍;GSTs比活力分别增加了0．591倍、0．811倍和1．447倍。