手术治疗摩洛哥儿童睡眠呼吸障碍的临床研究

目的:观察鼻内镜下腺样体切除术或联合扁桃体切除术对摩洛哥儿童睡眠呼吸障碍的疗效,探讨儿童睡眠呼吸障碍治疗的手术适应症。方法:136例病例分成2组,治疗组85例睡眠呼吸障碍伴慢性扁桃体炎、或扁桃体Ⅲ°肥大的儿童,行鼻内镜下腺样体切除加扁桃体切除术;对照组51例睡眠呼吸障碍伴单纯扁桃体扁桃体Ⅱ°肥大的儿童,采用鼻内镜下腺样体切除,术后随访3个月。结果:治疗组总有效率为100%(85/85),对照组84.31%(43/51),差异有统计学意义(P0.05);两组患儿的Conners儿童行为量表评分较术前明显下降,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:鼻内镜下腺样体切除术联合扁桃体切除术,明显改善患儿睡眠和呼吸,生活质量明显提高,是治疗摩洛哥儿童睡眠呼吸障碍的一线治疗方案。     

OSAHS儿童手术后血浆Orexin-A水平测定的初步分析

目的:探讨阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征(OSAHS)儿童血浆Orexin-A水平以及手术后血浆Orexin-A水平的变化.方法:对96例经多导睡眠监测(PSG)确诊的OSAHS患儿行腺样体和(或)扁桃体切除术,选择29例儿童作为对照组.采用放射免测定法,测定OSAHS患儿术前、术后6个月血浆Orexin-A水平.记录OSAHS患儿PSG检查结果AHI和最低血氧(LSaO2).结果:OSAHS组血浆Orexin-A水平与对照组比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01),术后6个月血浆Orexin-A水平与术前比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01).血浆Orexin-A与AHI呈正相关(r=0.542,P＜0.01),与最低血氧(LSaO2)呈负相关(r=-0.798,P＜0.01).结论:OSAHS患儿Orexin-A水平升高,手术治疗可使血浆Orexin-A水平下降,血浆Orexin-A水平和AHI、最低血氧(LSaO2)有相关性.     

腺样体手术治疗儿童分泌性中耳炎的临床疗效观察

目的：观察腺样体手术治疗儿童分泌性中耳炎的临床效果。方法：选择分泌性中耳炎合并腺样体肥大患儿80例（160耳）,将其随机分为手术组和对照组,每组40例,手术组患儿给予腺样体消融手术治疗,而对照组患儿进行保守治疗,观察和比较两组治疗1个月后的临床疗效。结果：治疗1个月后,手术组治愈72耳,好转6耳,治疗总有效率为97．5％,而对照组治愈8耳,好转20耳,治疗总有效率为35％,较手术组显著降低（P〈0．05）。结论：腺样体切除是治疗分泌性中耳炎的有效途径,治疗中应尽可能避免并发症的发生,恢复和保护咽鼓管的生理功能。     

腺样体手术治疗儿童分泌性中耳炎的临床疗效观察

目的:观察腺样体手术治疗儿童分泌性中耳炎的临床效果。方法:选择分泌性中耳炎合并腺样体肥大患儿80例(160耳),将其随机分为手术组和对照组,每组40例,手术组患儿给予腺样体消融手术治疗,而对照组患儿进行保守治疗,观察和比较两组治疗1个月后的临床疗效。结果:治疗1个月后,手术组治愈72耳,好转6耳,治疗总有效率为97.5%,而对照组治愈8耳,好转20耳,治疗总有效率为35%,较手术组显著降低(P0.05)。结论:腺样体切除是治疗分泌性中耳炎的有效途径,治疗中应尽可能避免并发症的发生,恢复和保护咽鼓管的生理功能。     

儿童腺样体肥大程度与分泌性中耳炎发生的相关性研究(英文)

目的:探讨儿童腺样体肥大程度与分泌性中耳炎发生及预后的相关性,指导临床医师对分泌性中耳炎作出早期诊断和治疗。方法:239例住院手术切除腺样体的儿童,常规行鼻咽侧位片、声导抗检查;部分伴耳部症状、声导抗显示C型曲线或查体可疑鼓室积液征者行颞骨CT检查或术中行鼓室穿刺。经统计学分析,比较分泌性中耳炎与腺样体肥大程度及咽鼓管咽口情况的相关性。结果:在239例腺样体肥大儿童中,经鼓室穿刺证实合并分泌性中耳炎者34例(63耳,14.2%),其中鼓室曲线呈B型者33耳(52.4%),C型(-200 dapa)者10耳(15.9%),C型(-200 dapa)者20耳(31.7%)。结果表明分泌性中耳炎的发生与腺样体肥大程度及咽鼓管园枕受压迫的程度呈正相关。结论:声导抗检查不能作为分泌性中耳炎诊断的金标准,必要时可行颞骨CT明确诊断;对腺样体肥大伴分泌性中耳炎的儿童鼻内镜下腺样体切除为其主要疗法,配合鼓室穿刺多可治愈,对反复发作的分泌性中耳炎行鼓室置管术,避免术后并发症的发生。     

孟鲁斯特钠对儿童OSAHS治疗效果的初步研究

目的：探讨孟鲁斯特钠对儿童阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征（obslructivesleepapneahypopneasyndrome,OSAHS）治疗疗效。方法：对经电子鼻咽喉镜检查腺样体Ⅲ、Ⅳ级经多导睡眠监测为OSAHS的儿童96例,分成两组：药物治疗组48例,使用孟鲁斯特钠,连续使用1个月以上;未用药物组48例。对其家长进行相关临床表现的问卷调查。结果：两组患儿在年龄、病程、伴有鼻部疾病情况以及临床问卷分值间均无显著性差异（P〉0．05）。3个月后随访情况为,药物治疗组经治疗后在“响鼾”、“不安宁的睡眠或频繁醒觉”、“鼻阻塞而张口呼吸”以及“鼻腔很多鼻涕”4个症状的改善有统计学差异（P〈0．05）。未用药物组随访前、后问卷调查,差异均不具有显著性（P〉0．05）。结论：孟鲁斯特钠对儿童OSAHS治疗有一定疗效,可先行药物治疗。症状仍无明显改善的再考虑选择手术治疗。     

孟鲁斯特钠对儿童OSAHS治疗效果的初步研究

目的:探讨孟鲁斯特钠对儿童阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征(obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome,OSAHS)治疗疗效。方法:对经电子鼻咽喉镜检查腺样体III、IV级经多导睡眠监测为OSAHS的儿童96例,分成两组:药物治疗组48例,使用孟鲁斯特钠,连续使用1个月以上;未用药物组48例。对其家长进行相关临床表现的问卷调查。结果:两组患儿在年龄、病程、伴有鼻部疾病情况以及临床问卷分值间均无显著性差异(P0.05)。3个月后随访情况为,药物治疗组经治疗后在"响鼾"、"不安宁的睡眠或频繁醒觉"、"鼻阻塞而张口呼吸"以及"鼻腔很多鼻涕"4个症状的改善有统计学差异(P0.05)。未用药物组随访前、后问卷调查,差异均不具有显著性(P0.05)。结论:孟鲁斯特钠对儿童OSAHS治疗有一定疗效,可先行药物治疗。症状仍无明显改善的再考虑选择手术治疗。     

手术治疗儿童阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征临床疗效观察

目的:观察手术治疗儿童阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征(OSAHS)的手术治疗方法及临床效果,为临床治疗提供依据。方法:选取我院2010年2月~2013年1月期间收治的儿童阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征患者56例做研究对象,对患儿的手术治疗方法及手术前后呼吸暂停指数、最低血氧饱和度及呼吸暂停低通气指数平均值进行记录和分析,比较其临床疗效情况。结果:三组患儿术后呼吸暂停指数、伴最低血氧饱和度、呼吸暂停低通气指数与术前比较,差异明显具有统计学意义,术后优于术前。中、重度鼻咽气道狭窄程度比较,术后较术前疗效显著,差异明显具有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:儿童阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征手术后呼吸暂停指数、伴最低血氧饱和度、呼吸暂停低通气指数得到显著改善,是治疗最佳方案,建议推广应用。     

儿童腺样体肥大的X 线表现

总结儿童腺样体肥大的X线表现。在本组1263例腺样体肥大中：男女比例1．45：1,均摄鼻咽侧位平片。采用A/N比值阅片;其中打鼾78%,张口呼吸2%,鼻塞8%,反复咽痛1%,中耳炎4%,扁桃体Ⅰ～Ⅱ°肿大6%;4～10岁的发病率较高,约占总数的58．9%。本组A/N比值：0．50～0．60者173例(13．7%),0．61～0．70者644例(51．0%),0．71者446例(35．3%)。A/N比值≤0．60属正常范围,0．61～0．70为中度肥大,≥0．71为病理性肥大。摄吸气期的鼻咽侧位平片是观察腺样体肥大的简单而准确的方法,同时测定A/N比值用以观察腺样体的厚度,腺样体肥大者的X线表现为：鼻咽侧位平片可见后壁软组织突出影使气管呈弧形压迹,压迹表面光滑,压迹范围小,周围骨组织无破坏,软组织突出影密度均匀一致。还需与咽后壁脓肿、咽部肿瘤等疾病鉴别。     

阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征临床监测分析

目的:探讨阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征患者的临床特征及评价疗效。方法:回顾分析70例阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征患者PSG监测数据。结果:随着呼吸紊乱指数的增加,年龄、体重指数、最长呼吸暂停时间、最低SaO_2%、平均SaO_2%下降等指标在轻度与中、重度SAS之间差异显著;70例患者中伴有高血压52.9%、糖尿病5.7%、冠心病21.4%。结论:OSAS是一种具有潜在危险的疾痛,对OSAS早期诊断治疗是预防发生严重并发症的关键。     

Plasma orexin-A-like immunoreactivity in patients with sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome

Orexin-A (hypocretin-1), a neuropeptide produced in hypothalamus, stimulates arousal. We studied plasma concentrations of orexin-A-like immunoreactivity (orexin-A-LI) in 156 patients with sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome (SAHS) and 22 control subjects. Plasma orexin-A-LI levels were significantly decreased in 156 patients with SAHS (4.4+/-0.15 pmol/l, mean+/-S.E.) as compared with controls (5.3+/-0.45 pmol/l). The levels were decreased in parallel with the severity of sleep-related respiratory disturbance and magnitude of sleep fragmentation. These findings raise the possibility that a low plasma level of orexin-A-LI may be a marker to show the severity of the disease in patients with SAHS.     

阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征患者血脂水平的变化

探讨阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征(OSAHS)与血脂水平的关系。方法:选取32例OSAHS患者(OSAHS组)为试验组和30例健康体检者为对照组,均经多导睡眠监测仪(PSG)检查,测定空腹血清总胆固醇(TC)、甘油三酯(TG)、高密度脂蛋白(HDL)、低密度脂蛋白(LDL)的含量,比较两组间的差异。结果:OSAHS组空腹时TC、TG、LDL显著高于对照组,而HDL显著低于对照组。结论:OSAHS可引起脂质代谢异常,从而促进心血管疾病的发生。     

Japanese clinical guideline for sleep apnea syndrome (SAS)

Sleep and Biological Rhythms -     

Relationship between surface tension of upper airway lining liquid and upper airway collapsibility during sleep in obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome.

Lowering surface tension (gamma) of upper airway lining liquid (UAL) reduces upper airway opening (anesthetized humans) and closing (anesthetized rabbits) pressures. We now hypothesize that in sleeping obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS) patients lowering gamma of UAL will enhance upper airway stability and decrease the severity of sleep-disordered breathing. Nine OSAHS patients [respiratory disturbance index (RDI): 49 +/- 8 (SE) events/h, diagnostic night] participated in a two-part, one-night, polysomnography study. In the first part, upper airway closing pressures (during non-rapid eye movement sleep, Pcrit) were measured and samples of UAL (awake) were obtained before and after 2.5 ml of surfactant (Exosurf, Glaxo Smith Kline) was instilled into the posterior pharynx. The gamma of UAL was determined with the use of the "pull-off" force technique. In the second part, subjects received a second application of 2.5 ml of surfactant and then slept the remainder of the night (205 +/- 30 min). Instillation of surfactant decreased the gamma of UAL from 60.9 +/- 3.1 mN/m (control) to 45.2 +/- 2.5 mN/m (surfactant group) (n = 9, P < 0.001). Pcrit decreased from 1.19 +/- 1.14 cmH2O (control) to -0.56 +/- 1.15 cmH2O (surfactant group) (n = 7, P < 0.02). Compared with the second half of diagnostic night, surfactant decreased RDI from 51 +/- 8 to 35 +/- 8 events/h (n = 9, P < 0.03). The fall in RDI (deltaRDI) correlated with the fall in gamma of UAL (deltagamma) (deltaRDI = 1.8 x deltagamma, r = 0.68, P = 0.04). Hypopneas decreased approximately 50% from 42 +/- 8 to 20 +/- 5 events/h (n = 9, P < 0.03, paired t-test). The gamma of UAL measured the next morning remained low at 49.5 +/- 2.7 mN/m (n = 9, P < 0.001, ANOVA, compared with control). In conclusion, instillation of surfactant reduced the gamma of UAL in OSAHS patients and decreased Pcrit and the occurrence of hypopneas. Therapeutic manipulation of gamma of UAL may be beneficial in reducing the severity of sleep-disordered breathing in OSAHS patients.     

Genetic analysis of candidate SNPs for metabolic syndrome in obstructive sleep apnea (OSA)

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a common disorder characterized by the reduction or complete cessation in airflow resulting from an obstruction of the upper airway. Several studies have observed an increased risk for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality among OSA patients. Metabolic syndrome (MetS), a cluster of cardiovascular risk factors characterized by the presence of insulin resistance, is often found in patients with OSA, but the complex interplay between these two syndromes is not well understood. In this study, we present the results of a genetic association analysis of 373 candidate SNPs for MetS selected in a previous genome wide association analysis (GWAS). The 384 selected SNPs were genotyped using the Illumina VeraCode Technology in 387 subjects retrospectively assessed at the Internal Medicine Unit of the “Virgen de Valme” University Hospital (Seville, Spain). In order to increase the power of this study and to validate our findings in an independent population, we used data from the Framingham Sleep Study which comprises 368 individuals. Only the rs11211631 polymorphism was associated with OSA in both populations, with an estimated OR = 0.57 (0.42–0.79) in the joint analysis (p = 7.21 × 10^− 4). This SNP was selected in the previous GWAS for MetS components using a digenic approach, but was not significant in the monogenic study. We have also identified two SNPs (rs2687855 and rs4299396) with a protective effect from OSA only in the subpopulation with abdominal obesity. As a whole, our study does not support the idea that OSA and MetS share major genetic determinants, although both syndromes share common epidemiological and clinical features.     

Comparison among three approaches for evaluation of sexual precocity in Nellore cattle

Restricted breeding seasons used in beef cattle produce censored data for reproduction traits measured in regard to these seasons. To analyze these data, adequate methods must be used. The objective of this paper was to compare three approaches aiming to evaluate sexual precocity in Nellore cattle. The final data set contained 6699 records of age at first conception (AFC14) (in days) and of heifer pregnancy (HP14) (binary) obtained from females exposed to the bulls for the first time at about 14 months of age. Records of females that did not calve in the following year after being exposed to a sire were considered censored (77.5% of total). The models used to obtain genetic parameters and expected progeny differences (EPDs) were a Weibull mixed and a censored linear model for AFC14 and threshold model for HP14. The mean heritabilities obtained were 0.76 and 0.44, respectively, for survival and censored linear models (for AFC14), and 0.58 for HP14. Ranking and Pearson correlations varied (in absolute values) from 0.54 to 0.99 (considering different percentages of sires selected), indicating moderate changes in the classification. Considering survival analysis as the best selection criterion (that would result in the best response to selection), it was observed that selection for HP14 would lead to a more significant decrease in selection response if compared with selection for AFC14 analysed by censored linear model, from which results were very similar to the survival analysis.     

睡眠呼吸暂停综合征啮齿动物模型的研究进展

睡眠呼吸暂停综合征(SAS)是一种常见的与睡眠相关的呼吸障碍疾病.大量的研究表明,SAS是多种疾病的独立危险因素,可导致心、脑、肾及血液等器官或系统损害.建立理想的SAS动物模型对研究其发病机制及治疗有重要意义.目前,国内外学者尝试用不同动物,通过不同的环节模拟人类SAS患者的病理生理状态,其中啮齿动物是最常用的造模动物.本文就啮齿类SAS动物模型的建立方法及优缺点进行综述.     

Comparison of two different approaches in the detection of intermittent cardiorespiratory coordination during night sleep

Background

The objective was to evaluate and to compare two completely different detection algorithms of intermittent (short-term) cardiorespiratory coordination during night sleep. The first method is based on a combination of respiratory flow and electrocardiogram recordings and determines the relative phases of R waves between successive onsets of inspiration. Intermittent phase coordination is defined as phase recurrence with accuracy α over at least k heartbeats. The second, recently introduced method utilizes only binary coded variations of heart rate (acceleration = 1, deceleration = 0) and identifies binary pattern classes which can be assigned to respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA). It is hypothesized that RSA pattern class recurrence over at least k heartbeats is strongly related with the intermittent phase coordination defined above.

Results

Both methods were applied to night time recordings of 20 healthy subjects. In subjects <45 yrs and setting k = 3 and α = 0.03, the phase and RSA pattern recurrence were highly correlated. Furthermore, in most subjects the pattern predominance (PP) showed a pronounced oscillation which is most likely linked with the dynamics of sleep stages. However, the analysis of bivariate variation and the use of surrogate data suggest that short-term phase coordination mainly resulted from central adjustment of heart rate and respiratory rate rather than from real phase synchronization due to physiological interaction.

Conclusion

Binary pattern analysis provides essential information on short-term phase recurrence and reflects nighttime sleep architecture, but is only weakly linked with true phase synchronization which is rare in physiological processes of man.     

Effect of gender on the development of hypocapnic apnea/hypopnea during NREM sleep.

We hypothesized that a decreased susceptibility to the development of hypocapnic central apnea during non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep in women compared with men could be an explanation for the gender difference in the sleep apnea/hypopnea syndrome. We studied eight men (age 25-35 yr) and eight women in the midluteal phase of the menstrual cycle (age 21-43 yr); we repeated studies in six women during the midfollicular phase. Hypocapnia was induced via nasal mechanical ventilation for 3 min, with respiratory frequency matched to eupneic frequency. Tidal volume (VT) was increased between 110 and 200% of eupneic control. Cessation of mechanical ventilation resulted in hypocapnic central apnea or hypopnea, depending on the magnitude of hypocapnia. Nadir minute ventilation in the recovery period was plotted against the change in end-tidal PCO(2) (PET(CO(2))) per trial; minute ventilation was given a value of 0 during central apnea. The apneic threshold was defined as the x-intercept of the linear regression line. In women, induction of a central apnea required an increase in VT to 155 +/- 29% (mean +/- SD) and a reduction of PET(CO(2)) by -4.72 +/- 0.57 Torr. In men, induction of a central apnea required an increase in VT to 142 +/- 13% and a reduction of PET(CO(2)) by -3.54 +/- 0.31 Torr (P = 0.002). There was no difference in the apneic threshold between the follicular and the luteal phase in women. Premenopausal women are less susceptible to hypocapnic disfacilitation during NREM sleep than men. This effect was not explained by progesterone. Preservation of ventilatory motor output during hypocapnia may explain the gender difference in sleep apnea.