胡杨、灰叶胡杨光合及叶绿素荧光特性的比较研究

比较研究了两年生胡杨和灰叶胡杨叶片的光合及叶绿素荧光特性.结果表明:胡杨和灰叶胡杨均表现出净光合速率(Pn)日变化呈单峰曲线,只是在12:00时胡杨的Pn略微降低;气孔导度日变化均呈单峰型曲线;胞间CO2浓度日变化呈近“V”字型曲线.相同的试验条件下,胡杨的净光合速率、气孔导度高于灰叶胡杨,净光合速率与气孔导度峰值出现在上午10:00时;胡杨胞间CO2浓度低于灰叶胡杨,胞间CO2浓度最低值均出现在中午14:00时.经充分暗适应后的叶片叶绿素荧光参数初始荧光、PSⅡ原初光能转换效率和PSⅡ潜在活性均为胡杨显著大于灰叶胡杨.以太阳光为光化学光,测定的叶绿素荧光参数日变化显示,胡杨PSⅡ实际的光化学反应量子效率、非循环电子传递速率、光化学猝灭系数均大于灰叶胡杨,而非光化学猝灭系数却较灰叶胡杨小.胡杨与灰叶胡杨在光合与叶绿素荧光特性上的差异,是胡杨更能适应干旱荒漠区高光、高温与低相对空气湿度环境,从而表现出高净光合速率的部分生理学原因之一.     

胡杨、灰叶胡杨开花生物学特性研究

从居群水平研究了胡杨、灰叶胡杨不同居群的开花物候特征.结果表明:胡杨、灰叶胡杨各居群均表现为雄株开花物候早于雌株,一般可授期开始较散粉期晚1～4 d,结束较散粉期晚2～5 d,并且居群散粉期和可授期的重叠期较长.在同一居群内,胡杨、灰叶胡杨同性单株间开花期的不一致性较高.两个种相比较,胡杨居群的开花进程比灰叶胡杨居群早2～5 d,并且从每日开花株数累积分布来看,胡杨散粉期、可授期为双峰型,灰叶胡杨为单峰型.     

濒危物种胡杨和灰叶胡杨总DNA提取及RAPD体系优化

以濒危物种胡杨和灰叶胡杨硅胶干燥的叶片为材料,研究其总DNA提取方法及RAPD-PCR体系优化条件。结果表明,用改良CTAB法提取的DNA适用于胡杨和灰叶胡杨的RAPD分析。优化的胡杨和灰叶胡杨RAPD-PCR体系为:20μL的反应体系中含Mg2+2.5 mmol·L-1、dNTP 0.15 mmol·L-1、引物0.2μmol·L-1、模板DNA100 ng和1.5 U Taq DNA聚合酶。用6条多态性引物对优化体系的稳定性进行检测,结果显示扩增结果稳定,多态性丰富。该优化体系为在分子水平开展胡杨和灰叶胡杨的保护生物学研究提供了技术支持和参考。     

胡杨、灰叶胡杨P-V曲线水分参数的初步研究

运用P-V技术初步研究了人工林胡杨、灰叶胡杨两个树种的水分参数差异,探讨了树种的抗旱性。结果表明灰叶胡杨的主要水分参数(ψ100、ψ0、ROWC、AWC、RWD、ε）明显低于胡杨,渗透调节能力和束缚水含量高于胡杨,表现对干旱环境具有较强的耐旱能力。综合评判表明灰叶胡杨对干旱的适应性较强。     

Species-specific responses to drought,salinity and their interactions in Populus euphratica and P. pruinosa seedlings

干旱和盐胁迫是严重的非生物胁迫因子,限制植物的生长和生产力,特别是在沙漠地区。本研究采用两种沙漠杨树—胡杨(Populus euphratica)和灰杨(P. pruinosa)幼苗,比较它们对干旱、盐胁迫和两者交互胁迫的耐受性。研究了在干旱、盐胁迫和交互胁迫下,胡杨和灰杨在生长、光合能力和色素含量、非结构性碳水化合物浓度、Cl⁻分配、渗透调节和活性氧积累等方面的物种特异性响应。研究结果表明, 与胡杨相比,灰杨在干旱、盐胁迫,特别是交互胁迫下表现出更高的生长抑制作用,光合作用下降,气孔关闭和活性氧积累,抗氧化酶活性和渗透调节能力下降。此外,在盐胁迫下,胡杨限制了盐从根部向叶片的转运,并且向粗根分配的Cl⁻较多,向叶片分配的Cl⁻较少,而灰杨向叶片分配较多的Cl⁻。表明这两种杨树存在着物种特异性变化,在干旱、盐胁迫,特别是交互胁迫下,灰杨受到更大的负面作用。因此,在未来干旱和盐胁迫加重的气候环境下,在生态恢复和植树造林时,应考虑这两种杨树对干旱和盐胁迫的物种特异性响应和耐受性。     

胡杨、灰叶胡杨种子营养化学成分的研究

对不同居群的胡杨、灰叶胡杨种子营养化学成分进行分析,结果表明,胡杨种子中可溶性糖、粗蛋白质、脂肪、淀粉的含量分别为9～12g·kg-1、38～44g·kg-1、21～62g·kg-1、1.9～2.3g·kg-1;灰叶胡杨种子中可溶性糖、粗蛋白质、脂肪、淀粉的含量分别为9～10g·kg-1、38～48g·kg-1、14～41g·kg-1、2.3～2.5g·kg-1.胡杨、灰叶胡杨不同居群种子中大量元素含量均以N最高,分别为6.0～6.9g·kg-1、6.3～7.6g·kg-1;微量元素含量排序一致,依次为Fe>Zn>Cu>Mn>Pb>Ni>Cd.统计分析表明,不同居群种子中可溶性糖、粗蛋白、粗脂肪、N、P、K、Ca、Mg的含量均呈现极显著差异;而淀粉与微量元素含量除一些差异不显著外,其余均达显著或极显著水平.     

胡杨、灰叶胡杨生物生态学特性调查

对胡杨、灰叶胡杨6个不同居群的分布、生境概况、生物学、生态学特性进行了调查,研究结果表明生境条件不同,居群的开花物候期、生长发育状况、花果产量、种子繁殖和营养繁殖以及群落的结构、繁茂程度等有所不同。地下水位在3～7m的居群,生长发育不良,种子繁殖和营养繁殖率很低,群落年龄结构老化,居群呈衰退趋势,影响因素是地下水位、土壤水分和土壤盐分的变化;地下水位在1．5～2．5m的居群,生长正常,花果产量高。胡杨、灰叶胡杨在所处各群落中均为建群种,群落垂直结构一般分为3层,群落水平结构的不郁闭性和林窗现象普遍。     

胡杨、灰叶胡杨花粉成分及生活力的比较研究

比较研究了胡杨,灰叶胡杨花粉的化学成分及2种花粉在不同贮藏条件下的生活力变化。结果表明;在室温,4℃冰箱内保存,灰叶胡杨花粉生活力保持的时间均比胡杨花粉生活力保持的时间长,同一个种的花粉贮藏相同时间,在4℃冰箱内贮藏的生活力比室温下贮藏的生活力强,耐贮藏的灰叶胡杨花粉水分,淀粉含量较胡杨花粉高,蛋白质,还原糖,17种游离氨基酸含量较胡杨花粉含量低。     

胡杨、灰叶胡杨花空间分布及数量特征研究

研究了不同居群的胡杨、灰叶胡杨花空间分布及其数量特征。结果表明,无论是胡杨还是灰叶胡杨,其雄树的树高、最低花位、集花区下限、集花区上限、最高花位皆低于雌树,并且雌株与雄株的花序分布范围亦有着较大的重叠区域。在树体上,雄花序主要分布在树冠的中部,上部次之,下部最少;雌花序主要分布在树冠的上部,中部次之,下部最少。胡杨的单株花序量、花朵花药数、花药花粉量和花序花粉量均小于灰叶胡杨,而花序花朵数胡杨雄树的小于灰叶胡杨,雌树的大于灰叶胡杨。统计分析表明,不同居群胡杨的单株花序量、花序花朵数与花药花粉量是相对稳定的,而灰叶胡杨仅雄树的单株花序量是稳定的。     

胡杨和灰叶胡杨的维吾尔族植物文化研究——以新疆尉犁县为例

研究维吾尔人利用植物的传统知识和经验,在社会经济发展和资源保护等方面具有潜在的应用价值。胡杨（Populus euphratica Oliv.）和灰叶胡杨（P.pruinosa Schrenk）是新疆沙漠生态系统的主要植物类群,研究采用关键人物访谈法,对胡杨和灰叶胡杨在新疆尉犁县维吾尔族民间的植物文化进行了研究。结果表明：胡杨和灰叶胡杨的胡杨碱白色结晶体在治疗胃胀、咽喉肿痛、胃溃疡、十二指肠溃疡及消化不良等方面有作用;胡杨碱黑色结晶体用于治疗腰疼、腿疼,有消肿及止痛等疗效;胡杨碱加工后作洗发膏和洗衣粉使用;胡杨水不仅治疗神经衰弱,有延缓衰老、降低高血压及高血脂的功效,还能降低心脏病发病率;胡杨和灰叶胡杨枝叶具有治疗家畜胃胀和肌胃腐烂病的作用。当地罗布人利用胡杨树来建设沙漠生态园及控制土壤沙漠化。研究初步揭示了两种胡杨植物与维吾尔人的植物文化体系,维吾尔族植物传统知识的研究,将对我国民族植物学的发展及多样性产生影响。     

Distinct patterns of natural selection in Na+/H+ antiporter genes in Populus euphratica and Populus pruinosa

Salt tolerance genes constitute an important class of loci in plant genomes. Little is known about the extent to which natural selection in saline environments has acted upon these loci, and what types of nucleotide diversity such selection has given rise to. Here, we surveyed genetic diversity in three types of Na⁺/H⁺ antiporter gene (SOS, NhaD, and NHX, belonging to the cation/proton antiporter 1 family), which have well ‐ characterized essential roles in plant salt tolerance. Ten Na⁺/H⁺ antiporter genes and 16 neutral loci randomly selected as controls were sequenced from 17 accessions of two closely related members of the genus Populus, Populus euphratica and Populus pruinosa, section Turanga, which are native to northwest China. The results show that salt tolerance genes are common targets of natural selection in P. euphratica and P. pruinosa. Moreover, the patterns of nucleotide variation across the three types of Na⁺/H⁺ antiporter gene are distinctly different in these two closely related Populus species, and gene flow from P. pruinosa to P. euphratica is highly restricted. Our results suggest that natural selection played an important role in shaping the current distinct patterns of Na⁺/H⁺ antiporter genes, resulting in adaptive evolution in P. euphratica and P. pruinosa.     

塔里木河上游胡杨与灰杨光合水分生理特性

在自然条件下对塔里木河上游优势树种-胡杨、灰杨的光合水分生理特性进行比较研究.结果表明,整个生长季胡杨、灰杨的光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr,除8月份)日进程均为单峰曲线,水分利用效率(WUE)变化无明显规律性.胡杨与灰杨12:00后Pn的下降主要取决于非气孔因素限制.胡杨Pn、WUE高于灰杨,而Tr低于灰杨,表明胡杨属高光合、低蒸腾、高WUE型树种,灰杨属低光合、高蒸腾、低WUE型树种.胡杨、灰杨枝水势(Ψw)、清晨与正午水势日进程均呈"V"字型曲线,胡杨水势日变幅、正午水势月变幅均小于灰杨,但两树种水势间无显著差异.胡杨与灰杨具有较强的水分吸收和减少水分丧失的能力,但胡杨调节气孔导度(Gs)控制蒸腾失水的能力较强,对干旱环境表现出更强的生态适应性,从而导致两树种产生了种群地理分化.     

胡杨、灰叶胡杨果实空间分布及其数量特性的研究

胡杨、灰叶胡杨种间比较,果穗、种子在树冠上的垂直分布均表现为树冠上层最多,中层居中,下层最少,树冠南北侧相比较,南侧果穗量多于北侧.单果种子量在树冠各层次上差异不显著.胡杨单果重是灰叶胡杨的2.68倍,千粒重是灰叶胡杨的1.33倍,单果种子量是灰叶胡杨的2.14倍,单株种子量是灰叶胡杨的1.28倍,而单株果实量灰叶胡杨是胡杨的1.59倍.同一个种不同居群间比较,胡杨、灰叶胡杨均是单株果穗数和果穗果实数各居群间都存在差异,胡杨各居群间单果重、单果种子量差异不显著,而灰叶胡杨各居群间单果重及单果种子量差异极显著.表明胡杨在物质和能量上对后代的投资能力强于灰叶胡杨,生殖策略是通过较高的单果种子量来保证一定数量的单株种子量;而灰叶胡杨单果种子量较低,却是通过较高的单株果量来保证单株种子量,并且较小的种子占据空间生态位的潜能较胡杨占优势.     

NaCl胁迫下胡杨(Populus euphratica)和群众杨(P.popularis)抗氧化能力及耐盐性

在盐浓度逐渐提高的胁迫条件下,对抗盐的胡杨(Populus euphratica)和盐敏感的群众杨(P.popularis35~44)1年实生苗木叶片中Na 、Cl-水平、O2-.产生速率以及抗氧化酶:超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)的动态变化以及抗盐性进行了研究。结果表明,在盐浓度不断提高的胁迫条件下,群众杨叶片中Na 、Cl-浓度持续增加,盐胁迫18d时,群众杨叶中Na 、Cl-含量分别达到对照的17.8和14.6倍,此时O2-.产生速率也达到最高水平。而在盐胁迫期间,群众杨叶片SOD活性没有明显提高,CAT活性维持在对照水平以下,只有APX和GR活性在盐胁迫13~18d,即盐害症状出现前才有所上升,属于典型的盐害反应。胡杨与群众杨明显不同:在盐胁迫初期,胡杨叶片Na 、Cl-含量虽然没有明显的变化,但胡杨叶片中O2-.产生速率在盐胁7d时明显提高,SOD、APX、CAT活性也都先后相应上升,表明胡杨能响应盐胁迫并上调SOD、APX和CAT等保护酶类,降低盐诱导的膜脂过氧化,从而减少了电解质外渗,最终提高了树木的抗盐性。     

中国新疆灰叶胡杨群体遗传多样性的SSR分析

以中国新疆灰叶胡杨( Populus pruinosa)的9个天然居群的135个样品为材料,利用12对荧光SSR引物对其遗传多样性和遗传结构进行研究.结果表明:12对引物共检测到136个位点,平均每个引物11个条带,居群的平均多态位点比率平均为0.972、Shannon 指数(Ⅰ)平均为1.185、Nei指数(h)平均为0.541、观察杂合度Ho为0.321、期望杂合度He为0.560,表明灰叶胡杨的遗传多样性水平较丰富.9个灰叶胡杨天然居群中泽普居群的遗传多样性最为丰富,阿拉尔14团遗传多样性最为贫乏.AMOVA分子差异分析显示:12％的遗传变异存在居群间,88％的遗传变异则存在居群内,基因分化系数Gst为17.10％,证明灰叶胡杨居群的遗传分化程度较低.根据遗传分化系数,测得居群间的基因流(Nm)为2.424.9个居群的平均遗传距离为0.244,14T居群和MGT居群遗传距离最近,遗传一致度最大.利用UPGMA法对9个居群进行聚类分析,灰叶胡杨9个自然居群分为4大类:48团(48T)、14团(14T)、麦盖提县(MGT)、墨玉县(MY)、沙雅县(SY)聚为一大类,阿瓦提县(AWT)和阿拉尔和田河古道(ALE)居群聚为一大类,最后泽普县(ZP)、巴楚县的夏马勒林场(XML)各自单独为一类.经Mantel检验,9个灰叶胡杨居群的遗传距离和地理距离相关性不显著.总之,泽普居群遗传多样性最丰富,因此在指定原位种质保护计划时应优先考虑泽普居群.     

Genetic differentiation among recently diverged delphinid taxa determined using AFLP markers

In the mid-1990s, a new common dolphin species (Delphinus capensis) was defined in the northeast Pacific using morphological characters and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequences. This species is sympatric with a second species, Delphinus delphis; morphological differences between the two are slight and it is clear they are closely related. Does the phenotypic distinction result from only a few important genes or from large differences between their nuclear genomes? We used amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) markers to broadly survey the nuclear genomes of these two species to examine the levels of nuclear divergence and genetic diversity between them. Furthermore, to create an evolutionary context in which to compare the level of interspecific divergence found between the two Delphinus taxa, we also examined two distinct morphotypes of the bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus). A nonmetric multidimensional scaling analysis clearly differentiated both Delphinus species, indicating that significant nuclear genetic differentiation has arisen between the species despite their morphological similarity. However, the AFLP data indicated that the two T. truncatus morphotypes exhibit greater divergence than D. capensis and D. delphis, suggesting that they too should be considered different species.     

胡杨雌雄株叶片的比较解剖学研究

应用石蜡切片法对胡杨(Populus euphratica Oliv.)雌、雄株叶片进行比较解剖研究,结果表明:(1)胡杨雌、雄株叶片都由表皮、叶肉与叶脉构成,表皮由2层细胞构成复表皮;上、下表皮内均分化出了2～3层栅栏组织细胞,栅栏组织之间有少量海绵组织细胞;主脉维管束通常1个,由木质部、韧皮部、少量形成层及类似禾本...     

濒危物种灰叶胡杨的大孢子发生和雌配子体发育

用石蜡切片法对濒危物种灰叶胡杨的大孢子发生和雌配子体发育过程进行观察研究.结果显示,灰叶胡杨雌蕊由三心皮构成,侧膜胎座,胚珠为倒生型,有18～21列;发育早期的胚珠为双珠被,厚珠心;当外珠被发育至与内珠被处于同一水平时,内珠被便开始退化,故成熟胚珠为单珠被;孢原细胞1个,并且自表皮下2层处分化;大孢子母细胞由孢原细胞分裂后形成的造孢细胞直接发育而来;大孢子四分体直线形排列,合点端的大孢子为功能大孢子,蓼型胚囊;在胚囊发育过程中珠孔端的珠心组织退化.根据开花物候不同阶段花的形态特征,可以初步判断灰叶胡杨大孢子发生和雌配子体的发育进程.     

Genetic differentiation and delimitation of Pugionium dolabratum and Pugionium cornutum (Brassicaceae)

Species delimitation has been a major research focus in evolutionary biology. However, the genetic delimitation of recently diverged species varies depending on the markers examined. In this study, we aimed to examine genetic differentiation and delimitations between only two species of Pugionium Gaertn (Brassicaceae)—Pugionium cornutum (L.) Gaertn and Pugionium dolabratum Maxim—that occur in the desert habitats of central Asia and have parapatric distributions. We genotyped 169 individuals from 25 populations, using two chloroplast (cp) DNA fragments (trnV-trnM and trnS-trnfM), seven simple repeated sequence (SSR) loci and the nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS). Four cp haplotypes were identified, three of which commonly occur in the two species, suggesting incomplete species-specific lineage sorting. Between-species cpDNA differentiation (F _CT) was low, even lower than among populations of the same species. However, we found higher than average SSR F _CT values, and both Bayesian clustering of SSR variables and maximum-likelihood genetic analyses divided all sampled individuals into two groups, agreeing well with morphological separation, although gene flow between species was obvious according to the SSR loci data. However, two types of ITS sequences were highly consistent with the morphological delimitation of the two species in all sampled individuals. These results together suggest that these two species shared numerous ancestral cpDNA polymorphisms and point to the importance of nuclear DNA (ITS or genetic accumulation at multiple loci) in delimiting recently diverged species.     

Proteome profiling of Populus euphratica Oliv. upon heat stress

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Populus euphratica is a light-demanding species ecologically characterized as a pioneer. It grows in shelter belts along riversides, being part of the natural desert forest ecosystems in China and Middle Eastern countries. It is able to survive extreme temperatures, drought and salt stress, marking itself out as an important plant species to study the mechanisms responsible for survival of woody plants under heat stress. METHODS: Heat effects were evaluated through electrolyte leakage on leaf discs, and LT(50) was determined to occur above 50 degrees C. Protein accumulation profiles of leaves from young plants submitted to 42/37 degrees C for 3 d in a phytotron were determined through 2D-PAGE, and a total of 45 % of up- and downregulated proteins were detected. Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight (MALDI-TOF)/TOF analysis, combined with searches in different databases, enabled the identification of 82 % of the selected spots. KEY RESULTS: Short-term upregulated proteins are related to membrane destabilization and cytoskeleton restructuring, sulfur assimilation, thiamine and hydrophobic amino acid biosynthesis, and protein stability. Long-term upregulated proteins are involved in redox homeostasis and photosynthesis. Late downregulated proteins are involved mainly in carbon metabolism. CONCLUSIONS: Moderate heat response involves proteins related to lipid biogenesis, cytoskeleton structure, sulfate assimilation, thiamine and hydrophobic amino acid biosynthesis, and nuclear transport. Photostasis is achieved through carbon metabolism adjustment, a decrease of photosystem II (PSII) abundance and an increase of PSI contribution to photosynthetic linear electron flow. Thioredoxin h may have a special role in this process in P. euphratica upon moderate heat exposure.