老化处理对大豆种子活力及线粒体抗坏血酸-谷胱甘肽循环的影响

以大豆‘中黄13’为材料,研究人工老化后大豆种子活力及线粒体抗坏血酸-谷胱甘肽（ASC-GSH）循环的变化。结果表明,随老化时间的延长,大豆种子的发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数和活力指数均显著下降;老化种子的相对电导率和丙二醛（MDA）含量随着老化时间的延长逐渐增大,超氧阴离子（O₂?^-）产生速率和过氧化氢（H₂O₂）含量呈现先升高后降低的趋势;与对照相比,老化种子中线粒体细胞色素c氧化酶（COX）和苹果酸脱氢酶（MDH）活性显著下降,呼吸速率和呼吸控制率（RCR）显著降低;老化种子中线粒体超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶（APX）、单脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶（MDHAR）、脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶（DHAR）和谷胱甘肽还原酶（GR）的活性以及总ASC和GSH含量显著降低,说明老化导致活性氧（ROS）代谢异常,线粒体呼吸功能及ASC-GSH循环紊乱。ROS的过量积累可能是导致种子活力丧失的主要原因。     

外源NO对铜胁迫下番茄幼苗根系抗坏血酸-谷胱甘肽循环的影响

采用营养液培养方法,研究外源NO对铜胁迫下番茄(Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.)幼苗根系抗坏血酸(AsA)-谷胱甘肽(GSH)循环中抗氧化物质和抗氧化酶系的影响.结果表明:外施适量NO(硝普钠)可提高铜胁迫下番茄幼苗根系AsA、GSH含量和AsA/DHA(氧化型抗坏血酸)、GSH/GSSG(氧化型谷胱甘肽),降低DHA和GSSG含量.添加100 μmol·L-1 BSO(谷胱甘肽合成酶抑制剂)处理下,外源NO可提高铜胁迫下番茄幼苗根系的AsA含量、AsA/DHA及抗坏血酸酶(AAO)、单脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶(MDHAR)和脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶(DHAR)比活性,降低DHA、GSH、GSSG含量及抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)、谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)比活性;添加250 μmol·L-1 BSO处理下,外源NO提高了铜胁迫下番茄幼苗根系的AsA、GSH、GSSG含量、AsA/DHA及APX和GR比活性,降低了DHA含量及AAO、DHAR和MDHAR比活性.说明外源NO影响了铜胁迫下番茄根系的AsA-GSH代谢循环,并通过调节AsA/DHA、GSH/GSSG的变化来减轻氧化胁迫,从而缓解铜胁迫对番茄根系的伤害.     

梭鱼草叶片抗氧化酶、抗坏血酸-谷胱甘肽循环与乙二醛酶系统对铅胁迫的响应

本研究以液培法考察了不同浓度Pb2+胁迫下梭鱼草叶片丙二醛（MDA）与叶绿素含量、抗氧化酶活性、抗氧化剂含量及乙二醛酶系统的变化规律。结果表明：经5.0 mg L-1 Pb2+胁迫14 d和21 d时,梭鱼草叶片叶绿素含量、抗氧化酶活性[过氧化氢酶（CAT）、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）和抗坏血酸过氧化物酶（APX）]、抗氧化剂含量[抗坏血酸（AsA）、脱氢抗坏血酸（DHA）、谷胱甘肽（GSH）、非蛋白巯基总肽（NPT）和植物螯合肽（PCs）]没有明显变化;同时,21 d时叶片细胞中甲基乙二醛（MG）含量显著增加,而MDA含量无明显增加。经10.0 mg L-1 Pb2+处理21 d时,梭鱼草叶片MDA、MG、GSH及NPT含量及过氧化物酶（POD）活性明显增加,而脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶（DHAR）、甲基乙二醛酶Ⅱ（GlyⅡ）活性呈相反变化趋势。在15.0 mg L-1 Pb2+处理期间,叶片MDA含量显著增加,此时GSH、NPT、PCs被诱导合成以螯合细胞中过量积累的Pb2+;同时,叶片POD、SOD、APX活性和AsA含量显著增加。经15.0 mg L-1 Pb2+处理21 d时,虽然梭鱼草叶片甲基乙二醛酶I（GlyI）活性明显增加,但是MG含量仍然增加,且GlyⅡ活性明显下降,此时乙二醛酶系统已经不能缓解高浓度Pb2+胁迫诱发的羰基胁迫。梭鱼草叶片对5.0 mg L-1 Pb2+具有良好的耐受性。在较高浓度（≧10.0 mg L-1）Pb2+胁迫下,梭鱼草叶片细胞膜脂过氧化作用加剧,此时其主要通过合成非蛋白巯基化合物、增加抗氧化酶活性及AsA含量以减缓氧化损伤。在试验期间,梭鱼草叶片乙二醛酶系统没有表现出明显的解毒作用。     

NaCl胁迫对茄子嫁接幼苗叶片抗坏血酸和谷胱甘肽代谢的影响

以Torvum Vigor为砧木,栽培品种苏崎茄为接穗,研究NaCl胁迫对茄子嫁接苗和自根苗抗氧化物质含量和H2O2产生及清除酶活性的影响.结果表明;(1)NaCl胁迫可诱导叶片中H2O2的产生,导致膜脂过氧化产物丙二醛(MDA)的积累,嫁接苗叶片中H2O2和MDA的含量显著低于自根苗.(2)在NaCl胁迫下,嫁接苗叶片中谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)和抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)活性上升,自根苗则下降;NaCl胁迫促进了嫁接苗还原型抗坏血酸(AsA)和还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)的合成,嫁接苗叶片中AsA和GSH的含量显著高于自根苗.由此认为,茄子嫁接苗耐盐性优于自根苗的原因之一在于嫁接苗保持较快的AsA-GSH循环,从而保证GSH和AsA的再生以减轻氧化损伤.     

NaCl胁迫下AM真菌对滨梅叶片中抗坏血酸-谷胱甘肽循环的影响

以接种Glomus mosseae的滨梅幼苗为试材,研究了AM真菌对2.0%NaCl胁迫下滨梅叶片抗坏血酸-谷胱甘肽循环系统的影响。结果显示,NaCl胁迫下滨梅幼苗叶片H2O2含量呈增加趋势,但接种菌幼苗叶片H2O2含量显著低于未接种苗的。NaCl胁迫下菌根苗叶片抗氧化酶(APX、DHAR和GR)活性、AsA和GSH含量、氧化还原力(AsA/DHA值和GSH/GSSG值)均显著高于未接种苗。这表明,NaCl胁迫下,AM真菌能促进滨梅叶AsA-GSH循环快速有效地运转,维持体内抗氧化物质较强的再生能力,从而提高抗氧化胁迫能力,菌根苗表现出较强的耐盐性。     

外源NO对铜胁迫下番茄幼苗根系抗坏血酸谷胱甘肽循环的影响

采用营养液培养方法,研究外源NO对铜胁迫下番茄(Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.)幼苗根系抗坏血酸(AsA)-谷胱甘肽(GSH)循环中抗氧化物质和抗氧化酶系的影响.结果表明：外施适量NO(硝普钠)可提高铜胁迫下番茄幼苗根系AsA、GSH含量和AsA/DHA(氧化型抗坏血酸)、GSH/GSSG(氧化型谷胱甘肽),降低DHA和GSSG含量.添加100 μmol·L^-1 BSO(谷胱甘肽合成酶抑制剂)处理下,外源NO可提高铜胁迫下番茄幼苗根系的AsA含量、AsA/DHA及抗坏血酸酶(AAO)、单脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶(MDHAR)和脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶(DHAR)比活性,降低DHA、GSH、GSSG含量及抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)、谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)比活性;添加250 μmol·L^-1 BSO处理下,外源NO提高了铜胁迫下番茄幼苗根系的AsA、GSH、GSSG含量、AsA/DHA及APX和GR比活性,降低了DHA含量及AAO、DHAR和MDHAR比活性.说明外源NO影响了铜胁迫下番茄根系的AsA-GSH代谢循环,并通过调节AsA/DHA、GSH/GSSG的变化来减轻氧化胁迫,从而缓解铜胁迫对番茄根系的伤害.     

特定电磁波对作物幼苗抗坏血酸过氧化物酶活性和谷胱甘肽含量的影响

特定电磁波辐射器辐照玉米、小麦、绿豆干种子及发芽种子后,加一定量水置２８℃恒温下培育,然后定期取样分析测定幼芽和幼苗中抗坏血酸过氧化物酶活力及ＧＳＨ和抗坏血酸含量。研究指出,特定电磁波显著提高了酶活力及上述两种生理活性物质含量,增加幅度为１２％－６８％。作者认为用特定电磁波辐照种发芽种子有助于提高作物幼苗的抗逆能力。     

海藻酸铈配合物对毒死蜱胁迫下菠菜叶片抗坏血酸-谷胱甘肽循环的影响

以菠菜(Spinacia oleracea L.)为材料,研究了毒死蜱胁迫下海藻酸铈配合物对菠菜叶片抗坏血酸-谷胱甘肽循环的影响。结果表明,在毒死蜱胁迫下,菠菜叶片中H2O2积累量比对照明显增加,非酶促抗氧化物质-抗坏血酸(AsA)和还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量明显降低,抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)、谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)、脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶(DHAR)和单脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶(MDAR)的活性明显升高。在毒死蜱胁迫下,喷施不同浓度的海藻酸铈配合物使菠菜叶片中的H2O2积累量减少,AsA和GSH含量升高,APX、GR、DHAR和MDAR等抗氧化酶活性也有所提高,缓解了毒死蜱胁迫。试验表明,适宜浓度的海藻酸铈配合物处理可使菠菜叶片对毒死蜱胁迫有一定的缓解作用。     

外源脯氨酸对盐胁迫下甜瓜幼苗根系抗坏血酸-谷胱甘肽循环的影响

以2个不同耐盐强度的甜瓜品种‘玉皇’（耐盐性强）和‘雪美’（耐盐性弱）为材料,采用营养液栽培方法,研究外源脯氨酸对盐胁迫下甜瓜幼苗根系抗坏血酸-谷胱甘肽循环的影响。结果显示：（1）盐胁迫下,2个甜瓜品种根系内的还原型抗坏血酸（ASA）、还原型谷胱甘肽（GSH）含量降低,氧化型谷胱甘肽（GSSG）含量升高,且‘雪美’变化幅度大于‘玉皇’;（2）盐胁迫下,施用外源脯氨酸提高了2个甜瓜品种根系中ASA和GSH的含量,降低了GSSG含量,同时也提高了GSH/GSSG的比值,且对‘雪美’的作用大于‘玉皇’;（3）盐胁迫处理3 d时,2个甜瓜品种根系的抗坏血酸过氧化物酶（APX）、脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶（DHAR）、谷胱甘肽还原酶（GR）活性均下降,且‘雪美’下降的幅度较大;随着胁迫时间的延长（5 d时）,‘玉皇’幼苗根系内APX、DHAR、GR活性有所上升,‘雪美’根系中这3种酶活性则进一步降低;（4）盐胁迫下,施用外源脯氨酸提高了2个甜瓜品种根系内的APX、DHAR和GR的酶活性,且对‘雪美’的作用大于‘玉皇’。本研究结果表明,外源脯氨酸可以通过增加非酶促抗氧化物质ASA、GSH的含量和抗氧化酶活性,提高抗坏血酸-谷胱甘肽循环清除活性氧的能力,从而缓解盐胁迫对甜瓜植株的伤害。     

太阳辐射减弱对冬小麦旗叶光合速率的影响

以冬小麦扬麦13号为供试材料,设计了15%(T₁₅)、20%(T₂₀)、40%(T₄₀)、60%(T₆₀)和100%（CK）自然光5个处理,在大田条件下研究了模拟太阳辐射减弱对
冬小麦旗叶光合速率日变化及其影响因素的影响.结果表明：太阳辐射减弱显著提高了冬小麦叶绿素和叶黄素含量,降低了光合速率（P_n）.不同辐射减弱条件下冬小麦P_n日变化差异较大,日最高值表现为CK＞60%自然光＞40%自然光＞20%自然光＞15%自然光,其中CK呈双峰曲线变化,有明显的“午休”现象,其他各处理均呈单峰型曲线变化,“午休”现象不明显,但峰值出现时间滞后.相关分析表明,太阳辐射减弱是影响P_n日变化的主导因子,但其他因子也显著影响P_n.与CK相比,60%和40%自然光处理中光合有效辐射（PAR）、叶温（T_l）、气孔导度（G_s）和蒸腾速率（T_r）与P_n均呈显著正相关,表明上述因子对P_n有正效应;冬小麦叶片胞间二氧化碳浓度（C_i）和气孔导度限制值（L_s）在60%和40%自然光处理中与P_n呈显著负相关,但在20%和15%自然光处理中与P_n呈显著正相关,说明太阳辐射强度高于40%自然光时C_i和L_s对P_n有负效应,太阳辐射强度低于40%自然光时则为正效应.     

Translocation from the Flag Leaf of Winter Wheat in the Field

Translocation of assimilate from the flag leaf of winter wheat(Triticum aestivum cv. Maris Huntsman) was studied in the fieldby monitoring the export of photo-assimilated [^l4C]carbon dioxidewith a Geiger-Miiller counter placed under the fed area of leaf.The resulting export curve was analysed as a sum of two exponentialterms, and interpreted as a two-pool compartmental system. Therate constant for export from the leaf increased slightly frommaximum elongation to anthesis, then declined to almost halfits peak value just before the leaf lost all visible chlorophyll.The inter-pool transfer rate constants did not change significantlyover the same period, but all rate constants varied with timeof day. Short-term changes in the environment of the flag leaf had nodiscernible influence on translocation in the field. The timeconstants of the two pools of assimilate agreed with those forother species reported in the literature. These results areconsistent with the suggestion that sucrose is stored in thevacuole of mesophyll cells. The variations in rate constants with time of day, and deviationsof the export data from the two-pool model, suggest that exportand inter-pool transport have saturation kinetics. A model withMichaelis-Menten kinetics was formulated, and simulations ofthis model showed similar deviations from a simple two-poolsystem to those seen in our data.     

冬小麦粒叶比杂种优势及遗传效应分析

用9个冬小麦品种按5×4不完全双列杂交设计组配20个杂交组合,对小麦粒叶比的杂种优势和遗传效应进行分析。结果表明,小麦粒叶比表现出一定的杂种优势;一般配合力和特殊配合力方差均达极显著水平,说明亲本的粒叶比差异及杂交互作均对F1代产生遗传差异,该试验中石6021、农大99260080等的一般配合力较大,石6021×农大99260080、鲁麦14×济南17等组合的特殊配合力较大,产生了较强的杂种优势;粒叶比遗传符合加性-显性遗传模型,但以加性效应为主,其遗传决定度达87.65%,狭义遗传力为64.71%;在高粒叶比品种选育上应重视高粒叶比亲本筛选利用和杂交后代的早代选择。     

柠檬酸和抗坏血酸对蝴蝶兰叶外植体褐变发生的影响

目的:探究柠檬酸和抗坏血酸对蝴蝶兰叶片外植体褐变发生的影响以及对PPO活性变化影响的作用机理.方法:以褐变率和褐变指数为参考数据,分析柠檬酸和抗坏血酸对外植体PPO活性和PPO反应产物积累的影响以及与外植体褐变发生的关系.结果:分别用100mg/L柠檬酸共培养和50mg/L抗坏血酸浸泡处理叶片外植体,经离体培养3d,褐变率分别比对照降低94.9%和54.9%,离体培养6d,褐变指数低于对照的0.53,分别为0.46和0.36,同时PPO活性降低.结论:推测柠檬酸抑制褐变的原因是直接与酶蛋白作用,抗坏血酸则与新生醌类物质结合.     

Effects of Sulphur Dioxide and Nitrogen Dioxide on Growth and Translocation in Winter Wheat

Gould, R. P. and Mansfield, T. A. 1988. Effects of sulphur dioxideand nitrogen dioxide on growth and translocation in winter wheat.—J. exp. Bot 39: 389–99 Winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Avalon) was grown undersimulated autumn conditions for 4 weeks and exposed to a mixtureof SO₂ and NO₂. Biomass was measured after 2, 3 and 4 weeksand the flag leaves of sample plants were labelled with ¹⁴CO₂.Biomass yields revealed an increase in shoot-to-root ratiosunder polluted conditions. The labelling experiments showedthat less assimilate was transported to the roots, whilst morewas allocated to the younger components of the plant. It appearedthat NO₂ and SO₂ also caused labelled photosynthate to be retainedin the labelled leaf. Reducing the photon flux exacerbated theeffects of SO₂ and NO₂ as indicated by changes in biomass andby the distribution of ¹⁴C. Key words: Wheat, SO₂, NO₂, growth, translocation     

施氮量和栽培模式对旱地冬小麦旗叶衰老及其活性氧代谢的影响

以冬小麦小偃22为试验材料,研究3种栽培模式(常规栽培、覆草栽培、地膜覆盖)和3种施氮水平(施纯氮0、120和240 kg/hm2)下旗叶衰老与活性氧代谢特性.结果表明,与常规栽培(CK)相比较,覆草栽培条件下叶绿素含量始终较高(P<0.05),叶片衰老速度缓慢,代谢强度旺盛,有利于籽粒灌浆和光合产物的积累,产量显著增加(P<0.05).在灌浆前期,地膜覆盖条件下叶片叶绿素含量增加(P<0.05),叶片保护性酶活性(POD、CAT)提高,膜脂过氧化程度低;但在灌浆后期,叶绿素含量急剧下降,叶片衰老速度加快,膜脂过氧化程度加剧,产量仍显著增加(P<0.05).施用氮肥在一定范围内可提高旗叶叶绿素含量和保护性酶活性(POD、CAT),降低膜脂过氧化程度;施氮量为120 kg/hm2时,冬小麦旗叶叶绿素含量最高,叶片衰老迟缓,代谢强度降低缓慢,膜脂过氧化程度低,有利于小麦后期生长和籽粒灌浆,在3种栽培模式下产量均最高.     

Retardation of Leaf Senescence by Ascorbic Acid

Leaf discs of Solatium melongena were floated on various concentrationsof ascorbic acid (AA), gibberellic acid (GA₃), and kinetin inorder to study their effect on senescence. AA was highly effectivein retarding senescence as shown by the arrest of the fall inlevels of chlorophyll, DNA, RNA, and proteins. AA was effectiveat a lower concentration than that of GA₃ or kinetin.     

土壤干旱对冬小麦旗叶乙烯释放、多胺积累和细胞质膜的影响

土壤水分亏缺时,小麦旗叶的乙烯释放量增加,三种多胺（精胺、亚精胺、腐胺）的含量在小麦灌浆初期显著增加,而在小麦灌浆末期除腐胺外均降低。外施５００ｍｇ／Ｌ的亚精胺溶液能减弱小麦叶片的膜脂质过氧化程度。土壤水分亏缺时膜透性增大,膜脂过氧化物丙二醇含量升高,导致不饱和脂肪酸指数下降,亚麻酸含量下降。严重土壤水分胁迫下,过氧化物酶的活性升高。这些结果表明土壤干旱损害小麦旗叶质膜,促其衰老。研究表明,随着受旱程度的提高,小麦旗叶遭受的损伤逐渐加重,植株对土壤干旱的适应性亦逐渐降低。     

外源施加AsA和MeJA对乙烯利诱导水稻叶片衰老的影响

以野生型水稻(Oryza sativa)株系中花11(ZH-11)及其抗坏血酸合成关键酶基因GLDH下调株系(GI-2)为材料,研究了外源抗坏血酸(AsA)与茉莉酸甲酯(MeJA)对乙烯利诱导下水稻叶片早衰现象的影响。结果表明,外源AsA提高了水稻GI-2中的抗坏血酸含量、Rubisco含量及叶绿素的含量,减缓了其光合特性参数的下降速率,但对水稻ZH-11没有显著影响。外源MeJA降低了两株系的抗坏血酸、Rubisco及叶绿素含量,加快了叶内光合特性参数的下降速率,且对ZH-11的影响大于GI-2。因此,外源AsA处理能有效缓解乙烯利诱导的水稻叶片早衰现象,使叶片的衰老进程得以延缓,而外源MeJA作用相反。     

小麦旗叶早衰性状的QTL定位

为小麦旗叶早衰性状的精细定位和基因克隆奠定基础,该试验以普通小麦(Triticum aestivum L.)‘宁春4号’和‘宁春27号’杂交得到的128个F10代RIL群体为研究材料,利用307对多态性SSR标记对小麦旗叶早衰性状进行了QTL定位,并通过构建整合图谱的方法进行了标记加密。结果表明,共检测到1个控制旗叶早衰性状的加性QTL,位于2A染色体长臂的gwm526和gwm382标记区间内,可解释49.88%的表型变异。经遗传图谱整合后发现,gwm526和gwm382标记之间存在124个SNP标记。     

Effects of Long-Term Fertilization on Leaf Photosynthetic Characteristics and Grain Yield in Winter Wheat

Based on a 20-year fertilization experiment with wheat-maize double cropping system, the effects of different long-term fertilization treatments on leaf photosynthetic characteristics and grain yield in different winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars were studied in the growing seasons of 2000–2001 and 2001–2002. A total of nine fertilization treatments were implemented, i.e. no fertilizer (CK), N fertilizer (N), N and P fertilizers (NP), N and K fertilizers (NK), N, P, and K fertilizers (NPK), only organic manure (M), organic manure and N fertilizer (MN), organic manure and N and P fertilizers (MNP), and organic manure and N, P, and K fertilizers (MNPK). With the treatments of combined organic manure and inorganic fertilizers (TMI), net photosynthetic rate (P _N), maximal activity of photosystem 2, PS2 (F_v/F_m), and chlorophyll content (SPAD value) of flag leaves and leaf area index (LAI) were much higher at the mid grain filling stage (20 or 23 d post anthesis, DPA), and exhibited slower declines at the late grain filling stage (30 DPA), compared with the treatments of only inorganic fertilizers (TI). The maximal canopy photosynthetic traits expressed as P _N×LAI and SPAD×LAI at the mid grain filling stage were also higher in TMI than those in TI, which resulted in different grain yields in TMI and TI. Among the treatments of TMI or among the treatments of TI, both flag leaf and canopy photosynthetic abilities and yield levels increased with the supplement of inorganic nutrients (N, P, and K fertilizers), except for the treatment of NK. Under NK, soil contents of N and K increased while that of P decreased. Hence the unbalanced nutrients in soil from the improper input of nutrients in NK treatment were probably responsible for the reduced flag leaf and canopy photosynthetic characteristics and LAI, and for the fast declining of flag leaf photosynthetic traits during grain filling, resulting in the reduced yield of NK similar to the level of CK.