土壤侵蚀预报模型中的植被覆盖与管理因子研究进展

植被覆盖和土地管理措施是土支离破碎中侵蚀的主要抑制因素之一,通用土壤流失方程（USLE）中的植被覆盖与田间管理因子（C）是评价这种抑制作用的有效指标,并被广泛采用和深入研究。我国在这方面的研究还不能满足土壤侵蚀预报和水土保持规划的要求,在系统回顾该因子的研究历史的基础上,介绍了USLE和RUSLE中C因子估计方法及其不断改进和完善的过程,并概述了中国的覆盖与田间管理因子的研究进展。此外,总结国内在（C）因子估计值以及植被覆盖度,地面覆盖物和植被根系对土壤侵蚀的影响等方面研究成果,分析了目前我国覆盖与田间管理因子研究中存在的3个方面问题,并提出了前景展望。     

覆盖作物的生态效应

评述了农田生态系统中主要覆盖作物在减少土壤损失、降低表土迳流、增加土壤养分、减少NO3^-I淋溶、减轻水质污染及病虫草防除中的作用与效应,讨论了覆盖作物管理对农业持续发展的影响。     

USLE/RUSLE中植被覆盖与管理因子研究进展

通用土壤流失方程(USLE)及修正通用土壤流失方程(RUSLE)是世界范围内应用最广泛的土壤侵蚀预报模型,模型中C因子表示植被覆盖和管理措施对土壤侵蚀的作用,是人为控制土壤侵蚀的重要因子。回溯了C因子发展演变历程,依据国内外最新研究成果,系统阐述了不同尺度C因子估算方法。在小区、坡面、小流域尺度上,C因子确定主要依赖于野外实验观测,研究条件的一致性尤其是标准小区的统一是C因子值可比性的前提。流域、区域尺度C因子确定通常需要利用遥感影像,遥感技术的发展促进了流域、区域尺度C因子估算方法的进步,使提取的C因子图更加精细、准确,但是使用遥感数据全面刻画C因子含义仍然是一大挑战,因此仍需加强C因子相关研究。共归纳了10种确定C因子的方法,介绍了不同方法的优缺点及适用条件,提出了我国C因子研究应加强的工作,希望为相关领域研究者提供参考。     

东北三江平原覆盖作物种植效果

以土壤紧实度、冬前生物量、根系性状、植株氮累积量等为指标对供试12种覆盖作物(豆科:紫花苜蓿、光叶苕子、毛叶苕子、红三叶、白三叶、箭筈豌豆;非豆科:苏丹草、青萝卜、Nitro radish、甘蓝型油菜、羽衣甘蓝、菊苣)在东北三江平原地区的种植效果及应用潜力进行综合评价。结果表明: 12种覆盖作物在试验播期均能正常生长,不同覆盖作物与对照相比均有利于降低土壤紧实度,其中青萝卜、Nitro radish和苏丹草土壤紧实度下降最显著,分别较对照下降了47.1%、43.4%和33.4%;覆盖作物群体冬前鲜生物量为3.38～13.98 kg·m^-2,干生物量为0.78～2.43 kg·m^-2,非豆科覆盖作物的生物量显著高于豆科覆盖作物;覆盖作物的群体根系体积以萝卜、油菜、菊苣较大,尤其Nitro radish的根体积高达4018.5 cm³·m^-2,苏丹草的根系横向延展范围最宽;豆科覆盖作物的灰分含量显著低于非豆科覆盖作物,能提供更多易分解的有机物质;覆盖作物总氮积累量为18.72～53.09 g·m^-2,其中,羽衣甘蓝和菊苣的氮积累量最高,且生物量相对较大,有利于氮的积累和固定。在三江平原地区根据主栽作物的类型与冠层结构,选择豆科的三叶草、苕子、紫花苜蓿和非豆科的萝卜、羽衣甘蓝、苏丹草作为覆盖作物进行行间或行内混播的种植方式,可以在调控土壤结构的同时促进养分循环,有利于三江平原黑土地力的提升。     

黄土高原半干旱区不同苜蓿-作物种植方式下土壤线虫群落组成及代谢足迹

线虫群落在土壤生态系统物质循环和能量流动过程中起着重要的作用.本研究以宁夏南部山区3种苜蓿-作物种植方式[苜蓿连作(A-A)、苜蓿-玉米轮作(A-C)、苜蓿-马铃薯轮作(A-P)]为对象,探讨不同种植方式下土壤理化性质、线虫群落组成结构及代谢足迹特征,评价黄土高原半干旱区苜蓿-作物种植方式对土壤食物网结构和功能的影响....     

黄土高原半干旱区农田水肥条件对作物生态位适宜度和产量的影响

将生态位理论引进作物生长系统研究中,探讨了作物生态位适宜度的内涵,建立了其数学模型;并依据大田水肥控制实验,对作物生态位适宜度值进行了定量分析。结果表明：在水分梯度上随着土壤水分含量的增加,作物生态位适度值呈上升趋势;适量施肥和播种后地膜覆盖均有增加叶面积指数,提高适宜度值和增加产量的效果。其中水平条件下施低肥、中肥和高肥,比不施肥样区的叶面积指数最大值分别增加了43.5％、80.7％和88.8％;适宜度值分别提高了6.4％、17.9％和23.0％;籽粒产量分别增加了25.0％、69.9％和90.9％。地膜覆盖30d和50d,作物适宜度值上升了13.9％和17.7％,作物产量增加了55.3％和70.3％。作物产量与其适宜度值之间呈现显著的线性相关关系。     

USLE/RUSLE模型中植被覆盖管理因子的遥感定量估算研究进展

通用土壤流失方程（USLE）及其后续修正方程（RUSLE）是区域土壤侵蚀风险评估和水土保持规划的有效工具.植被覆盖管理因子作为USLE和RUSLE的重要参数之一,其合理估算对土壤侵蚀的准确预测尤为重要.基于野外实地调查和测量的传统估算法费时、费力且费用高,无法满足宏观尺度上植被覆盖管理因子的快速提取.近年来,遥感技术的发展为大尺度植被覆盖管理因子获取提供了丰富的数据和方法.本文基于国内外相关研究成果,综述了植被覆盖管理因子遥感定量估算方法的研究进展,评述了各类方法的优劣,以期为进一步开展大尺度植被覆盖管理因子的定量估算及拓展现有研究思路提供借鉴.     

黄土高原紫穗槐丛枝菌根真菌与土壤因子和球囊霉素空间分布的关系

在黄土高原的陕西省甘泉、绥德、米脂、榆林4县(市)选取4个样地,研究紫穗槐不同深度土层丛枝菌根真菌(Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi,AMF)侵染率、孢子密度、球囊霉素和土壤因子之间的关系。结果表明:(1)AMF侵染率平均值绥德样地最大(100%),米脂样地最小(75.02%);孢子密度平均值米脂样地最大(5.91个/g),榆林样地最小(1.57个/g);4个样地孢子密度最大值均在0～10cm土层,且随土层加深而降低;AMF侵染率与孢子密度在各样地间差异显著,同一样地侵染率与孢子密度变化规律不一致。(2)榆林样地的有机碳、铵态氮、速效磷、脲酶和碱性磷酸酶活性平均值显著高于其他3个样地;除绥德、米脂样地的蔗糖酶和甘泉样地的碱性磷酸酶外,其他样地的土壤酶活性和球囊霉素含量均随土层加深而降低,且各土层之间差异显著,最大值均在0～10cm土层。(3)AMF侵染率与pH、总球囊霉素含量、易提取球囊霉素含量呈极显著正相关,与有机碳、硝态氮、速效磷含量呈显著正相关;孢子密度与速效磷、蔗糖酶、脲酶活性呈显著正相关,与铵态氮含量呈显著负相关。(4)第1、2主成分的累积方差贡献率达到56.4%,第1主成分主要综合了球囊霉素、AMF侵染率和孢子密度,第2主成分综合了pH和部分土壤因子信息。因此,球囊霉素、AMF侵染率、孢子密度、pH、部分土壤因子对决定土壤生态起主要作用。     

冬季覆盖作物秸秆还田对双季稻田根际土壤微生物群落功能多样性的影响

微生物群落功能多样性是土壤质量变化重要的指标,不同作物类型的秸秆还田措施对土壤微生物群落功能多样性具有明显的影响。以位于双季稻主产区不同冬季覆盖作物-双季稻种植模式大田定位试验田为研究对象,以冬闲-双季稻种植模式为对照(CK),应用Biolog-GN技术开展黑麦草-双季稻(Ry)、紫云英-双季稻(Mv)、油菜-双季稻(Ra)和马铃薯-双季稻(Po)种植模式条件下不同冬季覆盖作物秸秆还田后对双季稻田根际土壤微生物功能多样性影响的研究。研究结果表明,早稻和晚稻成熟期,与CK处理相比,冬季覆盖作物秸秆还田处理增加了稻田土壤碳源平均颜色变化率(AWCD),以Po处理AWCD均为最高,均显著高于Ry和CK处理。不同冬季覆盖作物秸秆还田处理土壤微生物代谢多样性指数表现出明显的差异,早稻成熟期,Po处理的Richness、Shannon和McIntosh指数均为最高,其次为Ry、Mv和Ra处理,CK处理最低;晚稻成熟期,各处理的Richness、Shannon和McIntosh指数大小顺序均表现为PoRaMvRyCK。土壤微生物碳源利用的主成分分析结果表明,各冬季覆盖作物秸秆还田处理根际土壤微生物利用的主要碳源为氨基酸类和糖类物质,不同处理间碳源利用类型有差异。冬季覆盖作物秸秆还田措施有利于提高双季稻田根际土壤微生物对碳源的利用能力、物种丰富度和均匀度。     

不同冬季覆盖作物对双季稻田土壤有机碳的影响

以冬闲-双季稻种植模式为对照(CK),分析了黑麦草-双季稻(Ry)、紫云英-双季稻(Mv)、马铃薯-双季稻(Po)和油菜-双季稻(Ra)5种不同种植模式下冬季覆盖作物秸秆还田后对0～5、5～10、10～20 cm土壤有机碳、活性有机碳、碳库管理指数和有机碳储量的影响.结果表明:与CK处理相比,黑麦草、紫云英、马铃薯和油菜秸秆还田处理均提高了稻田0～5、5～10、10～20 cm土壤总有机碳和活性有机碳含量,其中Po处理最高.冬季覆盖作物秸秆还田均提高了稻田不同层次土壤的碳库活度、碳库活度指数、碳库指数和土壤碳库管理指数,其大小顺序均表现为Po>Mv>Ry>Ra>CK.不同冬季覆盖作物秸秆还田处理与CK处理相比均有利于提高稻田不同层次土壤有机碳储量,其中以紫云英秸秆还田的效果最好,黑麦草和马铃薯次之;各处理稻田土壤有机碳储量均随土壤深度的增加而递增.     

覆盖作物的种植现状及其对下茬作物生长和土壤环境影响的研究进展

覆盖作物指的是在农业生产间隙种植,使土壤在时间或空间上减少或避免裸露的一种作物.其能使农田土壤免受风蚀、水蚀和人为扰动的影响,被认为是一种新型的保护性耕作方式.本文简要介绍了农田覆盖作物的种植管理情况,包括种植品种、耕作模式和绿肥作物的灭生还田方式等,可为推广覆盖作物在农田休闲期的高效大面积种植提供参考.基于国内外研究...     

不同植被对土壤侵蚀和氮素流失的影响

利用 5～ 6a野外径流小区试验资料 ,研究 1 7种植被覆盖对土壤侵蚀和氮素流失的影响 ,结果表明 :1 9种作物、4种草地和 4种草灌间作小区年平均径流量为 2 7773、1 80 2 8和 1 31 4 9m3/ km2 · a,比相应裸地减少 2 7.5%、51 .1 %和64.3% ;侵蚀模数为 1 71 6、1 0 2 1和 81 2 t/ km2 · a,减少 73.0 %、92 .8%和 94 .3% ;全氮富集率为 1 .65、2 .4 8和 2 .59,比裸地增加 1 3.8%～ 1 1 4 % ;年平均土壤氮素流失量为 1 4 58、1 2 52、382 9和 966kg/ km2· a。 2植被通过调节径流流速来间接影响泥沙全氮富集 ,土壤侵蚀模数愈大 ,泥沙全氮富集率愈小。 3土壤氮素流失方程 SN=( 55.56-4 .87ln SL)· SL·TN ,可定量预测土壤氮素的流失。     

自然降雨下黄土丘陵区草灌植物垂直覆盖结构的减流减沙效应

黄土高原是我国水土流失和生态环境问题最为严重的地区之一,植被恢复是防治水土流失的重要措施。植物垂直覆盖结构包括地上冠层、地表枯落物和地下根系,各组分具有不同的水土保持作用,是研究植被与水土流失关系的基本单元。目前,关于植物垂直覆盖结构不同组分对土壤侵蚀影响的研究主要是基于人工模拟降雨,缺少自然降雨条件下不同植物的垂直覆盖结构对产流、产沙和入渗等多过程影响的系统研究。本研究以黄土丘陵区典型的草本(须芒草)、半灌木(铁杆蒿)和灌木(绣线菊)为研究对象,每种植物进行三种处理(自然状态、去除枯落物和仅留根系)以及裸地对照,观测2015—2016年降雨事件的产流产沙量和入渗量,分析植物不同垂直覆盖结构的减流减沙效益及其相对贡献。结果表明:三种植物均具有较好的减流(45.9%—73.2%)、减沙效益(87.5%—94.6%)和增加入渗作用(4.7%—10.8%),灌木的减流效果(73.2%)显著高于草本(45.9%)和半灌木(63.5%),但三种植物间的减沙效益没有显著性差异。冠层的减流作用最大,贡献率接近一半(48%—50%),草本枯落物的减流贡献率与根系基本一致,而半灌木和灌木枯落物的减流贡献...     

干旱半干旱区坡面覆被格局的水土流失效应研究进展

植被恢复与建设是控制水土流失的重要措施.在干旱半干旱地区,植被在空间上的分布呈现离散特征,在坡面上形成的裸地-植被镶嵌和植被条带分布等覆被格局对水土流失过程具有重要影响.覆被格局与水土流失关系研究是景观生态学格局与过程研究的重要内容.从植被斑块、坡面覆被格局对水土流失的影响与耦合覆被格局与水土流失的手段和方法三个方面对国内外相关研究进行总结分析.从中发现,植被类型、层次结构和形态特征是植被斑块尺度上影响径流泥沙的关键因素;不同覆被类型的产流产沙特征与覆被格局的准确描述是研究覆被格局水土流失效应的重要基础;坡面覆被格局对水土流失的影响关键在于其改变了径流泥沙运移和汇集的连续性,应重点关注径流泥沙源汇区的连通性和空间分布在水土流失中的作用;以坡面的精确覆被制图为基础,建立基于水土流失过程的覆被格局指数和耦合格局信息的径流与侵蚀模型是定量研究覆被格局影响的有效手段.今后应加强以下研究:以动态系统的观点研究覆被格局的变化对水土流失的影响,系统理解覆被格局与水土流失之间的相互联系与反馈机制,探讨两者间动态关系随尺度变化的规律性并发展尺度上推方法;构建过程意义明确且简单实用的格局指数,将覆被格局与水土流失过程有机联系起来;发展覆被格局的动态信息与产流产沙过程相结合的水文模型,加强对格局与径流泥沙反馈系统的耦合,建立真正意义上的覆被格局-水土流失过程耦合模型.     

Crop residue return sustains global soil ecological stoichiometry balance

Although soil ecological stoichiometry is constrained in natural ecosystems, its responses to anthropogenic perturbations are largely unknown. Inputs of inorganic fertilizer and crop residue are key cropland anthropogenic managements, with potential to alter their soil ecological stoichiometry. We conducted a global synthesis of 682 data pairs to quantify the responses of soil carbon (C), nitrogen (N), and phosphorus (P) and grain yields to combined inputs of crop residue plus inorganic fertilizer compared with only inorganic fertilizer application. Crop residue inputs enhance soil C (10.5%–12%), N (7.63%–9.2%), and P (2.62%–5.13%) contents, with an increase in C:N (2.51%–3.42%) and C:P (7.27%–8.00%) ratios, and grain yields (6.12%–8.64%), indicating that crop residue alleviated soil C limitation caused by inorganic fertilizer inputs alone and was able to sustain balanced stoichiometry. Moreover, the increase in soil C and C:N(P) ratio reached saturation in ~13–16 years after crop residue return, while grain yield increase trend discontinued. Furthermore, we identified that the increased C, N, and P contents and C:N(P) ratios were regulated by the initial pH and C content, and the increase in grain yield was not only related to soil properties, but also negatively related to the amount of inorganic N fertilizer input to a greater extent. Given that crop residual improvement varies with soil properties and N input levels, we propose a predictive model to preliminary evaluate the potential for crop residual improvement. Particularly, we suggest that part of the global budget should be used to subsidize crop residue input management strategies, achieving to a win-win situation for agricultural production, ecological protection, and climate change mitigation.     

Crop residue harvest impacts wind erodibility and simulated soil loss in the Central Great Plains

Crop residue removal can affect the susceptibility to soil wind erosion in climates such as those of the Central Great Plains, United States. Six on‐farm trials were conducted in Kansas from 2011 to 2013 to determine the effects of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), corn (Zea mays L.), and grain sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench), residue removal at 0, 25, 50, 75, and 100% of initial height on soil wind erosion parameters. Those parameters include soil surface random roughness (RR), and wind erodible fraction (EF; aggregates <0.84 mm), geometric mean diameter (GMD) and geometric standard deviation (GSD), stability of dry aggregates (DAS). Complete (100%) residue removal decreased the surface RR, increased EF, and decreased GMD. Overwinter EF values increased for five of six sites from fall 2011 to spring of 2012, particularly for the uppermost removal height (≥75%). Measured EF, GMD, GSD, DAS, and RR were also input into the Single‐event Wind Erosion Evaluation Program (SWEEP) to determine the effect of these parameters on simulated soil loss. The SWEEP simulated the wind velocity needed to initiate wind erosion as well as soil loss under each residue removal height at a wind velocity of 13 m s^?1 for three hours. Threshold wind velocity required to initiate wind erosion generally decreased with increasing crop residue removal height, particularly for >75% removal. Total estimated soil loss over the three‐hour event ranged from ≈2 to 25 Mg ha^?1, depending on EF, GMD, GSD, RR, and percent crop residue cover. Removing 75% residue increased simulated wind erosion at three of six sites while removing 50% appears sustainable at all six study sites. Findings reinforce the need for site‐by‐site consideration of the potential amount of crop residue that may be harvested while mitigating wind erosion. Study results indicate the value of maintaining residue at >75% of original height.     

Land cover changes with the development of anaerobic digestion for biogas production in France

Anaerobic digestion is developing in various countries worldwide to produce renewable energy. In addition, the resulting digestates provide readily available nutrients when applied to cropping systems as fertilizers. The introduction of a biogas plant on a farm can induce land cover changes, in relation to the production of feedstock for the biogas plant and/or to the modification of the farming system. The aim of this study was therefore to characterize and quantify the land cover changes in farms associated with biogas plants in France. We combined two national spatialized databases: the Land Parcel Identification System (yearly French land cover at the parcel scale with farm identifier per parcel) and the SINOE database (biogas plant location and year of start-up). We showed that, on average, the changes were limited, with an increase in maize areas (+3.4% of the total farm areas) compensated by a decrease in wheat and rapeseed areas (−1.8% and −1.9%, respectively), but with a certain variability. The French regulation and market limiting the use of dedicated energy crops seems to have limited land cover changes in France compared to other countries. However, we elaborated a typology of land cover changes and characterized five clusters of farms across the country. The main one (67% of the farms) corresponded to unchanged land cover after the introduction of a biogas plant. The four other clusters showed contrasting changes, for example, an increase or a decrease in grassland areas, a strong increase in maize areas, or a replacement of winter wheat by winter barley. The diversity and the driving factors behind these changes deserve to be better studied and understood through further farmer surveys.     

填埋覆土甲烷氧化微生物及甲烷氧化作用机理研究进展

甲烷是一种长期存在于大气中的温室气体,它对温室效应的贡献率是二氧化碳的26倍.生活垃圾填埋场是大气甲烷的主要产生源之一,由其产生的甲烷约占全球甲烷排放总量的1.5%～15%.甲烷氧化微生物在调节全球甲烷平衡中起着重要作用.垃圾填埋场覆土具有相当强的甲烷氧化能力.填埋覆土甲烷氧化菌及其氧化作用机理的研究,已成为环境微生物学研究领域的热点之一.本文对生活垃圾填埋场填埋覆土中甲烷氧化微生物、甲烷氧化机理及动力学机制、甲烷与微量填埋气体的共氧化机制以及影响甲烷氧化的环境因子研究的最新进展进行综述,并对生活垃圾填埋场甲烷氧化微生物的研究进行展望.     

Assessing long-term impacts of cover crops on soil organic carbon in the central US Midwestern agroecosystems

Cover crops have been reported as one of the most effective practices to increase soil organic carbon (SOC) for agroecosystems. Impacts of cover crops on SOC change vary depending on soil properties, climate, and management practices, but it remains unclear how these control factors affect SOC benefits from cover crops, as well as which management practices can maximize SOC benefits. To address these questions, we used an advanced process-based agroecosystem model, ecosys, to assess the impacts of winter cover cropping on SOC accumulation under different environmental and management conditions. We aimed to answer the following questions: (1) To what extent do cover crops benefit SOC accumulation, and how do SOC benefits from cover crops vary with different factors (i.e., initial soil properties, cover crop types, climate during the cover crop growth period, and cover crop planting and terminating time)? (2) How can we enhance SOC benefits from cover crops under different cover crop management options? Specifically, we first calibrated and validated the ecosys model at two long-term field experiment sites with SOC measurements in Illinois. We then applied the ecosys model to six cover crop field experiment sites spanning across Illinois to assess the impacts of different factors on SOC accumulation. Our modeling results revealed the following findings: (1) Growing cover crops can bring SOC benefits by 0.33 ± 0.06 MgC ha⁻¹ year⁻¹ in six cover crop field experiment sites across Illinois, and the SOC benefits are species specific to legume and non-legume cover crops. (2) Initial SOC stocks and clay contents had overall small influences on SOC benefits from cover crops. During the cover crop growth period (i.e., winter and spring in the US Midwest), high temperature increased SOC benefits from cover crops, while the impacts from larger precipitation on SOC benefits varied field by field. (3) The SOC benefits from cover crops can be maximized by optimizing cover crop management practices (e.g., selecting cover crop types and controlling cover crop growth period) for the US Midwestern maize–soybean rotation system. Finally, we discussed the economic and policy implications of adopting cover crops in the US Midwest, including that current economic incentives to grow cover crops may not be sufficient to cover costs. This study systematically assessed cover crop impacts for SOC change in the US Midwest context, while also demonstrating that the ecosys model, with rigorous validation using field experiment data, can be an effective tool to guide the adaptive management of cover crops and quantify SOC benefits from cover crops. The study thus provides practical tools and insights for practitioners and policy-makers to design cover crop related government agricultural policies and incentive programs for farmers and agri-food related industries.