常绿果树地上部与地下部的相互关系（综述）

常绿果树的地上部与地下部存在着相互营养，交替生长，形态对称与生势平衡，菌根作用和激素调控等多种关系，在生产实践中，可以通过综合的栽培技术来调控其平衡关系，达到果树早结丰产优势的目的。     

Ca~(2 )与果树抗逆性的关系(综述)

本文综述Ca2 与果树抗逆性的关系,包括细胞Ca2 的分布及Ca2 稳态的调控、Ca2 在果树“逆境刺激-偶联反应”中的信使作用及其对提高果树抗逆性的作用。     

Ca^2＋与果树抗逆性的关系（综述）

本文综述Ca^2 与果树抗逆性的关系,包括细胞Ca^2 的分布及Ca^2 稳态的调控、Ca^2 在果树“逆境刺激－偶联反应”中的信使作用及其对提高果树抗逆性的作用。     

果树成花转变途径与调控研究进展

植物成花转变是营养生长向生殖生长转变的过程,木本果树过长的童期严重制约了育种的进程。相对于模式植物,目前对果树成花转变与调控的研究相对较少。因此,了解并掌握果树成花转变的途径及调控方法,对于缩短果树童期、调控开花,加速果树育种具有重要意义。基于近年来国内外相关研究,本文系统总结了果树的成花途径,阐述了果树栽培措施、植物生长调节剂等成花调控方法,以及果树中成花调控的相关基因及网络机制。最后,本文还对以修饰组学为主的多组学以及嫁接和植物生长调节剂在果树成花调控中的研究前景进行了展望。     

果树体细胞无性系变异与品种改良

对果树组织与细胞培养过程中,体细胞无性系变异的普遍性和多样性,影响体细胞无性系变异的因素和调控措施,导致体细胞无性系变异可能的细胞学与分子机制,以及体细胞无性系变异与果树品种改良的关系作了阐述,并对果树体细胞无性系变异的研究前景作了展望。     

果树赤霉素代谢与信号途径研究进展

赤霉素作为5大植物激素之一,在果树的花芽分化、花序发育、开花坐果、果实的生长发育及植株的形态建成等方面扮演着重要的角色,但对果树赤霉素的分子生物学研究与其他大田作物相比差距较大。为了在果树生产中能更加合理有效地利用赤霉素调控果树花果发育,研究果树赤霉素的合成及其信号转导途径的分子调控机制十分必要。研究发现GA合成的关键酶KO、GA2ox及GA20ox的表达均与果树矮化呈负相关,而KS的含量则与植株高矮呈正相关,板栗雄性不育现象也与KO、KAO的表达量密切相关。GAMYB基因及LFY基因则在果树的成花诱导和雄蕊发育等生殖生长过程中发挥重要作用。DELLA蛋白在果树的GA信号途径中作为负调控因子可致使矮化植株形成,在果树的细胞周期循环过程、转录调控、花的形成、细胞的信号转导及许多生理过程中,DELLA蛋白泛素化降解均扮演着至关重要的角色。主要从果树赤霉素的合成及赤霉素的信号途径两大方面,着重对果树赤霉素合成过程中的关键酶基因及其定位、果树赤霉素信号途径的重要元件如赤霉素受体GID1、DELLA蛋白等进行了综述,以期为高效利用赤霉素调控果树生长发育提供重要的理论参考。     

细胞周期蛋白和哺乳动物生殖

细胞周期蛋白是真核细胞周期循环中主要的调节因子,它们参与细胞周期的精密调控,维持细胞正常生长及发育平衡。近年来发现,细胞周期蛋白与哺乳动物生殖有着密切的关系,本文简要论述了细胞周期蛋白与配子发生、早期胚胎发育、胚胎着床、蜕膜化等的关系,以及细胞周期蛋白在生殖系统中的表达与调控。     

蔷薇科果树类受体激酶的研究进展

类受体激酶(receptor like kinase,RLK)参与调控植物几乎所有的生命活动,是植物生长发育和环境适应的“中央处理器”。该文对近年来国内外有关蔷薇科果树RLK基因鉴定、进化特征及其在各器官生长发育、非生物和生物逆境中的作用及调控机制等方面的研究进展进行了综述。蔷薇科果树基因组中存在数目庞大的RLKs,不同树种间的RLK数目和各亚家族成员数目都存在较大差异,而且蔷薇科果树RLK存在极为普遍的部分重复和串联重复现象,是导致家族成员迅速变化的重要原因。有研究发现,一些RLKs调控蔷薇科果树器官发育和对环境的适应性。在器官发育方面,LRR RLK亚家族成员调控根系发育,CrRLK1L、LysM RLK和LRR RLK亚家族部分成员参与调控果实发育,CrRLK1L亚家族成员参与调控花粉管发育,LRR RLK、LysM RLK、L LEC RLK和B Lectin RLK亚家族部分成员调控蔷薇科果树对生物逆境的适应。今后RLK功能研究可侧重于蔷薇科果树特色性状,通过提高目标基因的筛选和验证的效率,加速主效RLKs的筛选进程,并通过筛选主效RLKs诱导方式和加速分子育种进程等途径,将研究成果应用于实际生产。     

果树花芽孕育的研究概况

果树花芽孕育是一个成花因素积累的过程,也是芽顶端花原基形成前所必要的活动。随着研究手段的改进和水平的提高,近年来人们逐渐弄清了果树花芽孕育的概念、花芽孕育期间的重要生理生化变化以及外界因素调控花芽孕育的可能方式,而对果树花芽孕育调控基因的研究处于起步阶段。     

果树花芽孕育的研究概况

果树花芽孕育是一个成花因素积累的过程 ,也是芽顶端花原基形成前所必要的活动。随着研究手段的改进和水平的提高 ,近年来人们逐渐弄清了果树花芽孕育的概念、花芽孕育期间的重要生理生化变化以及外界因素调控花芽孕育的可能方式 ,而对果树花芽孕育调控基因的研究处于起步阶段。     

N-酰基高丝氨酸内酯调控植物生长发育的研究进展

植物与细菌之间存在着复杂的相互作用关系。N-酰基高丝氨酸内酯（AHLs）是革兰氏阴性细菌进行胞间通讯的信号分子,也是介导植物与细菌互作的重要信号分子,在调控植物生长发育方面起着重要作用。本文对近年来的相关研究进展作一综述,这将有助于全面了解植物与细菌间的信息交流机制,并对实际农业生产具有指导意义。     

Head-to-tail regulation is critical for the in vivo function of myosin V

Cell organization requires regulated cargo transport along cytoskeletal elements. Myosin V motors are among the most conserved organelle motors and have been well characterized in both yeast and mammalian systems. Biochemical data for mammalian myosin V suggest that a head-to-tail autoinhibitory interaction is a primary means of regulation, but the in vivo significance of this interaction has not been studied. Here we generated and characterized mutations in the yeast myosin V Myo2p to reveal that it is regulated by a head-to-tail interaction and that loss of regulation renders the myosin V constitutively active. We show that an unregulated motor is very deleterious for growth, resulting in severe defects in Myo2-mediated transport processes, including secretory vesicle transport, mitochondrial inheritance, and nuclear orientation. All of the defects associated with motor misregulation could be rescued by artificially restoring regulation. Thus, spatial and temporal regulation of myosin V in vivo by a head-to-tail interaction is critical for the normal delivery functions of the motor.     

The role of peroxidases in pistil-pollen interactions

Summary The majority of pistil peroxidases are involved in processes related to growth, development and senescence. Only the tissue specific peroxidases in the transmitting tissue of the style may play a direct role in the regulation of pollen tube growth. The pollen peroxidases may function mainly in growth regulation and tube wall formation and play a role in the interaction between pollen and pistil by metabolizing the phenolic compounds in the pistil.     

GENETIC AND HORMONAL REGULATION OF GROWTH,FLOWERING, AND SEX EXPRESSION IN PLANTS

The interaction of the genetic and hormonal regulation of growth, flowering, and sex expression in plants is discussed. The genetic control of these processes is characterized, and data on their hormonal regulation are supplied. The interaction of genetic and hormonal regulation is considered with reference to tall-growing and genetic dwarf forms of the pea and wheat plants. It is shown that in the dwarf forms of the pea plant and in many other varieties, growth stimulation in response to treatment with the phytohormone gibberellic acid is clearly manifested and the expression of genetic dwarfism is eliminated, whereas in dwarf wheats it is expressed only slightly, if at all. At the same time both tall-growing and dwarf forms of both pea and wheat show a clearly defined growth retardation response to treatment with the growth inhibitor, abscisic acid, which causes the expression of physiological dwarfism. The short- and long-day characteristics of the photoperiodic response of plants are described as genetically controlled features, and data are given on the induction of flowering of a long-day variety coneflower grown under short-day conditions with the aid of gibberellins extracted from leaves of long-day vegetative plants of short-day Mammoth tobacco. Data are also supplied on the induction of flowering of a short-day variety, red-leaved goosefoot, grown under continuous light with the aid of metabolites extracted from leaves of the same Mammoth tobacco plants flowering under short-day conditions. This demonstrates the possibility of hormonal regulation of the genetically controlled long-day and short-day characteristics in photoperiodically sensitive plants. Genetic and hormonal regulation of sex expression in two dioecious plants, hemp and spinach, is discussed. It is shown that sex expression in these plants is regulated by gibberellins which are synthesized in leaves and cause male sex expression and by cytokinins which are synthesized in the roots and cause female sex expression. These data indicate that sex expression in dioecious plants is the result of interaction between the genetic apparatus and phytohormones.     

Neural cell adhesion molecule-180-mediated homophilic binding induces epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) down-regulation and uncouples the inhibitory function of EGFR in neurite outgrowth

The neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM) plays important roles in neuronal development, regeneration, and synaptic plasticity. NCAM homophilic binding mediates cell adhesion and induces intracellular signals, in which the fibroblast growth factor receptor plays a prominent role. Recent studies on axon guidance in Drosophila suggest that NCAM also regulates the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) (Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, 28 , 2005, 141). A possible interaction between NCAM and EGFR in mammalian cells has not been investigated. The present study demonstrates for the first time a functional interaction between NCAM and EGFR in mammalian cells and investigates the molecular mechanisms underlying this interaction. First, NCAM and EGFR are shown to play opposite roles in neurite outgrowth regulation in cerebellar granular neurons. The data presented indicate that negative regulation of EGFR is one of the mechanisms underlying the neuritogenic effect of NCAM. Second, it is demonstrated that expression of the NCAM-180 isoform induces EGFR down-regulation in transfected cells and promotes EGFR down-regulation induced by EGF stimulation. It is demonstrated that the mechanism underlying this NCAM-180-induced EGFR down-regulation involves increased EGFR ubiquitination and lysosomal EGFR degradation. Furthermore, NCAM-180-mediated EGFR down-regulation requires NCAM homophilic binding and interactions of the cytoplasmic domain of NCAM-180 with intracellular interaction partners, but does not require NCAM-mediated fibroblast growth factor receptor activation.     

Reproductive fitness in roe bucks (Capreolus capreolus): seasonal timing of testis function

The exact seasonal timing of normal testis function is a crucial precondition for the reproductive fitness of roe bucks and for successful breeding during rut in July–August. Production of spermatozoa and testosterone requires both endocrine regulation and local testicular control by autocrine/paracrine factors. These local control mechanisms include the action of several growth factors. Our short review assigns histological organization of roe deer testis to new data on the involvement of several growth factors in its regulation. The expression of growth factors is season-specific and cell-type-specific. This suggests its functional role in the complex interaction between germinative and somatic cells for the regulation of testis growth, spermatogenesis and function of hormone-producing cells. The authors dedicate this review to Prof. Dr. Christian Pitra who celebrates his 65th birthday in April 2006.     

Carbon–Nitrogen Interaction Modulates Plant Growth and Expression of Metabolic Genes in Rice

Carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) interact to coordinate their metabolism in achieving C:N homeostasis in all cellular organisms. Plant shoots and roots take up C and N, respectively, and the coordinated C and N assimilation is essential for normal plant growth and development. In this study, rice was used as a model system for the investigation of molecular mechanisms underlying C–N interactions and coordination in cereal species. We investigated the growth response of rice seedlings to a wide range of exogenous C:N availabilities and established balanced exogenous C:N that was optimal for rice seedling growth. To assess correlations between the modulation of plant growth and the regulation of metabolic gene expression by C:N availabilities, we examined the expression of PEPC, PK, NR, GS, and GOGAT in rice seedlings treated with four C:N availabilities: low C/low N, low C/high N, high C/low N, and high C/high N. It was found that their expression was subjected to complex regulation by C:N availabilities. Our results demonstrate that growth of shoot and root rice seedlings is regulated by C–N interaction and growth modulations are associated with changes in metabolic gene expression. Our findings suggest that rice is a useful model system for the investigation of regulation mechanisms responsible for C–N interaction and coordination in plants.