大负荷运动诱导大鼠骨骼肌损伤对其自噬超微结构及Beclin1和LC3-Ⅱ/Ⅰ的影响

目的:观察大负荷离心运动对大鼠骨骼肌自噬超微结构及自噬相关蛋白Beclin1和LC3Ⅱ/Ⅰ的影响。方法:48只SD雄性大鼠适应性训练后随机分成对照组(C,n=8)和大负荷离心运动组(E,n=40)。E组于跑台进行90 min下坡跑,运动后0 h、12 h、24 h、48 h和72 h取比目鱼肌,透射电镜观察其自噬体超微结构变化; Western blot检测Beclin1和LC3Ⅱ/Ⅰ蛋白表达;免疫荧光观测LC3的定位及含量变化。结果:E组比目鱼肌自噬体数量在运动后0 h、12 h和24 h均有增加,并伴LC3自噬荧光明显增强(P<0.01),同时运动后48 h自噬荧光仍有显著性升高(P<0.05); Beclin1和LC3Ⅱ/Ⅰ在大负荷离心干预后表达升高(P<0.05),运动后12 h～24 h达到峰值(P<0.01),直至运动后72 h完全恢复。结论:大负荷离心运动可诱导骨骼肌自噬超微结构变化,自噬蛋白表达增强,以上可能是运动损伤的骨骼肌功能下降的原因之一。     

自噬相关蛋白LC3Av1和LC3B在大鼠牙髓炎中的表达研究

目的 研究自噬相关蛋白LC3Av1和LC3B在大鼠实验性牙髓炎组织中的表达。方法 30只8周龄SD大鼠左侧下颌第一磨牙开髓,封入大肠埃希菌LPS（5 μg/μL）棉球,玻璃离子封闭髓腔。分别于开髓后0、6、12、24和48 h处死大鼠,分离下颌骨。组织学处理后,HE染色观察牙髓组织炎症状况,免疫组织化学染色SP法检测LC3Av1和LC3B的表达及分布。结果 正常牙髓组织中LC3Av1和LC3B少量表达。实验组中,LC3Av1在12、24和48 h时表达量较0、6 h时显著增高,差异具有统计学意义（P<0.01）;LC3B在6、12 h时表达量较0、24和48 h时增高,差异具有统计学意义（P<0.05）;两种蛋白表达分布均集中于成牙本质细胞及多细胞层中的成纤维细胞。结论 自噬相关蛋白LC3Av1和LC3B在牙髓组织中的表达随炎症发展增加,提示自噬作用可能与牙髓炎的发生发展相关。     

运动时长和强度对大鼠骨骼肌线粒体自噬的影响及其机制

本文旨在探讨不同时长、不同强度运动对大鼠骨骼肌线粒体功能和自噬的影响及FUNDC1的作用。选取60只雄性SD大鼠随机分为2周、4周的安静对照组(Con组)、中等强度运动组(M-ex组,跑台运动16 m/min,1 h/d,6 d/week)和大强度运动组(Hi-ex组,跑台运动35 m/min,20 min/d,6 d/week),每组10只。干预结束后分离双侧比目鱼肌,石蜡切片制备透射电镜样本,用ELISA检测柠檬酸合成酶(citrate synthase, CS)的含量,用冰冻切片免疫荧光染色法观察微管相关蛋白1轻链3 (microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3, LC3)/细胞色素c氧化酶IV亚型(cytochrome c oxidase IV, COX-IV)、FUNDC1/COX-IV及LC3/FUNDC1的共定位情况。提取骨骼肌线粒体,用Western blot检测过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体γ共激活因子-1α(peroxisome proliferator-activated receptorγco-activator-1α, PGC-1α)、COX-I、腺苷酸活化蛋白激酶α(AMP-activated protein kinaseα,AMPKα)、p-AMPKα、Unc-51样激酶1 (Unc-51 like kinase 1, ULK1)、FUNDC1、LC3、自噬选择性底物(p62)等自噬相关蛋白表达。结果显示,运动可上调线粒体功能,即PGC-1α、COX-I蛋白表达和CS含量,2周Hi-ex组和2周M-ex组之间无差异,而4周Hi-ex组显著低于4周M-ex组。在运动强度相同的情况下,4周运动组大鼠的骨骼肌线粒体自噬激活程度高于2周运动组;在运动时长相同的情况下,Hi-ex组的线粒体自噬激活程度高于M-ex组。2和4周运动干预均可提高LC3/COX-IV、COX-IV/FUNDC1、FUNDC1/LC3共定位。运动可提高LC3-II/LC3-I比值,下调p62蛋白表达水平,上调FUNDC1、ULK1蛋白表达水平和AMPKα磷酸化水平,4周Hi-ex组的这些蛋白表达变化幅度显著大于4周M-ex组。以上结果提示,运动可诱导骨骼肌线粒体自噬,自噬的激活程度与运动时间和强度有关,运动的诱导机制可能是通过AMPK-ULK1通路影响FUNDC1的表达。     

Beclin 1对凋亡和自噬的调控作用

Beclin 1是自噬关键调控蛋白之一,参与自噬体膜形成.近期,大量研究结果指出, Beclin 1是caspase家族蛋白酶的全新底物,可被caspase剪切.剪切后的Beclin 1失去自噬调节功能,转而加剧凋亡进程.因而,Beclin 1对细胞凋亡和自噬起着重要的调控作用. 本文主要对细胞凋亡和自噬的相关性,以及Beclin 1在两通路中的调控作用进行了回顾与总结.在此基础上,进一步讨论了Beclin 1与人类疾病如肿瘤、神经系统退行性疾病的关联.最后,简要介绍了实验室常用于Beclin 1研究的工具.     

TRPM3表达上调通过调控Beclin1的表达促进卵巢癌细胞自噬

目的:探讨瞬时受体电位离子通道3(TRPM3)和Beclin1在卵巢癌中的表达和对卵巢癌细胞自噬的影响。方法:收集6例正常卵巢组织标本和20例卵巢癌组织标本,应用免疫组织化学染色法检测TRPM3和Beclin1在卵巢癌组织中的表达,采用western blotting法检测TRPM3和Beclin1在正常卵巢上皮细胞Moody和卵巢癌细胞Hey、ES-2中的表达差异。用TRPM3-siRNA瞬时转染细胞Hey和ES-2,通过western blotting法检测TRPM3基因沉默情况及Beclin1、p62和LC3的蛋白表达变化。结果:在正常卵巢组织和卵巢癌组织中,TRPM3的阳性表达率分别为33.3%、80.0%(P0.05),而Beclin1的阳性表达率分别为33.3%、65.0%(P0.05)。与正常卵巢上皮细胞Moody相比,卵巢癌细胞Hey和ES-2中TRPM3、Beclin1蛋白表达水平明显较高(P0.05)。沉默TRPM3基因表达的卵巢癌细胞中Beclin1和LC3蛋白表达与对照组相比明显降低,而p62表达升高(P0.05)。结论:卵巢癌组织和细胞中TRPM3蛋白呈高表达,可能通过调控Beclin1促进卵巢癌细胞的自噬。     

中风胶囊对脑缺血/再灌注损伤模型鼠脑组织自噬相关蛋白表达的影响*

目的: 观察中风胶囊对脑缺血/再灌注损伤(CIRI)模型鼠脑组织自噬相关蛋白表达的影响,初步揭示其对神经元损伤保护的分子机制。方法: 采用改良线栓法构建大鼠脑缺血/再灌注损伤模型,随机将60只雄性SD大鼠分为假手术组、模型组、丁苯酞组(0.054 g/kg)、中风胶囊高剂量组(1.08 g/kg)、中风胶囊中剂量组(0.54 g/kg)、中风胶囊低剂量组(0.27 g/kg),每组10只。造模结束后灌胃给药10 d,每天1次,实验结束后处死各组大鼠,摘取脑组织。各组大鼠末次给药24 h后进行神经功能评分;HE染色法观察各组大鼠脑组织病理形态;ELISA法检测各组大鼠血清雌二醇(E2)和卵泡刺激素(FSH);RT-PCR法与Western blot法分别测定各组大鼠脑组织PI3K/Akt/Beclin1信号通路关键基因及蛋白的表达。结果: 与假手术组比较,模型组大鼠体重及脑组织中p-PI3K、p-Akt等蛋白表达均显著降低,脑指数、神经功能缺损评分及脑组织Beclin1、LC3基因和蛋白表达均显著升高(P＜0.05或P＜0.01),脑组织结构排列疏松,间质水肿,神经细胞呈三角形,核固缩深染。与模型组相比,中风胶囊高剂量组大鼠体重显著升高,神经功能缺损评分显著下降(P＜0.05),脑组织病理损伤较模型组明显改善;中风胶囊各剂量组的脑指数及脑组织Beclin1、LC3的基因和蛋白表达均显著降低,脑组织中p-PI3K、p-Akt等蛋白表达均显著升高(P＜0.05或P＜0.01)。结论: 中风胶囊通过调控PI3K/Akt/Beclin1信号通路中Beclin1和LC3的表达来抑制CIRI模型鼠的自噬反应,从而发挥保护其脑神经元损伤的作用。     

293T细胞中SQSTM1/p62-GFP的表达及其与LC3在诱导自噬状态下的定位分布

为探究SQSTM1/p62蛋白在细胞发生自噬时的定位,以人肺腺癌A549细胞的cDNA为模板,PCR扩增SQSTM1基因(编码p62蛋白)并将其插入pEGFP-N1真核表达质粒.将重组质粒转染进入人胚肾293T细胞中表达p62绿色荧光融合蛋白(GFP-p62),利用Earle's盐平衡溶液饥饿诱导细胞自噬,Wester...     

运动训练及饮食限制对小鼠骨骼肌线粒体自噬Bnip3/Nix表达的影响*

目的:探讨运动训练和饮食限制对小鼠骨骼肌线粒体自噬蛋白Bnip3/Nix表达的影响。方法:C57雄性小鼠按体重随机分为对照组(C),不做干预;饮食限制组(D),饮食控制在C组的60%;运动训练组(E),10周递增负荷耐力训练;饮食限制加运动训练组(DE),进行饮食限制和耐力训练。8只/组,干预10周后,麻醉处死提取腓肠肌,Western blot技术检测Bnip3、Nix蛋白表达。结果:与C组比较,干预后D、E及DE组的体重和体重增长值均显著降低(P＜0.01),腓肠肌Bnip3、Nix蛋白表达升高,其中仅DE组Nix蛋白表达升高具有统计学意义(P＜0.05)。结论:运动训练加饮食限制能有效促进小鼠骨骼肌Nix蛋白表达,有利于骨骼肌线粒体自噬发生。     

自噬标志分子MAP1LC3的重组载体构建及表达分析

目的:为深入研究细胞自噬的发生过程及机制,克隆人微管相关蛋白1轻链3-β(microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3,MAP1LC3,简称LC3)基因,并构建原核和真核重组质粒用于后续的研究.方法:首先RT-PCR方法从人食管癌9706细胞基因组中克隆LC3基因,并分别连接到pET-32a载体和pEGFP-N3载体上,形成重组质粒.前者用IPTG(终浓度1 mmol/L)诱导表达,后者进行细胞转染实验.结果:IPTG诱导原核重组质粒在E.coli内实现表达,pEGFP-N3-LC3转染到A549人肺癌细胞36h和鲤鱼上皮瘤细胞系(Epithelioma papulosum cyprinid,EPC)后,均检测到明显的绿色荧光信号,且在细胞质和胞核内均有分布.结论:成功构建了人源LC3重组表达载体,为研究高等和低等脊椎动物细胞自噬机制及机理过程提供了很好的研究工具.     

黄颡鱼自噬相关基因 LC3B和Beclin1的原核表达及多克隆抗体制备

为深入研究黄颡鱼Pelteobagrus fulvidraco自噬的发生过程和机制, 从黄颡鱼cDNA中克隆获得372和1344 bp的黄颡鱼LC3B(PfLC3B)和Beclin1(PfBeclin1)基因编码序列, 并成功构建了pET32a(+)-PfLC3B和pET32a(+)-PfBeclin1重组表达载体, 分别采用亲和层析和包涵体纯化的方法得到了纯度较高的重组PfLC3B和PfBeclin1蛋白; 以重组PfLC3B和PfBeclin1蛋白免疫Balb/C小鼠, 制备多克隆抗体。通过Western blot鉴定了PfLC3B和PfBeclin1抗血清可以分别特异性识别重组PfLC3B和PfBeclin1蛋白; PfLC3B抗血清可以特异性识别黄颡鱼内源性LC3-Ⅰ和LC3-Ⅱ蛋白, PfBeclin1抗血清可以特异性识别黄颡鱼内源性Beclin1蛋白。蛋白水平的组织分布显示, 黄颡鱼LC3和Beclin1蛋白在肝脏中表达水平均较高, 在肾脏和脾脏中的表达水平较低。综上所述, 研究成功制备了黄颡鱼LC3B和Beclin1的多克隆抗体, 为深入研究黄颡鱼自噬机制提供了有力工具。     

mTOR and Beclin1: Two key autophagy-related molecules and their roles in myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury

Autophagy is the general term of lysosomal degradation of substances in cells, which is considered the key to maintaining the normal structure and function of the heart. It also has a correlation with several heart diseases, in particular, myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. At the stage of myocardial ischemia, autophagy degrades nonfunctional cytoplasmic proteins providing the critical nutrients for the critical life activities, thereby suppressing cell apoptosis and necrosis. However, autophagy is likely to affect the heart negatively in the reperfusion stage. Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and Beclin1 are two vital autophagy-related molecules in myocardial I/R injury playing significant roles in different stages. In the ischemia stage, mTOR plays its roles through AMPK/mTOR and phosphoinositide 3-kinase/Akt/mTOR pathway, whereas Beclin1 plays its roles through its upregulation in the reperfusion stage. A possible interaction between mTOR and Beclin1 has been reported recently, and further studies need to be done to find the underlying interaction between the two molecules in myocardial I/R injury     

MTORC1 determines autophagy through ULK1 regulation in skeletal muscle

Autophagy impairment has been implicated in several muscle disorders and in age-related dysfunction. Although previous reports pointed to FOXO as a positive regulator of autophagy in skeletal muscle, it remained unclear what is triggering autophagy. We found that TSC muscle knockout (TSCmKO) mice, characterized by specific depletion of TSC1 in skeletal muscle, and thus constant activation of MTORC1, develop a late-onset myopathy marked by the accumulation of autophagic substrates. In those mice, autophagy induction is blocked despite FOXO activation because of constant MTORC1-dependent inhibition of ULK1. Treatment of TSCmKO mice with rapamycin is sufficient to restore autophagy and to alleviate, at least in part, the myopathy. Inversely, inactivation of the MTORC1 pathway in RPTOR-depleted muscles triggers LC3B lipidation in spite of FOXO inhibition. In conclusion, MTORC1 constitutes the master regulator of autophagy induction in skeletal muscle and its deregulation leads to pathologic alterations of muscle homeostasis.     

间歇性禁食与运动对骨骼肌自噬的激活及减脂效果的比较

目的:以运动作为对比,观察不同时长(14 d、28 d)间歇性禁食的体重控制效果,探究其对骨骼肌质量及自噬的影响。方法:选取60只SD大鼠(雄)随机分为3组(n=20):安静对照组(Sed组)、间歇性禁食组(InF组)、有氧运动组(Exe组),设实验周期分别为14 d和28 d。InF组采用间歇性禁食(隔日禁食),Exe组施加跑台运动干预,每周记录体重。DEXA检测体脂并计算体脂指数,天平称量比目鱼肌湿重(双侧)并计算湿重指数,免疫荧光检测细胞外基质蛋白laminin反映肌纤维横截面积、检测LC3标记自噬体,透射电镜观察自噬体数量及形态,Western blot检测自噬相关蛋白ULK1、LC3、p62及调控蛋白AMPKα、p-AMPKα(Thr172)的表达情况。结果:①干预7 d开始,InF、Exe组大鼠体重显著低于Sed组,且InF组体重显著低于Exe组(P<0.01),28 d干预后InF、Exe组体脂指数显著低于Sed组,且InF组体脂指数显著低于Exe组(P<0.05)。②干预28 d时Exe组单根肌纤维面积较Sed、InF组明显增大(P<0.01)。③在各...     

Resveratrol-mediated autophagy requires WIPI-1-regulated LC3 lipidation in the absence of induced phagophore formation

Canonical autophagy is positively regulated by the Beclin 1/phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase class III (PtdIns3KC3) complex that generates an essential phospholipid, phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate (PtdIns(3)P), for the formation of autophagosomes. Previously, we identified the human WIPI protein family and found that WIPI-1 specifically binds PtdIns(3)P, accumulates at the phagophore and becomes a membrane protein of generated autophagosomes. Combining siRNA-mediated protein downregulation with automated high through-put analysis of PtdIns(3)P-dependent autophagosomal membrane localization of WIPI-1, we found that WIPI-1 functions upstream of both Atg7 and Atg5, and stimulates an increase of LC3-II upon nutrient starvation. Resveratrol-mediated autophagy was shown to enter autophagic degradation in a noncanonical manner, independent of Beclin 1 but dependent on Atg7 and Atg5. By using electron microscopy, LC3 lipidation and GFP-LC3 puncta-formation assays we confirmed these results and found that this effect is partially wortmannin-insensitive. In line with this, resveratrol did not promote phagophore localization of WIPI-1, WIPI-2 or the Atg16L complex above basal level. In fact, the presence of resveratrol in nutrient-free conditions inhibited phagophore localization of WIPI-1. Nevertheless, we found that resveratrol-mediated autophagy functionally depends on canonical-driven LC3-II production, as shown by siRNA-mediated downregulation of WIPI-1 or WIPI-2. From this it is tempting to speculate that resveratrol promotes noncanonical autophagic degradation downstream of the PtdIns(3)P-WIPI-Atg7-Atg5 pathway, by engaging a distinct subset of LC3-II that might be generated at membrane origins apart from canonical phagophore structures.     

Resveratrol-mediated autophagy requires WIPI-1-regulated LC3 lipidation in the absence of induced phagophore formation

Canonical autophagy is positively regulated by the Beclin 1/phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase class III (PtdIns3KC3) complex that generates an essential phospholipid, phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate (PtdIns(3)P), for the formation of autophagosomes. Previously, we identified the human WIPI protein family and found that WIPI-1 specifically binds PtdIns(3)P, accumulates at the phagophore and becomes a membrane protein of generated autophagosomes. Combining siRNA-mediated protein downregulation with automated high through-put analysis of PtdIns(3)P-dependent autophagosomal membrane localization of WIPI-1, we found that WIPI-1 functions upstream of both Atg7 and Atg5, and stimulates an increase of LC3-II upon nutrient starvation. Resveratrol-mediated autophagy was shown to enter autophagic degradation in a noncanonical manner, independent of Beclin 1 but dependent on Atg7 and Atg5. By using electron microscopy, LC3 lipidation and GFP-LC3 puncta-formation assays we confirmed these results and found that this effect is partially wortmannin-insensitive. In line with this, resveratrol did not promote phagophore localization of WIPI-1, WIPI-2 or the Atg16L complex above basal level. In fact, the presence of resveratrol in nutrient-free conditions inhibited phagophore localization of WIPI-1. Nevertheless, we found that resveratrol-mediated autophagy functionally depends on canonical-driven LC3-II production, as shown by siRNA-mediated downregulation of WIPI-1 or WIPI-2. From this it is tempting to speculate that resveratrol promotes noncanonical autophagic degradation downstream of the PtdIns(3)P-WIPI-Atg7-Atg5 pathway, by engaging a distinct subset of LC3-II that might be generated at membrane origins apart from canonical phagophore structures.     

FHL1 regulates myoblast differentiation and autophagy through its interaction with LC3

Four and a half LIM domain protein 1 (FHL1) belongs to the FHL protein family and is predominantly expressed in skeletal and cardiac muscle. FHL1 acts as a scaffold during sarcomere assembly and plays a vital role in muscle growth and development. Autophagy is key to skeletal muscle development and regeneration, with its dysfunction associated with a range of muscular pathologies and disorders. In this study, we constructed FHL1-silenced or FHL1-overexpressed myoblasts to investigate its role in autophagy during the differentiation of chicken myoblasts into myotubules. Our data showed that FHL1 contributes to myoblast differentiation as measured through MyoG, MyoD, Myh3, and Mb mRNA expression, MyoG and MyHC protein expression and the morphological characteristics of myoblasts. The results showed that FHL1 silencing inhibited the expression of ATG5 and ATG7, meanwhile, immunofluorescence and immunoprecipitation showed that FHL1 and LC3 interacted to regulate the correct formation of autophagosomes. FHL1 inhibition increased cleaved caspase-3 and PARP abundance and promoted myoblast apoptosis. Furthermore, FHL1 rescued skeletal muscle atrophy through regulating the expression of Atrogin-1 and MuRF1. Taken together, these data suggested that FHL1 regulates chicken myoblast differentiation through its interaction with LC3.     

FGF21 alleviates acute liver injury by inducing the SIRT1‐autophagy signalling pathway

Liver injury can lead to different hepatic diseases, which are the mainly causes of high global mortality and morbidity. Autophagy and Sirtuin type 1 (SIRT1) have been shown protective effects in response to liver injury. Previous studies have showed that Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) could alleviate acute liver injury (ALI), but the mechanism remains unclear. Here, we verified the relationship among FGF21, autophagy and SIRT1 in carbon tetrachloride (CCl₄)‐induced ALI. We established CCl₄‐induced ALI models in C57BL/6 mice and the L02 cell line. The results showed that FGF21 was robustly induced in response to stress during the development of ALI. After exogenous FGF21 treatment in ALI models, liver damage in ALI mice was significantly reduced, as well as serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels. Consistently, FGF21 also greatly reduced the levels of ALT, AST, pro‐inflammatory cytokines interleukin 6 (IL6) and tumour necrosis factor‐alpha (TNFα) in ALI cell lines. Mechanistically, exogenous FGF21 treatment efficiently upregulated the expression of autophagy marker microtubule‐associated protein light chain‐3 beta (LC3 II) and autophagy key molecule coiled‐coil myosin‐like BCL2‐interacting protein (Beclin1), which was accompanied by alleviating hepatotoxicity in CCl₄‐treated wild‐type mice. Then, we examined how FGF21 induced autophagy expression and found that SIRT1 was also upregulated by FGF21 treatment. To further verify our results, we constructed an anti‐SIRT1 lentit‐RNAi to inhibit SIRT1 expression in mice and L02 cells, which reversed the protective effect of FGF21 on ALI. In summary, these results indicate that FGF21 alleviates ALI by enhancing SIRT1‐mediated autophagy.     

耐力运动对大鼠骨骼肌ERK1/2活性的影响

目的:探讨耐力运动对大鼠骨骼肌蛋白总量(t-ERK1/2)及磷酸化ERK1/2(p-ERK1/2)及ERK2mRMA表达的影响。方法:SD大鼠随机分为对照组和运动组。运动组分为1h/d和1.5h/d组,共7周,运动结束后24h和48h取材,测定葡萄糖和胰岛素浓度;Westernblot法检测骨骼肌t-ERK1/2、p-ERK1/2蛋白表达;RT-PCR法分析ERK2mRNA表达。结果:与对照组比较,运动组胰岛素浓度降低;各运动组p-ERK1/2升高;1.5h/d-24h和-48h组t-ERK1/2增高;1h/d-24h组与1.5h/d-24h和-48hERK2mRNA表达增高。结论:耐力运动可能通过增加ERK1/2活性,提高大鼠骨骼肌对胰岛素的敏感性。