中草药在防治新型冠状病毒肺炎中的应用

新型冠状病毒肺炎(COVID-19)是由新型冠状病毒引起的突发性传染病,具有极强的传染性和致病性,感染者常伴有发烧、乏力、咳嗽等症状,自2019年12月首次发现以来,新型冠状病毒肺炎迅速席卷全球,受到国内外高度关注。中医药是我国传统特色文化,国家卫健委、中医药管理局在《新型冠状病毒感染的肺炎诊疗方案(试行第三版)》中首次推出中医药治疗方案,其中清热解毒、补气活血、清肺化痰等中药为新冠肺炎防治中常用中草药类型,槲皮素、山奈酚、黄芩素等黄酮类成分为主要活性成分。实践证明,中草药在抗病毒、抗炎、减轻患者症状等方面有显著效果,特别是我国新冠肺炎患者总体治愈率达94%以上,远高于其他国家。文中在概述新型冠状病毒特征的基础上,综述中医药治疗新冠肺炎中涉及的药用植物及其有效成分研究进展,为防治新冠肺炎药物研发提供参考。     

重组人干扰素α1b与新型冠状病毒肺炎防治

干扰素调节免疫具有广谱抗病毒和抗肿瘤作用。重组人干扰素α1b是国内自主产权的基因工程I类新药,通过多年研究,研制出儿童和成人应用的重组人干扰素α1b注射液、喷雾剂等多种剂型,完成治疗冠状病毒等肺炎的药理学、毒理学、药代动力学和相关临床研究,形成了多个临床应用的专家共识和指南性文件。新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情发生后,这些研究为国家卫健委将干扰素α雾化吸入作为首推抗病毒药物试用方案纳入《新型冠状病毒感染的肺炎国家诊疗方案》提供了基础。经过大量新冠肺炎患者的临床使用,取得了良好的治疗效果。重组人干扰素α1b喷雾剂作为可预防病毒感染的药物,用于医护人员等高暴露人群的生物防护,为疫情防控发挥了重要作用,将对国民健康和国家生物安全保障做出应有的贡献。     

新型冠状病毒肺炎治疗推荐用药相关基因多态性进展

新型冠状病毒病已呈全球大流行态势。迄今仍未发现针对该病的特异性抗病毒药物,所有治疗均基于实验和同情用药,由于缺乏大规模临床研究支持,在临床给药中须格外注意药物不良反应。既往研究显示药物不良反应除受年龄、性别、地域等外在因素影响外,还与患者的基因背景密切相关。国家卫生健康委员会发布的《新型冠状病毒肺炎诊疗方案》(试行第七版)给出了若干指导性药物,本文就该方案中提示的药物相关基因多态性做一综述。     

磷酸氯喹在新型冠状病毒感染性肺炎治疗中合理应用

抗病毒治疗及有效的机体免疫应答与新型冠状病毒肺炎的病情进展有重要关系。基于对新型冠状病毒有良好的抑制作用,磷酸氯喹被列入《新型冠状病毒感染肺炎诊疗方案》。本文根据现有证据,探讨其在新型冠状病毒感染治疗中的作用机制和潜在风险,为合理应用提出建议,以期为新型冠状病毒肺炎相关临床决策提供参考,提高临床治疗效果。     

新型冠状病毒疫苗接种与疫情进展

新型冠状病毒肺炎(简称新冠)疫情仍在发展,新型冠状病毒变异株的出现致使其传染性和致病性增强,部分国家的政府和民众防控措施松懈导致某些地区疫情加剧。新型冠状病毒疫苗广泛使用后,接种情况会影响疫情发展。本文主要阐述新冠疫情与疫苗接种、病毒变异的关联性,接种疫苗存在的问题及其应对措施,并建议在加快疫苗接种的同时应做好各项新冠防控工作。     

新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情常态化防控态势下我国微生物学教学改革与人才培养

两年多前突如其来的新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情既给高校教学带来了全新挑战,也带来了变革的契机.随着后疫情时代的到来,有必要不断探索建立适应疫情防控要求的教学交流和研究模式,有效利用现代信息化技术和新媒体平台,整合优化教学资源,转变教学理念,切实提高教学水平与人才培养质量.《微生物学通报》以"第十八届全国微生物学教学和科研及成果...     

新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情中呼吸专科防控工作的对策及落实

2019年12月以来,湖北武汉市发现新型冠状病毒的肺炎(COVID-19)疫情,由于其传染性强、潜伏期长、人群普遍易感等特点,疫情迅速蔓延至全国。呼吸专科作为疫情防控的重点科室之一,做好有效防控工作至关重要。本文重点从全员培训、医护人员管理、患者及陪护管理、环境清洁与消毒、重视医护人员、患者及其家属的心理状态等多方面进行防控工作的对策拟定及落实,旨在避免感染发生。     

通过SARS和MERS对COVID-19的最新认识

自新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情暴发以来,有关新型冠状病毒的研究非常多,且借鉴对冠状病毒的现有研究,2019新型冠状病毒的感染机理也逐步认识。对于这种新型冠状病毒引起的肺炎的诊疗措施及相关药物的开发也已经开展,通过对其感染过程及受体的研究,各种抗病毒类药物再一次引起我们的兴趣。基于此前出现的SARS冠状病毒、MERS冠状病毒,以及现今的2019新型冠状病毒三种感染人的冠状病毒,本综述主要论述冠状病毒的发展进化史、传播源及传播途径、病毒的感染与复制、预防措施以及诊疗手段。     

新冠肺炎COVID-19临床治疗的药物选择

新型冠状病毒病COVID-19,如大多数病毒感染疾病一样,除了疫苗以外,尚无特效药,也没有针对性的治疗方法。在临床上,药物治疗主要是针对患者在感染病毒以后,免疫系统被激活到极限程度或者失去控制,从而给患者带来伤害。本研究系统地回顾了新冠肺炎爆发以来的临床治疗案例,结合中国国家卫健委发布的《新型冠状病毒病肺炎诊疗方案(试行第一至七版)》,提出了治疗新冠肺炎COVID-19临床药物的选择策略,评估了各种目前应用于临床实践的西药的疗效和风险,旨在为临床医生在药物选择上提供理论依据和临床上的案例。     

微生态调节剂对新型冠状病毒肺炎靶点干预的研究

正2019年12月以来,湖北武汉市发现新型冠状病毒肺炎患者。随着疫情的蔓延,我国其他地区及境外也相继发现此类病例,引起了我国和世界各国的高度关注。世界卫生组织命名为COVID-19(新型冠状病毒肺炎)。新型冠状病毒主要经呼吸道飞沫和密切接触传播,人群普遍易感,严重危害人民生命健康。为此,我国作为急性呼吸道传染病并纳入《中华人民共和国传染病防治法》规定的乙类传染病,按甲类传染病管理。近日,国家卫生健康委员会与国家中医药管理局发布了《新型冠状     

新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情中医护人员个人防护装备的选择与使用

个人防护设备(personal protective equipment,PPE)是控制院内感染的必要装备,可有效降低医护人员职业暴露的风险。 目前,新型冠状病毒肺炎(coronavirus disease 2019,COVID-19)疫情引起国际高度关注,国内已确诊7万多例患者,死亡人数超过 2 700 人。此外,医护人员的感染超过 3 000 多例,这给医护人员(尤其是为COVID-19患者提供近距离诊疗和护理的医务人员),带来了新的风险和挑战。 本文从PPE的应用标准,正确穿、脱方法及预防防护后暴露的注意事项进行汇总和讨论。     

Mild manifestations of COVID-19 in healthcare workers

Medical staff treating Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients are at high risk for exposure to Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), and many have been infected, which may cause panic among medical workers, their relatives, health professionals, and government leaders. We report the epidemiologic and clinical characteristics of healthcare workers and that the majority of infected medical staff had milder symptoms/conditions with a better prognosis than admitted patients. Timely improvement to medical staff’s working conditions such as allowing adequate rest and providing sufficient medical protection is extremely important.     

Pediatric dental emergency management and parental treatment preferences during COVID-19 pandemic as compared to 2019

Pediatric dental emergency management were temporarily suspended during the COVID-19 pandemic, which worsened urgent dental needs. This retrospective study investigated the management of pediatric emergencies during COVID-19 lockdown and the trends in parental preferences from March to July in 2019 and 2020. Pediatric dental emergencies managed during pandemic was collated, procedures were categorized (emergency, restorative, preventive, elective) and trends in parental treatment preference was compared from March-July 2019/2020. Bivariate analysis was performed using fisher-exact test and statistical significance was set at 5%. Total 1081 children were treated during COVID-19 lockdown, and 1509 procedures were performed, of which 20.8% were emergency, 42% restorative, 24.4% preventive, 12.6% elective. In 2019, 7462 children were treated; and except for emergency (10.6%), other procedures were comparable to 2020. Extractions (267) predominated in 2020 followed by sealants (195); but in 2019, pulectomy (1268), scaling (1251) were predominant. None of the residents who performed aerosol procedures got infected with COVID-19 during the lockdown. Emergency dental needs among pediatric patients were very high during the COVID-19 pandemic in South India, and there was not much change in the trend in parental treatment preference in 2019 and 2020. Further, aerosol procedures did not increase the risk of COVID-19 during the pandemic provided proper universal precautions were followed.     

A Study of Two Cases Co-Infected with SARS-CoV-2 and Human Immunodeficiency Virus

Since December 2019, A new type of coronavirus pneumonia (coronavirus disease 2019, COVID-19) has become endemic in Wuhan, China. So far, COVID-19 has developed into a global epidemic. The body's immune system plays an important role in the fight against COVID-19. Here, we followed up the clinical data and treatment of two COVID-19 patients diagnosed with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), hoping to be helpful for the subsequent diagnosis and treatment of patients with related diseases.     

严重急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒2变异体对全球疫情防控的影响分析

由严重急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒2（SARS-CoV-2）引起的新型冠状病毒肺炎（COVID-19，简称新冠肺炎）的出现，对国际公众健康构成了严重威胁，伴随COVID-19大流行而来的是SARS-CoV-2基因组的不断突变，尤其是受关注的变异体（variants of concern，VOCs）给全球COVID-19疫情防控带来了挑战。本文综述了SARS-CoV-2的突变情况和现阶段主要流行的VOCs的特征，总结了现有及潜在的COVID-19预防、诊断和治疗手段，并通过分析SARS-CoV-2变异体对全球COVID-19疫情防控措施的影响，提出合理的建议，以期为今后可能爆发的大范围流行病的防控提供理论依据。     

新型冠状病毒疫苗研究策略分析

新型冠状病毒(SARS-CoV-2)是一种可引起人新型冠状病毒肺炎(COVID-19)的新发呼吸道病原体,与重症急性呼吸道综合症冠状病毒(SARS-CoV)和中东呼吸综合征冠状病毒(MERS-CoV)同属于β-冠状病毒,具有较高的传染性和一定的致死率。2019年12月在我国武汉被发现,随后蔓延到我国大部分省份,给我国人民健康和经济发展造成巨大损失。疫苗接种是预防和控制传染病的常规和有效手段,国内外多个机构已启动COVID-19疫苗研究工作。文中基于SARS和MERS疫苗研究的经验和教训,对COVID-19疫苗的研究策略和需要注意的关键问题进行了阐述,为相关研究人员提供参考。     

新冠肺炎疫情防控常态化背景下医院信息化建设的实践与探索

摘要：近年来随着信息化技术的深入发展,其在人们的生产生活中的作用日益突出,对提高工作效率方面作用显著。2020年新年伊始,湖北省武汉市爆发新冠肺炎（COVID-19）疫情并迅速蔓延全国,国家高度重视,医务人员迅速行动,积极投入到这场与病毒作战的没有硝烟的战争中。经过全国上下艰苦努力,我国新冠肺炎疫情防控向好态势进一步巩固,防控工作已从应急状态转为常态化防控状态。医院信息化建设是医院现代化建设和新冠疫情防控的客观要求,在新冠肺炎疫情防控常态化背景下有重要意义。本文从新冠肺炎疫情背景下医院信息化建设概述,医院信息化建设存在的问题,医院信息化建设实践和医院信息化建设探索四个方面进行阐述,致力于探索出疫情防控背景下医院信息化建设的整体思路。     

Repurposing existing drugs: identification of SARS-CoV-2 3C-like protease inhibitors

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is responsible for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Since its emergence, the COVID-19 pandemic has not only distressed medical services but also caused economic upheavals, marking urgent the need for effective therapeutics. The experience of combating SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV has shown that inhibiting the 3-chymotrypsin-like protease (3CLpro) blocks the replication of the virus. Given the well-studied properties of FDA-approved drugs, identification of SARS-CoV-2 3CLpro inhibitors in an FDA-approved drug library would be of great therapeutic value. Here, we screened a library consisting of 774 FDA-approved drugs for potent SARS-CoV-2 3CLpro inhibitors, using an intramolecularly quenched fluorescence (IQF) peptide substrate. Ethacrynic acid, naproxen, allopurinol, butenafine hydrochloride, raloxifene hydrochloride, tranylcypromine hydrochloride, and saquinavir mesylate have been found to block the proteolytic activity of SARS-CoV-2 3CLpro. The inhibitory activity of these repurposing drugs against SARS-CoV-2 3CLpro highlights their therapeutic potential for treating COVID-19 and other Betacoronavirus infections.     

COVID-19疫苗研究现状*

2019年底于中国武汉暴发的新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情来势凶猛,迅速蔓延全球,并被世界卫生组织列为“国际关注的突发公共卫生事件”,给全人类的健康及经济发展造成难以估量的损害。新型冠状病毒对人群普遍易感且传染性强,在无特效药物及治疗手段的情况下,疫苗接种是防控COVID-19疫情最有效且最经济的途径。目前全球疫苗研发正在加速进行,各国之间通力合作,共同应对此次疫情。主要对目前正在研发的针对SARS-CoV-2的灭活疫苗、病毒载体疫苗、基因工程重组亚单位疫苗、核酸疫苗的研究进展进行综述。     

Phenotypes and Functions of SARS-CoV-2-Reactive T Cells

Infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which is an ongoing pandemic disease. SARS-CoV-2-specific CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T-cell responses have been detected and characterized not only in COVID-19 patients and convalescents, but also unexposed individuals. Here, we review the phenotypes and functions of SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells in COVID-19 patients and the relationships between SARS-CoV-2-specific T-cell responses and COVID-19 severity. In addition, we describe the phenotypes and functions of SARS-CoV-2-specific memory T cells after recovery from COVID-19 and discuss the presence of SARS-CoV-2-reactive T cells in unexposed individuals and SARS-CoV-2-specific T-cell responses elicited by COVID-19 vaccines. A better understanding of T-cell responses is important for effective control of the current COVID-19 pandemic.