云南丽江古人类股骨的形态结构

1960年,在云南省丽江市发现了三根古人类股骨,通过地层观察,仅PA108可归为更新世晚期。前人对PA108做了初步报导,为了进一步了解丽江人股骨的演化分类地位和东亚早期现代人股骨形态变异,本文对PA108的内外结构进行了详尽的分析。研究发现,PA108具有明显的早期现代人特征,即明显的股骨粗线、骨干中部后侧骨密质最厚和中部横断面轮廓形状偏椭圆。PA108标本也有一定的特殊性,体现在骨干中近端和中部骨密质厚度分布上,这可能与其股骨嵴发育较弱有关,这一特征也导致了PA108与其他东亚早期现代人之间的形态差异,这些形态变异进一步扩大了目前已知的东亚地区早期现代人变异范围。同时,在采用骨密质厚度分布模式进行分类时,建议关注股骨骨干中部骨密质最厚部位。     

辽宁建平古人类肱骨形态结构分析

1957年,在辽宁省建平县发现了一根古人类肱骨化石,编号PA103。通过同一批龙骨中筛选的哺乳动物化石,吴汝康推断PA103应该为更新世晚期古人类,并对该化石进行了表面形态特征观察和描述。为了对PA103化石的内外结构进行更全面的了解,除了线性测量数据的对比,本文还通过计算机断层扫描技术,结合生物力学和形态示量图分析对建平古人类右侧肱骨化石PA103进行了分析。通过本研究发现,PA103骨干横断面的生物力学粗壮度和力学形状指数明显小于尼安德特人,而与同时期欧亚大陆古人类不利手侧最为接近,这说明建平人右侧肱骨可能不是惯用手,同时,建平人的行为活动应该与同时期同地区的古人类处于同一水平,而小于尼安德特人。整体来看,PA103骨干骨密质厚度和截面惯性矩与近现代人的分布模式较为接近,除局部数值增大外,其整体数值小于近现代人的平均水平,这可能与遗传或行为活动有关,由于缺少古人类化石对比数据,更详细的了解还需后期开展更多相关的研究。     

现代中国人眼眶的形态变异

研究证实人类骨性[眶形态具有明显的]化变化,在现代人群之间的表现也有一定程度的差别,因而[眶形态是研究人类]化及现代人群关系的重要特征之一。但是,学术界对与眼眶形态有关的许多问题还不是很清楚,或有争议。基于这一情况,本文对3项代表眼眶形态的性状在五组全新世近代—现代人群中的表现情况进行了观测,并结合对比了部分更新世晚期人类化石标本。本文研究发现:在中国地区,人类[眶的高低变异在]化过程中具有明显的时代变化,从新石器时代起出现了区域性的差异,并一直延续到现代;方形眼眶应该是中国人群较稳定的连续性特征,其高出现率从更新世一直延续到现代;在中国人群中,眼眶外下侧缘圆钝这一特征应该也是从更新世一直延续到现代的,但是其高出现率则只维持到新石器时代为止。     

中国梅花鹿地史分布、种和亚种的划分及演化历史

对中国梅花鹿地史分布、种亚种的划分及其演化历史作了系统的研讨。认为从早更新世至现代,东亚季风区的梅花鹿应是一个多向度种,中国的梅花鹿可划分为９个亚种。指出梅花鹿可能在上新世晚期发源于我国的华北地区,更新世期间曾广泛公布于东北、华北、华中、华南、西南和青藏区的东部,全新世后其分布区急剧地缩减与更新世至全新世青藏高原的强烈抬升有关,但更主要的是受冰期后人类活动的影响。同时揭示了梅花鹿的演化谱系和我国野     

中国近代人群上颌前臼齿釉质-齿质连接面形状的三维几何形态测量

牙齿的釉质-齿质连接面(EDJ或Enamel-dentine junction)是釉质表面(OES或Outer enamel surface)形态的发生基础,其形态特征在牙齿发育早期形成,与遗传因素密切相关。为探讨EDJ形状在近代人群中的变异特点,本文使用显微断层扫描技术(micro-CT或micro-computed tomography)扫描了100例采自华中地区近代农业人群的上颌前臼齿(P~3和P~4各50例),并复原了EDJ表面三维结构。采用基于30个标志点(landmark)和半标志点(semi-landmark)的三维几何形态测量量化了上颌前臼齿EDJ表面形状。结果显示,牙齿内部舌侧尖区域变异程度较颊侧尖大。在人群内部,上颌前臼齿的变异方式主要表现在1)颊舌尖相互靠近或远离造成的咬合面深浅的差别;2)颊舌尖齿质最高点(dentine horn)相对高度的差异;3)舌侧尖近远中方向尺寸的变化;4)P~3颊侧尖近中脊的内收与外扩造成的整个轮廓形状的对称性变化;5)P~4整个咬合面轮廓MD/BL比值的大小差别。基于以上发现,本文进一步探讨了上颌前臼齿EDJ形状在两性或不同时代标本之间是否存在差异。平均形状的比较发现男性上颌前臼齿的舌尖相对较宽,颊侧尖近中脊相对较低。但主成分分析(Principal component analysis)和置换检验(Permutation test)显示两性差异未达到显著水平。同样,从新石器时代以来的各样本组之间在EDJ形状上的差别也没有达到统计上的显著水平。这一结果提示中国近代人群上颌前臼齿EDJ表面形状的变异特点至少可以追溯到全新世早期(本文使用标本最早来自距今6000-7000年前的新石器时代阶段)。未来EDJ的三维几何形态测量可通过扩大标本数量进一步探讨不同性别、不同地区人群、不同演化阶段之间的差异。     

内蒙古和林格尔土城子农业人群与林西井沟子游牧人群股骨中部的生物力学对比

肢骨的形态结构可以反映人类进化、古代人群的生存适应性活动和生存环境等重要信息。基于“骨骼功能适应”和“杠杆原理”,有学者对不同生计方式的古代人群下肢股骨开展了大量的研究工作,但是,国内外尚未有关于农业人群和游牧人群股骨之间差异性研究的报道。本文选取两个具有代表性的古代人群,即内蒙古和林格尔土城子戍边农业人群和内蒙古林西井沟子游牧人群进行对比研究。通过对股骨骨干中部横断面生物力学分析发现,农业人群股骨粗壮度与游牧人群之间具有显著差异。前者的平均粗壮度较大,后者女性组下肢骨的活动强度明显较小,这可能与游牧人群经常从事骑马活动而下肢骨活动强度相对较少有关。农业人群股骨指数的变异范围均大于游牧人群,这可能与前者男性的士兵身份有关;同时,也提示土城子男性组股骨所反映的行为活动信息并不代表真正意义上的纯农业人群下肢骨行为模式,而是一种农业和士兵行为的混合模式。在性别分工上,井沟子组的男女性均从事骑马活动,两侧股骨受力较为一致,在两侧不对称性程度和骨干横断面形状上的男女差异不大;男性股骨的粗壮度要明显大于女性,这与井沟子组男性还从事一定的狩猎行为有关。与游牧人群女性较为纤细的股骨不同,土城子组女性作为典型的农业人群代表,其下肢骨整体的活动强度较大,几乎与同组的男性和井沟子组男性相当,组内的性别差异相对较小;骨干横断面形状的显著性差异说明,土城子组内部男性和女性的行为活动方式存在明显的性别分工。本文研究结果说明农业人群女性的下肢骨活动强度较大,在行为活动方式上,戍边农业人群具有更为明显的性别分工。     

东亚中更新世古人类下颔第二臼齿釉质-齿质连接面三维形状和釉质厚度分布

东亚中更新世古人类在头骨、下颌骨、牙齿等解剖部位表现出不同程度的形态多样性,中期成员代表为直立人,而晚期成员的演化地位具有较大争议。为进一步了解东亚中更新世古人类内部的形态变异特点和为东亚中更新世晚期古人类分类提供依据,本文使用微分同胚的表面匹配（Diffeomorphic Surface Matching, DSM）和形态测量图（Morphometric map）对下颌第二臼齿（M₂）釉质-齿质连接面的形状和齿冠侧面釉质厚度分布模式进行了量化分析。结果显示：1）东亚中更新世古人类与晚期人属成员（尼安德特人和现代人）存在较明显的形态差别;2）该时段晚期的东亚古人类相对中期直立人在侧面釉质厚度分布规律上具有独特性,并在釉质-齿质连接面的三维形状上与晚期人属成员更加接近。本文在以往对东亚中更新世古人类牙齿内外结构单个性状研究的基础上,使用三维形态测量方法进一步量化了M₂釉质-齿质连接面三维形状和侧面釉质厚度分布模式两项重要特征的变异特点,这对未来该时段同类型牙齿的形态鉴定以及解决东亚中更新世晚期古人类的分类地位具有一定意义。     

现代各主要人群额骨3D几何形态的对比

额骨是连接面颅和脑颅的重要头骨组成部分,关于现代各个人种的额骨形态是否存在明显的差别,这些人种额骨的基本形态如何,变异范围以及与其他人群的相似与差异等问题都尚未完全厘清。而额骨的很多特征由于技术手段的限制很难进行测量和准确的描述比较。鉴于这些问题,本文将采用基于三维表面半标志点的几何形态测量方法,研究东亚现代人额骨的表面形态及其变异范围,并与欧洲,东南亚,美洲,非洲以及澳洲的现代人群的额骨形态进行对比,为对比不同人群的形态研究建立基础数据。结果显示,额骨形态的变异主要表现在:1)额骨鳞部的额结节和正中矢状脊共同向前隆起或回缩以及相对额骨宽度;2)眉弓的粗壮程度,额结节的侧向发育程度和正中矢状脊的发育情况。为了进一步揭示中国现代人与其他人群在额骨形态上的关系,本文还探讨了额骨大小在不同人群中的差异。结果显示,东亚现代人和欧洲现代人额骨中心大小值的中位数最大,澳洲现代人的最小。东亚现代人的额骨形态与澳洲,欧洲和非洲均有非常显著的差异。为了检验额骨的形态是否与遗传距离一致,作者还对额骨形态距离和遗传距离做了相关性分析。结果显示,不同人群的额骨形态与其遗传距离呈显著的相关性,说明本研究结果中不同人群额骨形态上的差异大小可以在一定程度上反映其遗传距离,并可能进一步反映人群历史。东亚现代人的额骨平均形态在与各个人群比较过程中表现出一致性特征,可能在一定程度上反映了东亚现代人群的进化过程是相对独立的。未来额骨的三维几何形态测量可通过扩大标本数量进一步探讨不同性别和不同演化阶段之间的差异。     

资阳人头骨化石的内部解剖结构

资阳人头骨化石,是新中国成立后首次发现的保存较为完整的人类化石,曾经引起学术界的广泛关注。由于其出土的具体位点和层位不是很清楚,对其年代目前还存有争议。长期以来,对资阳人的研究局限于传统的头骨外部形态的描述和测量。本文利用高分辨率工业CT（Computed tomography）扫描资阳人头骨,并对其内部解剖结构 (包括骨壁结构、额窦、骨内耳迷路、颞骨乳突小房、颅内模) 进行3D虚拟复原和研究,以期获得更多的形态信息。CT断层图显示资阳人头骨的骨壁板障层较厚,远大于外板层和内板层,支持以往研究认为的该头骨属于50岁以上个体的鉴定结果。额窦呈叶形,局限于两侧眼眶的内上方;左、右侧额窦的表面积分别为1780mm²和2910mm²。骨性内耳迷路半规管的大小及其比例,与尼安德特人不同,而位于晚更新世和全新世现代人变异范围之间。颞骨乳突小房为气化型,几乎占据了整个乳突部。根据复原的颅内模,资阳人的颅容量约为1250mL。颅内模的各项测量数值虽然都偏小,但脑的绝大多数形态特征、宽-高指数、顶叶-脑长指数都位于现代人的变异范围之内,而与直立人和更新世古老型人类不同。资阳人头骨内部解剖结构保留有少量原始特征,包括枕叶向后突显著、大脑窝比小脑窝大而深,这些特征不同于全新世人类,更类似于晚更新世早期现代人。     

现代中国人群形成与分化的形态证据——亚洲与非洲现代人群上颌第一臼齿齿尖相对面积的对比分析

现代人群形成与分化造成的具有地域差别的人群标志性体质特征是研究人群之间关系的重要信息。作为臼齿形态测量的组成部分,上颌第一臼齿齿尖相对面积在人类演化以及现代人群关系上的研究价值已经引起了人类学界的关注。然而,迄今对上颌第一臼齿齿尖相对面积在世界各地的现代人群之间是否具有地域性差异还不是很清楚。本文对代表亚洲和非洲现代人群的208枚上颌第一臼齿齿尖相对面积的研究发现,上颌第一臼齿四个主要齿尖相对面积在亚洲和非洲现代人群之间都存在明显差异。亚洲现代人上颌第一臼齿近中齿尖(原尖和前尖)相对面积较大,而远中齿尖(后尖和次尖)相对面积较小。非洲现代人上颌第一臼齿各齿尖相对面积均较亚洲人群具有更大的变异,尤其在原尖和次尖相对面积上。采用判别分析可以将69.2%的标本正确地判别归入其原来所属的组群。通过与化石人类相关数据的对比发现,非洲现代人比亚洲现代人在原尖和次尖相对面积以及前尖/后尖相对面积比例上更加接近于人类演化的早期形式。现有的证据显示,亚洲和非洲现代人群在齿尖相对面积的分化至少可以追溯到全新世早期,更加精确的分化时间需要结合更新世晚期甚至中期化石人类数据去获得。本研究揭示出的非洲现代人上颌第一臼齿齿尖相对面积的高异质性(heterogeneity)和相对原始性在现代人形成与分化方面的作用尚需进一步的研究。     

菱角萤叶甲不同地理种群数量性状变异(鞘翅目:叶甲科)

采用模糊聚类、系统聚类和主成分分析的方法对中国12个不同地理种群菱角萤叶甲Galerucella birmanica Jacoby的形态数据进行了分析,探讨了其数量性状变异和地理分布间的关系,并对菱角萤叶甲亚种的分类地位进行了界定。聚类分析将我国菱角萤叶甲12个地理种群分为6个部分:其中西南云贵高原地区的保山种群为一组,华南地区的广州种群为一组,东北地区的沈阳种群为一组,华中地区的孝感种群为一组,长江以北地区的淮安、扬州、泰安和阜阳种群为一组,长江以南地区的常州、嘉兴、青浦和义乌种群为一组,可见不同地理种群菱角萤叶甲的数量性状变异与地理分布之间具有显著的相关性。主成分分析显示,菱角萤叶甲各器官的长度存在相互促进共同变异的关系,变异与性状具有显著正相关性。采用形态学测量的方法对于确定菱角萤叶甲亚种的地位是可行的。     

Semiautomatic extraction of cortical thickness and diaphyseal curvature from CT scans

The understanding of locomotor patterns, activity schemes, and biological variations has been enhanced by the study of the geometrical properties and cortical bone thickness of the long bones measured using CT scan cross‐sections. With the development of scanning procedures, the internal architecture of the long bones can be explored along the entire diaphysis. Recently, several methods that map cortical thickness along the whole femoral diaphysis have been developed. Precise homology is vital for statistical examination of the data; however, the repeatability of these methods is unknown and some do not account for the curvature of the bones. We have designed a semiautomatic workflow that improves the morphometric analysis of cortical thickness, including robust data acquisition with minimal user interaction and considering the bone curvature. The proposed algorithm also performs automatic landmark refinement and rigid registration on the extracted morphometric maps of the cortical thickness. Because our algorithm automatically reslices the diaphysis into 100 cross‐sections along the medial axis and uses an adaptive thresholding method, it is usable on CT scans that contain soft tissues as well as on bones that have not been oriented specifically prior to scanning. Our approach exhibits considerable robustness to error in user‐supplied landmarks, suppresses distortion caused by the curvature of the bones, and calculates the curvature of the medial axis.     

Morphometric differentiation of Pseudocalanus minutus populations in the Barents Sea

Dvoretsky VG. and Dvoretsky AG. 2011. Morphometric differentiation of Pseudocalanus minutus populations in the Barents Sea. —Acta Zoologica (Stockholm) 00 : 1–12. We investigated spatial variations in the morphometric characteristics (total length of body, lengths of cephalothorax, abdomen and antennules, and their relative proportions) of Pseudocalanus minutus, an abundant copepod species across the Barents Sea in August–September 2007. Females were found to have higher values for the measured parameters than males. The average absolute morphometric characters of both sexes increased from the south to the north. In most cases, parameters were similar in the southern, central, and eastern regions delineated by cluster analyses of oceanographic variables. The morphometric characteristics were strongly correlated with environmental variables in both males and females. Multiple regression analysis showed that temperature together with salinity explained 72–85% (in females) and 38–91% (in males) of the total variations in the log₁₀‐transformed morphometric parameters. According to principal component analysis and discriminant function analysis, two distinct groups could be separated in the Barents Sea. The first group included the copepods from the northern region; the other included populations from the southern, central, and eastern regions. The observed morphological variation can be interpreted as geographical variation connected with hydrological variability.     

Patterns of humeral asymmetry among Late Pleistocene humans

Human humeral diaphyseal asymmetry in midshaft and mid-distal rigidity is assessed through the Late Pleistocene in samples of late archaic (Neandertal) and early modern humans. It is considered with respect to directionality (handedness), levels of asymmetry, body size and sexual differences. The overall Late Pleistocene sample indicates a right-handed preference in frequencies (right: 74.8%, left: 15.0%, ambiguous: 10.3%), which are similar to those of recent human samples. Average levels of humeral asymmetry are elevated relative to Holocene samples through all but the small Middle Paleolithic modern human and eastern Eurasian late Upper Paleolithic samples. Humeral asymmetry is especially high among the males relative to the females, and the possibility of a division of labor between uni-manual tasks (mostly male) and bi-manual tasks (mostly female) is considered. At the same time, there is a general pattern of increased asymmetry with larger body size, but it remains unclear to what extent it reflects body size versus sexual effects on bilateral humeral loading. There do not appear to have been substantial changes in humeral asymmetry through time, indicating a continuity of similar manual behavioral patterns through the Late Pleistocene, despite considerable changes in technology through the Late Pleistocene.     

Roentgenographic and direct measurement of femoral cortical involution in a prehistoric Mississippian population

Recent roentgenographic studies suggest that periosteal apposition adds femoral cortical bone faster than it is lost by endosteal involution, so that cortical bone area increases with age. A comparison was made of direct and roentgenographic measurements of femoral cortical bone using femora from 23 females and 20 males of a prehistoric Mississippian population dated at A.D. 1540–1700. The comparison revealed that significant errors existed in the technique of radiographic measurement (p<0.000001), in estimating male and female cortical thickness (p<0.000001), and the changes in thickness with age (p<0.000001). There was no significant interaction of the variables: age, sex, and method. The errors arose partly from the inability of the roentgenograph to reveal clearly endosteal porosity, and partly in the assumption that the medial and lateral cortical wall thickness would be representative of the mean cortical thickness. The reduction in cortical thickness (11.3% males and 29.3% females) with age as measured directly is comparable with loss in modern populations.     

Intrapopulational body size variation and cranial capacity variation in middle pleistocene humans: The Sima de los Huesos sample (Sierra de Atapuerca,Spain)

A sexual dimorphism more marked than in living humans has been claimed for European Middle Pleistocene humans, Neandertals and prehistoric modern humans. In this paper, body size and cranial capacity variation are studied in the Sima de los Huesos Middle Pleistocene sample. This is the largest sample of non-modern humans found to date from one single site, and with all skeletal elements represented. Since the techniques available to estimate the degree of sexual dimorphism in small palaeontological samples are all unsatisfactory, we have used the bootstraping method to asses the magnitude of the variation in the Sima de los Huesos sample compared to modern human intrapopulational variation. We analyze size variation without attempting to sex the specimens a priori. Anatomical regions investigated are scapular glenoid fossa; acetabulum; humeral proximal and distal epiphyses; ulnar proximal epiphysis; radial neck; proximal femur; humeral, femoral, ulnar and tibial shaft; lumbosacral joint; patella; calcaneum; and talar trochlea. In the Sima de los Huesos sample only the humeral midshaft perimeter shows an unusual high variation (only when it is expressed by the maximum ratio, not by the coefficient of variation). In spite of that the cranial capacity range at Sima de los Huesos almost spans the rest of the European and African Middle Pleistocene range. The maximum ratio is in the central part of the distribution of modern human samples. Thus, the hypothesis of a greater sexual dimorphism in Middle Pleistocene populations than in modern populations is not supported by either cranial or postcranial evidence from Sima de los Huesos. Am J Phys Anthropol 106:19–33, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Technical note: Morphometric maps of long bone shafts and dental roots for imaging topographic thickness variation

Qualitative and quantitative characterization through functional imaging of mineralized tissues is of potential value in the study of the odontoskeletal remains. This technique, widely developed in the medical field, allows the bi‐dimensional, planar representation of some local morphometric properties, i.e., topographic thickness variation, of a three‐dimensional object, such as a long bone shaft. Nonetheless, the use of morphometric maps is still limited in (paleo)anthropology, and their feasibility has not been adequately tested on fossil specimens. Using high‐resolution microtomographic images, here we apply bi‐dimensional virtual “unrolling” and synthetic thickness mapping techniques to compare cortical bone topographic variation across the shaft in a modern and a fossil human adult femur (the Magdalenian from Chancelade). We also test, for the first time, the possibility to virtually unroll and assess for dentine thickness variation in modern and fossil (the Neanderthal child from Roc de Marsal) human deciduous tooth roots. The analyses demonstrate the feasibility of using two‐dimensional morphometric maps for the synthetic functional imaging and comparative biomechanical interpretation of cortical bone thickness variation in extant and fossil specimens and show the interest of using this technique also for the subtle characterization of root architecture and dentine topography. More specifically, our preliminary results support the use of virtual cartography as a tool for assessing to what extent internal root morphology is capable of responding to loading and directional stresses and strains in a predictable way. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

Sexual dimorphism and cultural evolution in the Late Pleistocene and Holocene of Europe

Dental, cranial and body size data are reviewed for European Upper Paleolithic, Mesolithic and Neolithic males and females. Over these three periods there is a substantial decrease in the level of sexual dimorphism. From separate analysis of trends occurring between males and females, it is shown that the major cause for this decrease in sexual dimorphism is gracilization of the males between the Upper Paleolithic and Mesolithic. Reduction in males is related to shifting technological patterns associated with hunting and changes in the types of animals hunted. Further reduction in sexual dimorphism between the Mesolithic and Neolithic and from the Neolithic to modern European populations is shown to be more closely tied to changes occurring among females. Analysis of changing patterns of sexual dimorphism in Late Pleistocene and Holocene populations of Europe suggests an interrelationship between cultural and biological evolution.