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正2007年发掘的河北临城补要村遗址唐代土洞墓M15为男女两个体合葬墓。两个体人骨上下叠放在一起,均已成年。下层个体为中老年男性,头骨偏离正常解剖位置。其右侧顶、枕骨上有约10 cm长的砍痕,与右侧人字缝垂直。砍痕两端分别位于顶骨和枕骨上,并在顶骨、枕骨上形成骨裂。砍痕贯穿整个颅骨骨壁,是造成该个体死亡的直接原因。上层个体为中老年女性个体,各骨骼解剖位置基本正常。     

甘肃齐家文化中仪式性开颅手术初探

作为脑外科手术的一种,开颅术在世界多地史前遗址中均有发现。大量发现表明开颅术在颅骨上的尺寸、位置及手术原因千差万别。开颅术在中国境内亦有发现;但在齐家文化（2300-1500BC）遗址中十分少见。位于甘肃省甘南藏族自治区临潭县陈旗乡的磨沟遗址是一处重要的齐家文化墓葬遗址。本文将重点讨论一例磨沟出土的开颅个体,该成年男性个体(M179:R2)颅骨上有愈合程度较高的开颅术的痕迹;同时,将其与其他同时期（3000~0 BC）中国出土的开颅术个体进行比较分析,从而论证阐述开颅术实行的原因及过程。该个体左侧顶骨冠状缝后侧位置处有一圆形穿孔,其小孔边缘不甚规则,且有明显愈合痕迹。穿孔切口的特征显示该穿孔由刮削法完成。但由于该穿孔高度愈合,我们无法准确判断完成穿孔所使用的工具。该个体上开颅术的特征以及相关考古学资料使得作者们认为M179:R2进行开颅术的原因或与巫术仪式有关。同时,磨沟出土的其他带有开颅术个体（大多数是男性,且颅骨开颅处愈合程度较高）也支持这一观点。     

人类骨组织特征研究

为解决杀人毁尸案中骨骼残片的法医鉴定问题,对人类不同部位的骨骼进行组织学研究,为比较骨骼残片是否为人类骨骼提供科学基础。本研究提取的人类骨骼有颅骨、四肢长骨。将提取的骨片制成骨组织片,在显微镜下观察,并将观察结果输入计算机进行分析。通过对人类不同部位骨骼的组织学特征研究,描述了人类骨组织的板层结构、骨单位及骨小管的形态。本研究结果在法医学、人类学及考古学等领域有一定的应用价值。     

珠江口雌雄中华白海豚外部特征、颅骨和肢带骨的比较

以14头(9雄,5雌)珠江口水域成年中华白海豚(Sousa chinensis)的外部形态、颅骨和肢带骨的69个变量为研究对象,进行单因素方差分析,探讨雌雄个体在形态学方面的差异,为比较不同水域中华白海豚的形态学特征,进行区域性形态学分析,了解中华白海豚形态学的地理差异奠定基础。结果显示,在所研究的外部形态指标中,珠江口中华白海豚在外部形态上雌雄没有显著差异,两性在颅骨和肢带骨中各有一组变量存在差异,大部分指标雌性大于雄性。本研究为今后建立以骨骼为基础的性别辨别函数奠定基础。     

高频超声在大运动后颈部肌肉骨骼损伤诊断治疗中的临床应用

目的:研究高频超声在大运动后颈部肌肉骨骼损伤诊断治疗中的临床应用,为临床治疗提供理论依据。方法:选择2014年2月至2015年12月我院收治的大运动后出现颈部肌肉骨骼损伤的患者186例进行研究,按照随机数表法分为超声组、CT组及MRI组,依次进行高频超声诊断、CT诊断、MRI诊断。对比各组患者颈部肌肉骨骼的损伤状况、平均准确率及平均误诊率,同时比较医师对不同诊断方式的评价情况。结果:各组颈部肌肉骨骼损伤的诊断情况比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。超声组诊断的平均准确率高于CT组和MRI组,其中肌肉损伤93.75%,骨骼损伤88.89%,血管损伤91.67%,神经损伤88.89%,肌肉感染83.33%,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。医师对超声诊断方式的实用性、安全性、经济性及准确性的评价均显著高于CT与MRI,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:利用高频超声对颈部肌肉骨骼的损伤患者进行诊断,准确率较高,误诊率较低,且更加安全、实用、经济,值得临床推广应用。     

华北人颅骨臼齿磨耗的年龄变化

在进行骨骼人类学研究时,首先要求对骨骼作出年龄的估计。在古人类或考古发掘中,或是在法医学和军事领域中,也常常需要根据人类骨骼,特别是颅骨的标本来作出年龄的估计。根据现有的知识,骨骼年龄的估计可从牙齿的发展和萌出,骨骺的出现和愈合,颅骨骨缝的愈合,牙齿的磨耗,以及骨骼的一般情况来作出。上述判断年龄的各种标准,大部分只能应用于成年以前的骨骼,在成年颅骨上,判断     

江豚的外形和骨骼

江豚Neomeris phocaenoides(Cuvier)是我国沿海及长江中下游常见的小型齿鲸,属于海豚科Delphinidae。秉志(1925)曾记述过本种一例骨骼,Howell(1927)记述过数例骨骼,寿振黄(1938)也记述过一例颅骨。我们采用了新鲜标本16例(包括一例胎儿),并制成完整骨骼5例,头骨5例(包括一例分散头骨和一例胎儿头骨),进行了较系统的观察。一例胎儿比较少见,对胎儿骨骼的观察有助于了解骨骼的分界、头骨的演变和个体发生过程中某些结构的退化或加强现象。     

银川地区人群腭型及腭圆枕的观察

本文收集了银川地区100个成人的颅骨(男58,女42),调查了该地区人群腭型及腭圆枕,性别是根据全身骨骼的特点确定的,方法是根据古脊椎动物与古人类研究所编写的《人体骨骼测量方法》的标准进行分类和观察的。主要结果如下:     

山西洪洞西冯堡清代墓地缠足女性的骨骼损伤和关节疾病

女性缠足是山西洪洞西冯堡墓地埋葬人群中一处值得关注的文化现象,相关人骨遗存为研究山西地区明清时期的缠足习俗提供了珍贵的考古资料。本文主要对山西洪洞西冯堡清代墓地出土的93例女性人骨标本中与缠足行为关系较为密切的骨骼损伤和关节疾病现象进行统计与分析,以窥探缠足与未缠足女性的健康状况。统计结果显示： 1)在膝关节和足部骨关节上,缠足女性有更高的骨性关节炎发生率;2)在肘关节和左侧腕关节的患病程度上,缠足女性与未缠足女性群体基本相当;在右侧和双侧腕关节以及手部关节的患病等级上,缠足女性略大于未缠足女性;3)西冯堡墓地各椎段椎体周缘骨赘患病率上,缠足女性均高于未缠足女性,颈椎和腰椎是所有女性患病最严重的部位;4)两个群体的骨骼损伤和骨性关节炎的患病率和患病程度均未表现出显著差异,这可能是与下层平民家庭对女性经济价值追求的背景下缠足与未缠足女性均需承担体力劳动有关。     

湖北郧西白龙洞古人类遗址的大额牛化石

牛亚科动物在中国第四纪古人类遗址中十分常见,但其分类和鉴定仍存在诸多问题。南方洞穴动物群经常仅有单个牙齿保存,所以南方更新世洞穴遗址中牛亚科动物化石鉴别问题更为突出。湖北郧西白龙洞古人类遗址出土的大型牛亚科动物化石,不仅有大量单个牙齿,还有残破颅骨、角心、下颌骨及头后骨骼。白龙洞的牛亚科动物角心粗短、横截面呈背腹略扁的椭圆形;额骨上的角间隆突发育且呈拱形;顶骨从颅顶退出;枕面较圆且高;角后颅骨收缩强烈使得枕骨上部变窄,颞窝明显凹进;下颌角大于90°,下颌支向后倾斜;下颌p2的结构复杂程度介于水牛Bubalus和黄牛Bos(Bos)taurus之间。依据上述特征,可将白龙洞的大型牛亚科动物化石归入大额牛Bos(Bibos)gaurus。白龙洞是我国出土大额牛化石最为丰富的古人类遗址,为区分南方洞穴出土的牛亚科动物化石提供了重要材料。     

Fine needle aspiration cytology diagnosis of a cutaneous granular cell tumor in a 7-year-old child. A case report

BACKGROUND: Granular cell tumors are neoplasms of uncertain histogenesis, although a neural origin is favored. Most reports on the cytologic features of granular cell tumors have been on lesions from the breast or respiratory tract. However, there are only a few reports on fine needle aspiration (FNA) cytologic diagnosis of cutaneous or soft tissue granular cell tumors. CASE: A 7-year-old girl presented with a skin lesion on her right forearm of one year's duration. The FNA smears showed sheets and clusters of oval to polygonal cells with an abundant amount of granular cytoplasm. Many single, scattered cells with similar morphology were seen in the background. Immunostaining for S-100 protein showed granular cytoplasmic positivity. The tumor was diagnosed as a benign granular cell tumor. The histopathology report on the excised lesion confirmed the FNA diagnosis. CONCLUSION: The cytopathologic features of granular cell tumors presenting as skin lesions are distinctive enough to allow a correct diagnosis on FNA cytology.     

Cytomorphology of verrucous carcinoma of the cervix. A case report

BACKGROUND: Verrucous carcinoma of the uterine cervix is rare. Cytology is thought not to be helpful in the diagnosis of this lesion due to its bland morphology. The cytologic features of this lesion remain poorly defined. CASE: The cytologic findings in a Pap smear facilitated the diagnosis of verrucous carcinoma of the cervix. The features included atypical polygonal and spindle cells with abundant, keratinizing cytoplasm; atypical squamous cells with pearl formation; and frequent, nonkoilocytic cytoplasmic vacuolization. CONCLUSION: There are 30 published reports on verrucous carcinoma involving the cervix and vagina that include the cytologic findings. In 70% of these cases, cytology was abnormal. Recognition of the cytologic characteristics may help in identifying this lesion on cytology, prevent delays in diagnosis and ensure that patients receive appropriate therapy.     

Papillary Hyperplastic Nodule: Pitfall in the Cytopathologic Diagnosis of Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma

ObjectiveTo identify the pitfalls of overdiagnosing papillary formation as papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) in thyroid cytology specimens.MethodsPatients with papillary hyperplastic nodules who had preoperative fine-needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) were selected for this study. All patients had been diagnosed as having either PTC or lesions suggestive of PTC on preoperative FNAB. Pathology reports, surgical reports, and cytopathology slides were reviewed and analyzed for demographic data, nature of surgery, and pathologic features.ResultsSix women and 2 men with a mean age of 49 years (range, 16-79 years) were included. The lesion size ranged from 1.0 to 3.5 cm. Four patients were diagnosed as having PTC and 4 as having lesions suspicious for PTC. FNAB specimens were available for review in 6 cases. Surgical pathology slides were reviewed in all cases. When cytologic material was evaluated for the morphologic features that led to the misdiagnosis of PTC by comparing it with FNAB specimens of classic variant of PTC, the specimens from these patients showed follicular cells arranged in short, nonbranching papillae in a background of watery colloid and macrophages. The follicular cells were round and demonstrated oncocytic change with nuclear enlargement, prominent central nucleoli, nuclear chromatin clearing, and intranuclear grooves.ConclusionsCaution should be exercised rendering the diagnosis of PTC on FNAB samples when a thyroid lesion shows papillary configurations and oncocytic cells and if convincing nuclear features of PTC are not present. Furthermore, some morphologic features on thyroid aspiration can help differentiate these cases from true PTC. (Endocr Pract. 2008;14:863-868)     

Fine needle aspiration cytology diagnosis of cutaneous leishmaniasis in a 6-month-old child: a case report.

BACKGROUND: Skin biopsy and scrape smear examination are the two most commonly employed investigatory techniques in the diagnosis of cutaneous leishmaniasis. Although cases Leishmania lymphadenitis are reliably diagnosed with fine needle aspiration (FNA) cytology, it has not attained popularity in the diagnosis of cutaneous leishmaniasis, and only a few reports are available. CASE: A 6-month-old Kuwaiti child presented with a skin lesion on her left forearm of five months' duration. Both scrape smears and FNA were performed from the lesion. FNA cytology smears showed a rich population of inflammatory cells predominating in lymphocytes and histiocytes and epithelioid cell granulomas. The amastigote forms of Leishmania were noted on the smears. The scrape smears were nondiagnostic. CONCLUSION: FNA cytology can be reliably used in the diagnosis of cutaneous leishmaniasis, especially in dry lesions, where scrape smears are likely to be nondiagnostic.     

Ganglions of the temporomandibular joint: case report and review of literature

We present the third reported case of a ganglion cyst arising from the temporomandibular joint. Like the previous two cases, this lesion occurred in a woman over the age of 40. Unlike the lesions in previous reports, the cyst in our patient was not associated with pain or tenderness, making the diagnosis of parotid tumor more likely. Nevertheless, the case serves to illustrate the need for including ganglion in the differential diagnosis of well-encapsulated preauricular masses in the region of the temporomandibular joint.     

Diagnosis of natural killer cell lymphoma by cytology and flow cytometric immunophenotyping. A case report

BACKGROUND: Natural killer (NK) cell lymphoma is a rare type of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. It classically presents in the nasal region in Asian patients. There are few reports of its cytologic features. We describe a case that we diagnosed by fine needle aspiration (FNA) biopsy using flow cytometry immunophenotyping and cytomorphology. CASE: A 55-year-old, Chinese man presented with symptoms consistent with nasal obstruction. At examination, a polypoid lesion extending from the nose to the back of the throat was found. An intraoral FNA biopsy was performed. Representative smears were obtained and the remainder of the material sent for flow cytometry. A diagnosis of NK cell lymphoma was made. The patient was given chemotherapy and radiotherapy, with complete resolution of the lesion. Recurrence was noted on follow up seven months later. Pieces of tissue were taken for histology and flow cytometry and showed recurrent NK cell lymphoma. The lesion was again successfully treated by chemotherapy followed by radiotherapy. CONCLUSION: In the correct setting, a definitive diagnosis of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma can be made by FNA biopsy. This case of NK cell lymphoma was diagnosed by FNA biopsy using cytomorphology, flow cytometry immunophenotyping and clinical correlation.     

Cytopathology of extramedullary plasmacytoma of the bladder: a case report

BACKGROUND: Plasmacytoma of the bladder is an extremely rare tumor, with all information concerning this neoplasm derived from case reports. It can be a major diagnostic pitfall on both histology and urine cytology. CASE: A 95-year-old woman presented with gross hematuria and a large bladder mass detected by ultrasound. The case was initially misdiagnosed as a high grade urothelial carcinoma. Since the urine cytology did not show the classical cytologic features of urothelial carcinoma, the histologic sections were reviewed and immunohistochemical staining performed. The final diagnosis was plasmacytoma of the bladder. Subsequently the patient underwent a skeletal survey and bone scan, which did not reveal any lesion suspicious for multiple myeloma. The patient was scheduled for radiotherapy. CONCLUSION: In this case of bladder plasmacytoma, urine cytology provided a clue to the diagnosis. Urine cytology can be a diagnostic tool to help make this diagnosis in the case of poorly differentiated bladder neoplasm, especially in a patient with a known history of multiple myeloma.     

Cytologic features of solitary fibrous tumor of the parotid gland. A case report

BACKGROUND: Solitary fibrous tumor (SFT) is a rare neoplasm that most commonly involves the pleura but is increasingly recognized at other locations, including lung, liver, thyroid and parotid glands, with only a few reports describing its cytologic features. CASE: The fine needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) features of an SFT located in the left parotid gland of a 34-year-old woman were compared to the histologic and immunohistochemical aspects of the lesion. CONCLUSION: This case confirms that SFT has distinct cytomorphologic features and that FNAB can be helpful in its diagnosis.     

High cellular atypia in a pulmonary tumorlet. Report of a case with cytologic findings

BACKGROUND: Pulmonary tumorlets are localized lesions of neuroendocrine cell proliferation, usually found in association with chronic pulmonary inflammation. Since they are mostly incidental histologic or radiologic discoveries, they have received little attention, and there have been no reports on their detailed cytology. We describe for the first time the cytologic features of a pulmonary tumorlet and discuss its differential diagnosis. CASE: An abnormal nodule in the right lung field was discovered on a regular checkup by chest roentgenogram in a 70-year-old, nonsmoking female. Intraoperative aspiration cytology demonstrated cohesive, spindle-shaped cells arranged in fascicles or singly. Since these cells showed nuclear atypia, such as hyperchromasia, a coarsely granular chromatin pattern and nuclear grooving, a nonepithelial malignant lesion was suspected and upper lobectomy performed. The final diagnosis was a pulmonary tumorlet on the basis of histologic examination of the resected material. CONCLUSION: This is the first cytologic report of a pulmonary tumorlet. In this case, differential diagnosis was made of a tumor consisting predominantly of spindle-shaped cells. Although cytologic findings included nuclear atypia, the lesion was not malignant.     

Inflammatory pseudotumor of the lung diagnosed as granulomatous lesion by preoperative brushing cytology. A case report

The clinical and cytologic features of a case of inflammatory pseudotumor of the lung are presented. Chest roentgenograms revealed a solitary circumscribed round mass in a nine-year-old boy. The mass was diagnosed as a granulomatous lesion by bronchoscopic brushing cytology. Although smears and cultures of sputum and brushing specimens were negative for tuberculosis, a tuberculin reaction was positive and antitubercular therapy was instituted. Since the mass had grown further after six months of therapy, an open lung biopsy was performed to resect the lesion and establish the diagnosis. Imprint smears of the cut surface of the lesion showed cytologic features similar to those of the brushings: short, spindle-shaped cells with a tendency to be arranged in stori-form patterns against a background of minimal necrotic debris. Histopathology established the final diagnosis of inflammatory pseudotumor, a rare granulomatous lesion radiologically resembling a true tumor. Since this lesion usually occurs in younger patients, inflammatory pseudotumor should be considered in pediatric cases with an intrapulmonary lesion that shows histiocytic spindle-shaped cells in stori-form patterns, but whose smears and cultures test negative for tuberculosis.