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1.
东黑冠长臂猿是极度濒危物种,全球种群数量极其稀少。2015年5月和8月,采用在固定地点监听鸣叫的方法在广西邦亮长臂猿国家级自然保护区内对东黑冠长臂猿开展两次实地调查,发现在中国境内形成了由1只成年雄性,2只成年雌性和1只婴猿组成的新群体。这是自2006年该物种在中国被重新发现后,首次在中国境内发现形成新群体。中国境内东黑冠长臂猿的种群数量也由3群22只,增长到4群26只。有限的栖息地可能是未来限制东黑冠长臂猿新群体形成的主要因素之一,所以栖息地恢复对东黑冠长臂猿种群数量增长尤为重要。放牧不利于栖息地恢复,要逐步减少,进而杜绝在保护区内放牧。另外,东黑冠长臂猿跨国界分布,中越两国政府之间应加强协调,避免在保护区内实施对栖息地不利的边境管理活动。如果两国间出现种群隔离,对东黑冠长臂猿种群数量的增长将会非常不利。 相似文献
2.
Jiaxin ZHENG;Qingqiu ZUO;Gang WANG;Xu WEI;Xiaodong WENG;Zhenghuan WANG 《兽类学报》2023,43(4):398-411
The Tibetan fox (Vulpes ferrilata ) is a crucial predator in the food chain in the stepper area of the Tibetan Plateau. Studies about its diet have important theoretical significance to understand its relationships with prey species, ecological adaptation strategies, and the transmission mechanism of parasitic zoonosis mediated by the food chain. In this study, 30 and 28 fecal samples of Tibetan foxes were collected from Shiqu County, Sichuan Province, during the warm season (July and August) and cold season (November) in 2019, respectively. Meta-barcode sequencing and microscopic observation were performed to analyze the dietary composition of the Tibetan fox and its seasonal differences. Results showed that the Tibetan fox mainly fed on pikas, rodents, birds, ungulates, fishes, and also insects and plants. Pikas represented by the plateau pika (Ochotona curzoniae ) and the Phasianidae birds had the highest detection rates in the feces of the Tibetan fox, representing thus its main prey. Their detected rates in fecal samples did not change significantly between the cold and warm seasons. The Chi-square test showed that the frequency of Procypris (Cypriniformes: Cyprinidae) and insects in the fecal samples of Tibetan foxes in the warm season were significantly higher than that in the cold season. The α diversity and evenness of food composition in the feces of Tibetan foxes in the cold season were higher than that in the warm season, but there was no significant difference. Linear discriminant analysis effect size revealed that DNA reads of Procypris spp. in the fecal samples of the Tibetan fox in the warm season were significantly higher than that in the cold season. The principal coordinate analysis showed that food items and their sequence abundance in various fecal samples of warm season were more similar than those in samples of cold season. These results indicated that Tibetan foxes tend to prey on prevailing prey species in the warm season when food resources are more abundant, while in the the cold season, when prey resources are relatively scarcer, they increase the width of feeding niche to obtain more edible food items. This study provided fundamental information about the feeding ecology of the Tibetan fox, and its significance in the conservation and prevention of zoonotic diseases transmitted along the food chain was discussed. 相似文献
3.
邦亮东黑冠长臂猿日食性与活动节律的季节性变化 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
日食性变化和活动节律是动物行为的重要方面,通过对日食性变化与活动节律的研究,可以了解食物、温度和光照时间等环境因素的变化对动物行为的影响,以及动物在行为上的应对策略。2009 年1 -12 月,在广西靖西县邦亮东部黑冠长臂猿自治区级自然保护区内,采用瞬时扫描取样法对2 群东黑冠长臂猿觅食行为和活动节律进行了研究。结果显示,东黑冠长臂猿的活动和食性在旱季和雨季都具有明显的节律。鸣叫只发生在12:00之前,但旱季的鸣叫时间偏晚。在日节律上,东黑冠长臂猿在离开过夜树后和进入过夜树前各有一个取食高峰,07:00 喜欢取食果实和无花果,16:00 也选择更多的果实,但无花果较少,13:00 - 15:00 取食更多的叶和芽。在10:00 - 12:00,其用于休息和社会活动的时间增加。在雨季,东黑冠长臂猿以果实和无花果为主要食物,并且花大量时间觅食无脊椎动物;但在旱季,其食物以叶和芽为主。与之相适应,东黑冠长臂猿在旱季通过减少移动增加休息来节约能量开支和应对低温,同时它们增加取食的时间以获得等价的能量和营养。雨季时社会行为的比例明显高于旱季,而且其高峰出现在08:00 - 10:00,但旱季社会行为主要出现在11:00 - 14:00。在雨季东黑冠长臂猿没有出现休息高峰,相反在旱季10:00 左右出现一个明显的休息高峰。上述行为节律体现了东黑冠长臂猿对环境季节性变化的良好适应,使其能够在寒冷并且退化的喀斯特森林中生存繁衍。 相似文献
4.
2010年1~2月,采用访问与实地调查相结合的方法,对云南无量山国家级自然保护区的西部黑冠长臂猿景东亚种进行第二次全面的群体数量与分布调查.结果 表明:无量山现有长臂猿87群;东坡的群体数量多于西坡,南段多于北段;有15群长臂猿生活在无量山自然保护区外;无量山长臂猿群体的海拔分布范围为1900~2800 m;经度分布范围为100°30′~100°50′E,纬度分布范围为24°17′~24°45′N;无量山自然保护区内的长臂猿群体分布密度为0.24群/hm2;近10年来,无量山长臂猿的群体数量在下降. 相似文献
5.
2003年8月—2005年8月,对无量山大寨子5个黑长臂猿群体的结构和组成进行了观察。当一个群体在早晨鸣叫或依次通过树冠时,记录群体的结构和组成。每个群体都由1个成年雄性、2个成年雌性及其后代组成。2003年8月平均群体大小为6·2只;到2005年8月,平均群体大小发展为6·4只,其中有2个亚成年雄性从出生群迁出,且有3只幼猿出生。在3个群体(G1、G2和G3)中两个成年雌性都成功繁殖了后代。同一群体内两个成年雌性间无攻击或等级行为。2005年4月15日,当一只亚成年雌性进入G3的领域后,两只成年雌性对其进行追逐驱赶,并且干扰其与成年雄性配合进行二重唱,成年雄性没有直接驱赶流浪的亚成年雌性,10天后这只亚成年雌性离开了G3的领域。亚成年雄性经常与群体其他成员保持一定距离,并且在出生地通过独唱练习鸣叫。黑长臂猿可能通过亚成年雄性和雌性的迁出,及成年雌性对外来流浪雌性的驱赶维持这种一夫二妻的群体结构。 相似文献
6.
中国黑冠长臂猿的遗传多样性及其分子系统学研究——非损伤取样DNA序列分析 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
采用非损伤性 DNA基因分型技术(Noninvasive DNA genotyping),对我国珍稀灵长类动物黑冠长臂猿11个个体的线粒体DNA(mtDNA)控制区159bp的片段进行了序列分析.在所得到的159bp的DNA序列中,发现39个核苷酸位点存在变异(24. 5%). DNA一级序列数据显示,中国黑冠长臂猿拥有丰富的线粒体 DNA序列变异.采用PAUP3.1.1(简约法)和PHYLIP3.5la(最大似然法)数据分析软件对序列数据进行聚类分析后,得到了中国黑冠长臂猿的分子系统树,并且两种分析方法给出了同样的分支结构,由线粒体DNA得到的分子系统树证实了形态学研究报道的中国黑冠长臂猿3个新亚种,同时DNA序列数据揭示长期以来被作为亚种的海南黑长臂猿(H.?.hainanus)可能是一个独立的种.根据分子系统树,结合形态学方面的资料,提出对中国黑冠长臂猿新的分类观点,即现生的中国黑冠长臂猿应为3个种( H. concalor; H. leucogenys ; H. hainanus),其中 H. concolor含 3个亚种( H. c.concolor,H.c.jingdongensis,H.c.furvogaster).同时,针对该类珍稀动物保护,提出将上述黑冠长臂猿的种和亚种作为不同的进化显著性单元(EvolutionarillySingificant Units, ESU)进行保护和遗传管理,以保存各类群在进化历史中积累的遗传变异及其进化潜力.此外,通过将非损伤性DNA分型技术用于珍稀动物的遗传学分析,为我国保护遗传学的研究提供一种新的研究手段. 相似文献
7.
2017和2018年每年6至10月,在甘肃安西极旱荒漠国家级自然保护区利用无线电遥测技术对繁殖期16只黑顶麻雀(Passer ammodendri)(9♀,7♂)和繁殖期后1个月内雌雄各1只的活动区进行了监测。使用95%固定核空间法(FK)计算活动区面积,60%固定核空间法求得的活动区面积作为核心区面积。结果显示,在繁殖期雌雄黑顶麻雀个体间的平均活动区面积分别为(23.88±4.50)hm2(n=9)和(32.36±7.24)hm2(n=7),核心区面积分别为(3.92±0.70)hm2和(5.55±1.55)hm2,繁殖期雌雄个体间的活动区和核心区面积均无显著差异。繁殖结束后一个月内雌雄活动区面积分别为123.86hm2和272.40 hm2,核心区面积分别为23.68 hm2和64.88 hm2。雌、雄性个体繁殖期的活动区面积和核心区面积均显著小于繁殖期后。个性表现为羞怯的个体活动区面积显著小于个性表现为勇敢... 相似文献
8.
2003年8月—2005年8月,对无量山大寨子5个黑长臂猿群体的结构和组成进行了观察。当一个群体在早晨鸣叫或依次通过树冠时,记录群体的结构和组成。每个群体都由1个成年雄性、2个成年雌性及其后代组成。2003年8月平均群体大小为6.2只;到2005年8月,平均群体大小发展为6.4只,其中有2个亚成年雄性从出生群迁出,且有3只幼猿出生。 在3个群体(G1、G2和G3)中两个成年雌性都成功繁殖了后代。同一群体内两个成年雌性间无攻击或等级行为。2005年4月15日,当一只亚成年雌性进入G3的领域后,两只成年雌性对其进行追逐驱赶,并且干扰其与成年雄性配合进行二重唱, 成年雄性没有直接驱赶流浪的亚成年雌性,10天后这只亚成年雌性离开了G3的领域。亚成年雄性经常与群体其他成员保持一定距离,并且在出生地通过独唱练习鸣叫。黑长臂猿可能通过亚成年雄性和雌性的迁出,及成年雌性对外来流浪雌性的驱赶维持这种一夫二妻的群体结构。 相似文献
9.
我国西北地区内陆分布着近20万km~2的黑戈壁,由于其环境的特殊性,使其具有独特的生态系统,境内分布着多样的植被,蕴藏着大量特有的自然资源。但由于自然环境苛刻与交通条件不便,目前我国关于黑戈壁区系统的植被与物种多样性的研究还很缺乏。针对黑戈壁区植物多样性组成与分布特点,基于遥感及实地调查,采用DCCA排序和半变异函数模型等分析方法,对黑戈壁区植物群落组成,植物多样性特点及影响因素进行分析。研究结果表明:研究区植物以藜科和蒺藜科灌木或半灌木为主,群落物种生活型具有逐渐趋于简单甚至单一的特性,重要值0.1的植物主要有梭梭、红砂、白刺等13种;群落物种多样性呈现区域性的斑块化分布,结构性因子引起的物种多样性空间异质性占主导地位;作为极端干旱区,该区植物群落类型具有贫乏化及单一化的趋势,群落结构简单,植被覆盖度低,植物生长随环境的变化具有明显的可塑性,群落空间分异明显,群落空间演变具有明显的水分及土壤结构梯度;DCCA结果显示气候、土壤、地形是群落物种及类型变化的主要原因,海拔、坡位、土壤机械组成、降水、温度等环境因子对群落有着显著的影响,水土条件的空间异质性是戈壁植物多样性维持的关键因素。 相似文献
10.
黑鲪的生长和生态转换效率及其主要影响因素 总被引:4,自引:2,他引:4
采用室内流水模拟实验法测定了黑鲪的生长和生态转换效率,及其温度、摄食水平、体重和饵料生物种类的影响.黑鲪的特定生长率随摄食水平增大而减速增长;而特定生长率随温度升高或生态转换效率随温度和摄食水平增大均呈倒U 型变化趋势; 实验条件下的最大和最佳生长温度分别为16 .3 ℃和15 .8 ℃,维持摄食量和最佳摄食量分别为黑鱼君 体重的0 .79 % 和4 .10 % .黑鱼君的特定生长率和生态转换效率却随体重增长均呈减速降低趋势.摄食小型鱼类饵料,有利于加速黑鱼君生长速度,但对其生态转换效率却无显著性影响 相似文献
11.
采用样方方法对栖息于云南省哀牢山平河(E101°17′16.1″,N24°20′09.5″,海拔2600m)的黑长臂猿(Nomascus concolor)栖息地乔木层结构进行了调查。调查中共记录到乔木57种隶属于23科37属;木质藤本植物9种隶属于6科8属。优势科主要为杜鹃花科(Ericaceae)、木兰科(Magnoliaceae)、山茶科(Theaceae)和壳斗科(Fagaceae)植物。主要树种重要值排序表明,露珠杜鹃(Rhododendron irroratum)为该地区最主要的优势种,在各坡位中均有广泛分布。乔木的多样性指数、均匀度指数在沟底明显降低,而乔木1层和2层所占的比例以及木质藤本的平均多度均随着坡位的下降而升高。与其他地区的长臂猿相比,哀牢山黑长臂猿的活动程度较低(10—22m),果实性食物种类较少。 相似文献
12.
Wen‐He Ning Zhen‐Hua Guan Bei Huang Peng‐Fei Fan Xue‐Long Jiang 《American journal of primatology》2019,81(12)
Food abundance and climatic factors can significantly affect the behavior of animals and constrain their activity budgets. The population of western black crested gibbons (Nomascus concolor) in Mt. Wuliang lives in montane forest and is close to the northern extreme of the distribution for gibbons (Hylobatidae). Their habitats show remarkable seasonal variation in terms of food availability, temperature, and rainfall. To understand behavioral adaptations of western black crested gibbons to different sets of ecological conditions, we examined relationships among food availability, mean temperature, rainfall, and behavior patterns by observing two groups for 1 year each. Our results revealed that activity budget was affected by food availability and mean temperature. The gibbons spent more time eating flowers when that resource was more available and spent less time moving when fruit was more available. The gibbons spent less time feeding and more time resting, and spent less feeding time on fruit and leaves when the mean temperature was lower. These results suggest that the gibbons displayed a pronounced preference for flowers as a food resource and adopted a time minimizer strategy when high‐nutrient food items (i.e., fruit) were more available. In addition, the gibbons adopted an energy‐conserving strategy during periods of low temperature. The flexibility of behavioral patterns in responding to food availability and temperature may potentially improve the gibbons’ prospects of surviving and reproducing in a northern montane forest. 相似文献
13.
Pengfei Fan Qingyong Ni Guozheng Sun Bei Huang Xuelong Jiang 《Primates; journal of primatology》2009,50(1):37-44
The diet of a habituated group of black crested gibbon (Nomascus concolor jingdongensis) was studied from March 2005 to April 2006 in the Wuliang Mountains, central Yunnan, China. Gibbons consumed 77 different plant species, one mammal-, two bird-, one lizard-, and two insect-species. Buds and leaves constituted 46.5% of the diet (21.0% vine leaves and buds, 19.2% tree leaves and buds, and 6.3% epiphyte leaves). Fruits, figs and flowers accounted for 25.5, 18.6 and 9.1% of the diet, respectively. There was marked seasonal variation in dietary proportions. Fruit varied from 0.3 to 82.7%; figs from 0 to 68.2%; tree leaves and buds from 1.5 to 83.3%; vine leaves and buds from 3.1 to 61.9%; and epiphyte leaves from 0 to 22.2% of the diet. Different food types dominated the diet in different months during the study period. The foli-frugivorous diet and extreme seasonal variation in the diet may be related to the harsh habitat of the study group. 相似文献
14.
Peng-Fei Fan Qing-Yong Ni Guo-Zheng Sun Bei Huang Xue-Long Jiang 《International journal of primatology》2008,29(4):1047-1057
We studied seasonal variation in the activity budget of a habituated group of Nomascus concolor jingdongensis at Mt. Wuliang, Central Yunnan, China from March 2005 to April 2006 via scan sampling at 5-min intervals. The study site
is near the northern extreme of the distribution of hylobatids, at high altitude with extreme seasonality of temperature and
rainfall. During the day, feeding manifested a bimodal pattern of high activity levels in mid-morning and mid-afternoon, whereas
resting reached a peak at midday, with proportionally less time used for traveling. Annually, the group spent an average of
40.0% of the time resting, 35.1% feeding, 19.9% traveling, 2.6% singing, 1.2% playing, and 1.3% in other activities. The proportion
of time allocated to activities showed significant monthly variations and was influenced by the diet and temperature. Gibbons
increased traveling and playing time and decreased feeding time when they ate more fruit, and they decreased traveling, singing,
and playing time and increased feeding time when they ate more leaves. Moreover, when the temperature was low, the gibbons
decreased time traveling and increased time resting. In summary, black-crested gibbons employed high-effort activities when
they ate more fruit and energy-conservation patterns when they ate more leaves and in low temperature. Behavioral data from
the site are particularly useful in understanding gibbon behavioral adaptations to different sets of ecological conditions. 相似文献
15.
活动时间分配是指动物根据环境和自身需求从事各种基本行为和活动的过程,受季节性变化的食物和温度等生态因素的影响。2013年3月至2014年2月,在太行山猕猴国家级自然保护区天坛山管护区,采用目标动物取样法,观察并记录了一个野生太行山猕猴群(WW-1群)内成年雌性个体的活动特征及其季节性变化,旨在了解成年雌性猕猴的日活动时间分配及其影响因素。结果表明:(1)成年雌性猕猴的活动时间分配表现出明显的季节性变化。春季,雌性猕猴花费52.9%时间于休息、19.5%时间于取食、11.8%时间于移动;夏季,用于休息、取食、移动的时间比例分别为53.4%、18.0%和11.3%;秋季,猕猴花费35.9%时间于取食、30.0%时间于休息,15.9%时间于移动;冬季,用于取食、休息和移动的时间比例分别为35.4%、39.7%和8.0%;(2)春季,成年雌性太行山猕猴主要取食种子(35.4%)和树叶(34.3%);夏季,树叶(73.5%)主导其每日食物组成;秋季,主要取食种子(98.1%);冬季,树皮(82.1%)则成为猕猴的主要食物;(3)当每日食物组成以草和树叶为主时,猕猴用于取食的时间增加,移动时间减少;当每日食物组成以种子为主时,则取食时间减少,移动时间增加;(4)随着气温降低,猕猴取食时间增加,而移动时间减少。总之,成年雌性太行山猕猴的日活动时间分配主要受季节性变化的食物资源和气温的影响,它们可通过日活动时间的调整以适应食物和环境温度的季节性变化。 相似文献
16.
弄岗黑叶猴的日活动类型和活动时间分配 总被引:9,自引:1,他引:9
2005年10月-2006年9月,用瞬时扫描法对广西弄岗自然保护区内的一群黑叶猴(Trachypithecusfran oisi)的日活动节律和活动时间分配进行研究。结果表明:黑叶猴日活动中出现2个觅食高峰和1个休息高峰。觅食高峰分别出现在7:00-9:00和16:00-18:00;休息高峰出现在10:00-14:00。黑叶猴日活动节律表现出明显的季节性变化,表现为旱季上午的觅食高峰被推迟了1h,且觅食时间长于雨季;旱季下午的觅食活动提前1h结束。猴群在雨季较早进入休息高峰,而且中午休息时很少有移动或零星觅食。研究期间,猴群用于休息的时间平均占日活动时间分配的51.99%,移动占20.25%,觅食占18.61%,理毛占7.61%,玩耍占1.20%,其它行为(包括打斗、交配等)仅占0.14%。活动时间分配有明显的季节性差异,主要表现为:与雨季相比,黑叶猴在旱季花费更多的时间用于觅食和移动,而相应地减少用于休息的时间。活动时间分配在不同年龄和性别的个体之间也存在显著差异,表现为成年个体花费更多的时间用于休息和觅食,未成年个体则花费更多的时间用于移动和玩耍;雌性个体比雄性个体花费更多的时间用于理毛。 相似文献
17.
We investigated the structure and seasonality of the proximity network in a group of polygynous western black crested gibbons (Nomascus concolor) using social network analysis. The spatial proximity changed seasonally and was affected by temperature and rainfall. Preferred proximity association was not distributed randomly among individuals. Kinship was one explanation for the social structure, as offspring preferred to maintain close proximity with their mothers. The proximity of infants to mothers decreased with age, and independent offspring had lower proximity to mothers than dependent ones. We found that the adult male had different proximity relationships with two different adult females. The frequency of proximity between the male and the infant-carrying female was significantly higher than that between the male and the female who had immigrated carrying one offspring of uncertain paternity into the group. Infanticide avoidance and/or predation protection for dependent infants might explain the proximity relationship differences. Temperature influenced group proximity association, with individual proximity increasing in the cold months and decreasing in the hot months. Group proximity decreased in months with higher anthropogenic disturbance. 相似文献
18.
The Cao Vit gibbon is a critically endangered species with only about 110 individuals remaining in a degraded karst forest along the China-Vietnam border. Behavioral data from this site are particularly useful in understanding gibbon behavioral adaptations to different sets of ecological conditions and will contribute to the conservation of the species. We studied seasonal variation in the time budget and diet of the Cao Vit gibbon in response to variation in food availability and ambient temperature by observing two groups for 1,379 hr between January and December 2009. We used 5-min scan samples to record the activity of gibbons. Both ambient temperature and food availability varied from month to month. Gibbon groups increased resting time and huddled together in sleeping places in cold months. Gibbons spent more time feeding on fruit when fruit was more abundant suggesting that fruit was their preferred food. Alternatively, leaf eating was negatively correlated with leaf availability which suggested that leaves may be used as a fallback food. Gibbons increased their diet diversity when they ate more leaves. This might be a strategy to cope with toxins or digestion inhibitor accumulation associated with feeding from a limited number of leaf species. Individuals consumed more buds when Broussonetia papyrifera produced buds in March and April. During this period, they decreased traveling time and engaged in less frequent social interactions. Gibbons spent more time searching for and feeding on invertebrates during June and October. However, we did not collect data on invertebrate abundance and therefore cannot determine the relationship between invertebrate feeding and availability. We conclude that flexibility in consuming diverse food types and food species, and in responding to the availability of preferred foods, has enabled the Cao Vit gibbon to survive in a degraded karst forest habitat. 相似文献
19.
赵启龙;黄蓓;郭光;蒋学龙 《四川动物》2016,35(1):1-8
: 云南临沧邦马山是西黑冠长臂猿滇西亚种Nomascus concolor furvogaster重要分布地之一,但其种群现状一直没有系统的调查。从2013年10月至2014年1月及2014年5月,通过历时86 d对邦马山西黑冠长臂猿种群和分布现状的野外调查(包括访问调查和实地调查:鸣声定位法和样线法),首次绘制出该地区西黑冠长臂猿历史分布格局和变迁状况。西黑冠长臂猿曾广泛分布于邦马山大部分林区,数量在30群以上;20世纪60年代至20世纪末,因自然灾害、毁林开荒造成的森林破坏和猎杀导致邦马山长臂猿数量锐减至10群以下。目前,邦马山西黑冠长臂猿已从绝大部分原始分布区消失,整个邦马山仅2个地点(勐撒小邦马和芒洪大鹿山)可能分别有1群西黑冠长臂猿残存,其种群现状是西黑冠长臂猿已极为稀少,处于灭绝的边缘。调查发现,保护区内和周边林区仍存在较多的偷猎和砍伐等人为干扰现象,严重威胁残存的西黑冠长臂猿群体以及其他野生动物的生存和发展。作为澜沧江省级自然保护区的核心组分,邦马山亟需成立专门的保护区管理机构,以有效保护该地区的动植物资源和生态系统。 相似文献