肿瘤靶向性载体的研究与利用：自主性细小病毒趋瘤性的开发

自主性细小病毒是一类单链DNA病毒,基因组大小约5kb,进入宿主细胞后其基因不整合到细胞染色体中,其中MVM和H—1还具有趋瘤性和抗瘤性。因此;可利用它们作为外源基因的载体,构建成趋向肿瘤细胞的重组病毒。在肿瘤的基因治疗中,重组自主性细小病毒有其独特的优点。     

人乳头瘤病毒重组细胞模型应用的研究进展

人乳头瘤病毒（Human papillomavirus,HPV）为双链环状小DNA病毒，它不仅能引起黏膜上皮的良性增生，也可以导致癌症如宫颈癌、阴茎癌、口咽癌的发生。HPV重组细胞模型的建立及其分化培养，可以应用于HPV早期感染、HPV感染对宿主细胞生命周期影响的研究，也可进一步诱导，用于深入研究DNA损伤修复途径对病毒复制的影响、以及HPV整合机制。本文将主要围绕HPV重组细胞模型的建立、分化培养的方法以及重组细胞模型的应用进行综述。     

病毒致瘤蛋白对肿瘤微环境的改造

致瘤病毒感染宿主后,相关的病毒蛋白通过"劫持"宿主细胞的生命机器,经历多阶段和涉及多因子的一系列复杂的转化和演变,最终导致细胞的癌变.在这一过程中,病毒因素始终与感染细胞微环境发生互作(包括细胞成分如免疫细胞、成纤维细胞等,以及非细胞成分如细胞因子等),从而促进感染细胞的免疫逃逸和肿瘤细胞的发生发展.本文以HPV、EBV、HBV为例,综述病毒蛋白影响肿瘤微环境的具体机制和最新研究进展,分析该领域面临的问题和前景.     

病毒疫苗制备用不同核型VERO细胞系在裸鼠体内致癌/致瘤性的系统实验研究

生产疫苗用细胞系可能具有致瘤性,一些常用的细胞系需要检查不同代次有无致癌性。在建立传代细胞种子库与工作库基础上,对研制生产病毒活疫苗所用8株VERO细胞系在219只裸鼠进行了致癌(瘤)实验。本研究结果表明,VERO细胞染色体核型可发生变异,亚四倍体JA株与超二倍体KA株具有强的致癌性,不能用于致弱活病毒疫苗制备,但可替代HeLa细胞系用作恶性肿瘤阳性对照细胞。筛出无致瘤性的YB、dC、M和JB株亚二倍体VERO细胞系,可替代BHK-21细胞用于狂犬病减毒活疫苗制备。VERO细胞系染色体遗传相对稳定。不同代次变化不大。研究发现细胞染色体遗传特征决定致瘤性质并具有种属特异性,不同核型细胞致瘤性不同,细胞染色体数目变异大小和致癌性成正相关,通过体内外交替选育可在裸鼠体内快速选育成功高变异率肿瘤细胞系。高变异率HeLa或VERO细胞系移植于裸鼠可能产生恶性横纹肌样瘤。因此,应当强调疫苗生产用细胞系致瘤性评价的重要性。     

CRISPR/Cas9基因编辑技术在致瘤病毒感染研究中的应用

成簇的规律间隔的短回文重复序列及其相关蛋白9〔clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated protein 9 (Cas9),CRISPR/Cas9〕基因编辑技术的发现源于真细菌和古细菌中CRISPR/Cas系统介导的适应性免疫机制研究。该技术利用特异性向导RNA识别靶点基因,引导核酸内切酶Cas9对其切割,并通过同源重组或非同源末端连接完成对目的DNA的编辑。某些病毒感染机体后,可将其基因组整合到宿主细胞基因组中或潜伏于组织中而无法被彻底清除,从而引起持续性感染。本文参考2013年以来CRISPR/Cas9基因组编辑技术的最新相关研究报道,重点综述其在人类免疫缺陷病毒1型(human immunodeficiency virus type 1,HIV-1)、人乳头瘤病毒(human papillomavirus,HPV )、乙型肝炎病毒(hepatitis B virus, HBV)、 Epstein-Barr病毒(Epstein-Barr virus,EBV)等致瘤病毒感染相关疾病研究中的应用,并概括其作用于这些病毒的有效靶点。     

《自然-遗传学》:人乳头瘤病毒整合位点图公布

<正>在线发表于《自然-遗传学》上的一项研究公布了宫颈癌的主要致病原因--人乳头瘤病毒(HPV)的病毒整合位点图。病毒整合是病毒将自身DNA插入宿主DNA的过程,这也是感染HPV后导致宫颈癌产生的主要风险因素之一。Ding Ma等人利用高通量病毒整合检测方法在超过100个宫颈癌样本中找到3667个HPV整合位点。他们鉴定出9个基因在至少5个样本中存有整合位点,另外33个基因在至少4个样本中存有整合位点。依据病毒整合到基因中的位置,病毒整合会导致宿主基因表达或丢失或增加,     

人乳头瘤病毒致癌蛋白E6的结构与功能研究进展

人乳头瘤病毒(Human papillomavirus,HPV)是一类无包膜的小DNA病毒,主要感染人皮肤上皮细胞和黏膜,持续感染HPV会引起良性和恶性肿瘤,如尖锐湿疣和宫颈癌等多种疾病。HPV早期蛋白E6是引起宿主细胞发生恶性转化的关键致癌蛋白,其参与调节宿主细胞内多个关键的生理生化过程,如促使抑癌蛋白p53的降解、激活端粒酶和降解细胞凋亡相关蛋白Bak(Bcl-2 homologous antagonist/killer)等,进而干扰宿主细胞的生长因子依赖性、细胞凋亡、细胞转录、DNA损伤反应、细胞周期和宿主细胞分化等一系列生命活动。因此,分析阐述HPV致癌蛋白E6的结构与功能,有助于阐明HPV诱发宫颈癌等恶性肿瘤的分子机理,为今后设计治疗性HPV疫苗奠定理论基础。本文就HPV致癌蛋白E6的结构及其生物学功能进行综述。     

综述: 病毒致瘤蛋白对肿瘤微环境的改造

致瘤病毒感染宿主后,相关的病毒蛋白通过“劫持”宿主细胞的生命机器,经历多阶段和涉及多因子的一系列复杂的转化和演变,最终导致细胞的癌变．在这一过程中,病毒因素始终与感染细胞微环境发生互作(包括细胞成分如免疫细胞、成纤维细胞等,以及非细胞成分如细胞因子等),从而促进感染细胞的免疫逃逸和肿瘤细胞的发生发展．本文以HPV、EBV、HBV为例,综述病毒蛋白影响肿瘤微环境的具体机制和最新研究进展,分析该领域面临的问题和前景．     

高危型HPV DNA整合导致宫颈癌的作用机制和临床检测进展

高危型人乳头瘤病毒(human papillomavirus,HPV)感染是宫颈癌发生发展的必要因素之一。病毒DNA整合到宿主基因组中被认为是导致宫颈癌最重要的病因。高危型HPV DNA整合往往导致其E1和E2区大部分缺失或中断,E6和E7致癌基因过表达,宿主致癌基因激活和抑癌基因失活。目前研究表明高危型HPV整合可作为优质宫颈病变筛查的预测生物标志物,且其检测的有效方法大都基于荧光原位杂交、实时荧光定量PCR和杂交捕获技术结合Sanger测序法等。本文重点阐述了高危型HPV整合导致宫颈癌的主要机制,描述了宫颈病变筛查标志物以及预防性HPV疫苗研发和推广的研究进展,并综述了高危型HPV DNA整合状态的检测方法。     

高危型人乳头瘤病毒基因组整合的研究进展

高危型人乳头瘤病毒(HPV)基因组整合在宫颈癌等多种肿瘤中被发现。流行病学和实验证据支持高危型HPV基因组整合在宫颈癌等相关肿瘤中起重要作用,其发生可能与宿主染色体不稳定和DNA甲基化相关。近年来发现克隆选择与干扰素通路相关。另外,整合对宿主细胞基因影响和整合位点检测方法方面的研究也取得了重要进展。本文就高危型HPV基因组整合研究的最新进展作一综述。     

Recent advances in the study of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication and pathogenesis

It has now been over twenty years since a novel herpesviral genome was identified in Kaposi's sarcoma biopsies. Since then, the cumulative research effort by molecular biologists, virologists, clinicians, and epidemiologists alike has led to the extensive characterization of this tumor virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus(KSHV; also known as human herpesvirus 8(HHV-8)), and its associated diseases. Here we review the current knowledge of KSHV biology and pathogenesis, with a particular emphasis on new and exciting advances in the field of epigenetics. We also discuss the development and practicality of various cell culture and animal model systems to study KSHV replication and pathogenesis.     

The structure, reproduction and taxonomy of Vidalia and Osmundaria (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae)

Comprises species occurring mostly in subtidal habitats in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate areas of the world. An analysis of the type species, V. spiralis (Sonder) Lamouroux ex J. Agardh, a species from Australia, establishes basic characters for distinguishing species in the genus. These characters are (1) branching patterns of thalli, (2) flat blades that may be spiralled on their axis, (3) width of the blade, (4) primary or secondary derivation of sterile and fertile branchlets and (5) position of sterile and fertile branchlets on the thalli. Application of the latter two characters provides an important basic method for separation of species into three major groups. Osmundaria , a genus known only in southern Australia, was studied in relation to Vidalia , and its separation from the Vidalia assemblage is not accepted. Species of Vidalia therefore are transferred to the older genus name, Osmundaria. Two new species, Osmundaria papenfussii and Osmundaria oliveae are described from Natal. Confusion in the usage of the epithet, Vidalia fimbriala Brown ex Turner has been clarified, and Vidalia gregaria Falkenberg, described as an epiphyte on Osmundaria pro/ifera Lamouroux, is revealed to be young branches of the host, Osmundaria prolifera.     

New or rare chromosome counts in Artemisia L. (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) and related genera from Kazakhstan

Fifteen chromosome counts of six Artemisia taxa and one species of each of the genera Brachanthemum, Hippolytia, Kaschgaria, Lepidolopsis and Turaniphytum are reported from Kazakhstan. Three of them are new reports, two are not consistent with previous counts and the remainder are confirmations of very scarce (one to four) earlier records. All the populations studied have the same basic chromosome number, x = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 6x. Some correlations between ploidy level, morphological characters and distribution are noted.     

肝癌中HBV和HCV基因和抗原的分布及意义

采用原位分子杂交方法检测HCV RNA及HBV X基因;采用免疫组织化学方法研究HCV核心抗原,非结构区C33c抗原及HBxAg在肝细胞肝癌中的定位及分布.结果表明(1)HCV RNA、HBV X基因在肝细胞肝癌组织检出率分别为40%(55/136)和82%(112/136).HCV RNA定位于癌细胞的胞浆内,阳性细胞呈散在、灶状及弥漫分布三种形式;HBV X基因在肝癌细胞中的分布呈胞浆型、核型及核浆型,阳性细胞也呈上述三种分布形式;(2)HCV C33c抗原、核心抗原在肝细胞肝癌中的阳性率为81%(133/164)及86%(141/164).C33c抗原定位于癌细胞及肝细胞的胞浆内;核心抗原既定位于癌细胞核中,又可定位于胞浆中.C33c抗原阳性细胞以灶状分布为主;而核心抗原阳性细     

Selection with two alleles and complete dominance

For a plant selection model with frequency-independent viabilities, fertilities and selfing rates, it is shown that apart from global fixation, for certain parameter combinations a protected polymorphism and facultative fixation (either allele may become fixed according to initial frequencies) may both occur. Facultative fixation requires different selling rates for the dominant and recessive type. Protection of the polymorphism requires resource allocation for male and female function. In this connection the problem of purely genetically caused population extinction is discussed.
For general frequency dependence and regular segregation, the chances for establishment of a completely recessive gene are compared to those of a completely dominant gene. It is proven that the process of establishment of the recessive gene, despite a fitness advantage, may be considerably endangered by drift effects if random mating prevails. The recessive gene may reach the same effectivity in establishment as a dominant gene, only if the recessive homozygote mates exclusively with its own type during the period of establishment.