灵芝多糖液体发酵条件的研究

液体发酵灵芝是目前灵芝多糖开发的有效途径。以灵芝的生物量和胞外多糖为指标,对影响灵芝发酵的条件进行了研究。单因素实验表明灵芝发酵的最佳碳源、(?)源和生长因子分别是葡萄糖、酵母膏和维生素B1,最适温度、起始pH值和摇床转速分别是28℃、5．5和160 rpm。最佳培养方式是接种后静置4 h再振荡培养,其生物量和胞外多糖的产量最高,分别为7．743g/L和0．907g/L。     

灵芝不同菌株胞外多糖的单糖组成和抗氧化活性分析

灵芝多糖是药用真菌灵芝的主要活性成分之一。早期研究发现不同灵芝子实体多糖的单糖组成和活性存在差异,但不同灵芝菌株胞外多糖的单糖组成和活性是否有区别仍不清楚。本研究通过液体发酵获得灵芝菌株5.26和5.616的胞外多糖,使用DEAE-cellulose和Sephadex G-200柱色谱分离纯化得到了两种多糖(5.26-2-1和5.616-2-1),并对5.26-2-1,5.616-2-1的单糖组成和抗氧化活性进行了分析。结果表明,5.26-2-1主要由甘露糖、半乳糖醛酸、半乳糖和葡萄糖组成,而5.616-2-1主要由甘露糖、半乳糖和葡萄糖组成。5.26-2-1中葡萄糖的摩尔百分比为63.97%,显著高于5.616-2-1 (29.3%),但半乳糖的摩尔百分比为9.34%,显著低于5.616-2-1 (42.78%)。当多糖质量浓度为2 mg/mL时,5.26-2-1的Fe²⁺螯合能力、对1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼(DPPH)和羟自由基(·OH)的最大清除率分别为71.9%、71.3%和60.8%,显著高于5.616-2-1的值(63.5%、60.4%和51.8%)。本研究有助于灵芝多糖的开发与利用,为进一步探究灵芝多糖的构效关系提供了重要信息。     

产灵芝胞外多糖培养基的优化及发酵指标变化

经单因素和正交试验优化,灵芝胞外多糖最佳发酵培养基各成分质量分数为:麦芽糖2%,黄豆粉1%,FeSO4·7H2O0.02%,KH2PO40.1%,土豆汁体积分数30%,pH自然,产量可达到86.36g·L-1(湿重)。灵芝胞外多糖产量受发酵过程各因素的影响,发酵过程中pH、总糖、还原糖和氨基氮有一定的相关性。灵芝多糖整个发酵过程需要144h左右,第6d达到发酵终点。     

葡萄糖-1-磷酸对灵芝多糖合成的影响

在以葡萄糖为唯一碳源进行灵芝液态发酵时,通过添加不同浓度的代谢中间产物葡萄糖-1-磷酸,研究其对灵芝胞外多糖产量、单糖组成、合成途径相关酶的影响,从而确定影响灵芝多糖单糖组成的关键酶。结果显示,添加葡萄糖-1-磷酸对灵芝多糖产量和多糖的单糖组成并无明显影响。在检测的3种灵芝多糖合成关键酶中,葡萄糖-1-磷酸的添加抑制磷酸葡萄糖变位酶(PGM)、磷酸葡萄糖异构酶(PGI)的酶活,对磷酸甘露糖异构酶(PMI)无明显影响。此外,通过相关性分析后发现,发酵过程中半乳糖和甘露糖比例的变化分别与PGM和PGI、PMI具有相关性。本文结果对实现灵芝多糖代谢的灵活调控提供有益的参考。     

药用昆虫蜣螂对灵芝多糖生物合成的影响

采用液体深层发酵方式,研究了几种药用昆虫对灵芝多糖生物合成的影响。结果表明,药用昆虫蜣螂在添加量为5g/L时能显著促进灵芝胞内多糖(IPS)和胞外多糖(EPS)的形成(P<0.05)。胞内多糖和胞外多糖的产量分别由对照的(1.93±0.09)g/L和(520.3±20.2)mg/L提高到(2.41±0.12)g/L和(608.9±20.2)mg/L。灵芝胞内多糖和胞外多糖在DEAE纤维素柱上都可分离得到5种主要组分,其中IPS-1和EPS-1分别为2类多糖的主要组分。进一步用凝胶柱分离显示,IPS-1由3个单个的组分组成,EPS-1由2个单个的组分组成。添加蜣螂发酵后,灵芝胞内多糖和胞外多糖中没有出现新的组分,且各组分的相对含量也没有显著变化(P>0.05),提示添加蜣螂发酵后,灵芝胞内多糖和胞外多糖主要组分的合成途径并未改变。     

虎乳灵芝液体发酵培养研究

目的:建立虎乳灵芝菌丝液体发酵培养方法。方法:采用改变培养基的pH和选择不同的碳源及氮源,通过比较虎乳灵芝菌丝的低温冷冻干燥重量,分别研究菌丝生长的最适培养基。结果:虎乳灵芝菌丝最适生长的液体培养基pH 6~7(中性微偏弱酸);菌丝生长的最好的液体培养基中的碳源为葡萄糖,氮源为酵母粉。结论:葡萄糖 酵母粉液体培养基可以作为虎乳灵芝菌丝大量发酵培养的培养基。     

酿酒酵母发酵降解灵芝胞外多糖组分分析及活性研究

本研究采用酿酒酵母发酵的方法对灵芝胞外多糖进行了降解,并对其产物在表观粘度、分子量、多糖得率和含量及单糖组成和生物活性等方面进行了系统比较和分析。结果表明,灵芝发酵胞外液经酿酒酵母培养后,所得胞外液的表观粘度明显降低,其中多糖的分子量也随酵母培养时间的延长出现下降趋势,大分子多糖的分子量从3.55×10 ⁶g/mol下降到1.93×10 ⁶g/mol,低分子多糖的分子量从6.18×10 ⁴g/mol下降到3.11×10 ⁴g/mol。多糖得率和含量测定结果显示,经酵母培养后,灵芝胞外液中20%乙醇沉淀所得20E组分得率明显降低,从2.43g/L下降到0.98g/L,但该组分多糖含量均较高,达到70%以上;而70%乙醇沉淀所得70E组分得率明显增加,达到1.87g/L。单糖组成分析表明,20E组分主要由葡萄糖组成,70E组分主要由甘露糖组成。各组分均表现出较好的与Dectin-1受体结合激活NF-κB增强免疫的活性,且经酿酒酵母发酵24h所得70E组分的活性最好。     

灵芝液态发酵高产胞外多糖菌株筛选及多糖特性分析

对10株灵芝菌株发酵菌丝体生物量、胞内多糖含量、胞外粗多糖得率及其多糖含量和单糖组成特征进行了系统分析。结果表明,随着培养时间的延长,10株菌株的生物量均有不同程度增加,但不同菌株胞内多糖含量和胞外粗多糖得率变化趋势有所不同。在培养至7d时,G0023和G0160菌株胞外粗多糖得率均较高,分别为3.02g/L和3.14g/L,其多糖含量分别达到了84.11%和91.03%,可作为发酵高产胞外多糖的优良菌株。分级醇沉胞外多糖分析结果表明,各菌株胞外液20%乙醇沉淀所得20E组分的得率和多糖含量均高于50%乙醇沉淀所得的50E组分,说明胞外液中主要以大分子量多糖为主。20E主要由葡萄糖组成,含有少量木糖和甘露糖;50E主要由葡萄糖和甘露糖组成,含有少量木糖和半乳糖。胞外液表观粘度随剪切速率变化曲线分析结果显示,各菌株胞外液均呈现剪切变稀非牛顿流体特性,其表观粘度大小与菌株对应20E组分的得率及多糖含量呈正相关。     

药用真菌桑黄液体深层发酵条件的优化

以菌丝体生物量和多糖产量为主要指标,对桑黄(鲍氏层孔菌)的深层发酵条件进行了优化,通过单因素试验和四因素三水平正交试验筛选出了桑黄液体发酵的培养基,结果表明,最适培养基为:葡萄糖5g/L,玉米粉40g/L,豆饼粉20g/L,KH2PO41.5g/L,MgSO41g/L。进一步通过培养条件的优化,得到最适菌丝体生长的液体发酵条件为:培养温度28℃,摇床转速140r/min,pH值自然,接种量10%,装液量100mL(250mL三角瓶),发酵周期132h。     

响应面分析法优化黑根霉胞外多糖发酵工艺

实验以商品化的马铃薯葡萄糖液体培养基为基础培养基,以胞外粗多糖产量为考察指标,运用响应面分析法考察玉米浆浓度、KH₂PO₄浓度和发酵时间3个因素对胞外多糖发酵产量的影响,以获得黑根霉胞外多糖发酵最优工艺,建立高产、稳定、可控的胞外多糖发酵生产工艺技术方案。经响应面分析,各因素按照对响应值的影响顺序为：玉米浆浓度>发酵时间> KH₂PO₄浓度,且玉米浆浓度、发酵时间对胞外多糖产量的影响极显著,KH₂PO₄浓度对胞外多糖产量的影响不显著。胞外多糖发酵最优工艺为：玉米浆3.2mg/mL、KH₂PO₄ 1.5mg/mL和发酵时间132h,在此条件下胞外多糖的最大预测产量为0.824mg/mL。实验重复性好,是一个高产、稳定、可控的胞外多糖发酵生产工艺技术方案,可以指导黑根霉胞外多糖发酵。     

灵芝液体发酵条件的研究

本文研究了某些因素对灵芝液体发酵的影响。4天菌龄的液体菌种发酵效果最好;300毫升三角瓶以装入60毫升培养液发酵较合适;蔗糖、花生饼粉分别为灵芝液体发酵的理想碳、氮源;液体发酵培养基最佳配方为:蔗糖4％、花生饼粉3％、硫酸铵0.15％、磷酸二氢钾0.15％,可得灵芝菌丝体百分干重为0.83,每100毫升发酵液得粗多糖0.3克。     

灵芝多糖发酵工艺条件的研究

通过对灵芝菌As5.504发酵,研究不同糖源、氮源、生长因子及接种量、装液量对灵芝细胞生长和灵芝多糖生产的影响。结果表明当以葡萄糖,蛋白胨,VB5分别为碳源、氮源、生长因子及接种量、装液量分别为7.5mL、150mL时,为As5.504产多糖最佳发酵工艺条件,产多糖量最高为0.940g·L-1。     

5个不同灵芝种菌丝体多糖理化性质及免疫活性研究

对灵芝属G.lucidum,G.tsugae,G.oerstedii,G.resinaceum,G.subamboinens5个不同种用同一条件进行了液体发酵培养、多糖提取、理化性质及免疫活性的分析。结果表明,5种灵芝的菌丝体多糖得率相差较大,以G.oerstedii最高,但各多糖提取物分子量分布相似,单糖组成均以葡萄糖为主,并含半乳糖、甘露糖、盐酸氨基葡萄糖、岩藻糖。5种多糖提取物均能显著增强小鼠巨噬细胞Raw264.7吞噬作用、释放NO,但以G.subamboinens菌丝体多糖提取物的活性最强。这些多糖提取物还均能促进小鼠脾细胞的增殖,并对ConA诱导的淋巴细胞增殖有抑制作用。研究表明灵芝属内其他3个物种的菌丝体多糖提取物理化特征与G.lucidum和G.tsugae接近,并同样具有免疫调节作用。     

用灵芝发酵人参水煎液的工艺优化及其产物的抗疲劳活性研究

以灵芝为发酵菌株,对其发酵所采用的基础培养基和人参水煎液培养基分别进行筛选,并对人参水煎液的灵芝升罐发酵工艺及其发酵产物的抗疲劳活性进行了研究,结果表明灵芝最适基础培养基为葡萄糖5%,玉米浆0.3%,豆饼粉1%,糖蜜0.6%,MgSO4 0.075%,KH2PO4 0.15%;最适人参水煎液培养基为红参水煎液,浓度为40g/L;灵芝在红参水煎液中升罐发酵的最佳条件为：发酵周期58–62h。在此优化条件下,菌丝体干重达到7.0233g/L,胞外粗多糖含量达到0.3167g/L。人参的灵芝发酵产物的高、低剂量能明显延长小鼠游泳耗竭时间,并且降低游泳休息后小鼠的血乳酸含量,其中低剂量与空白组有显著性差异（P<0.05）,高剂量与空白组有极显著性差异（P<0.01）。说明红参水煎液的灵芝发酵产物具有显著的抗疲劳作用。     

Polysaccharides of Ganoderma lucidum: factors affecting their production

The conditions of polysaccharide production by the fungus Ganoderma lucidum were optimized. The maximal yield of endopolysaccharides and exopolysaccharides was observed at 25-30 degrees C, initial pH of culture medium 4.0-6.0, and at a C : N ratio of approximately 18 : 1 and 25 : 1, respectively. The greatest yield of mycelium was reached at a more intensive aeration, and the maximal yield of polysaccharides was observed at a less intensive aeration. The optimal ratio between fungus growth and polysaccharide production was observed at 100 rpm and an aeration of 1.0-1.5 1/1 medium min.     

Solid-state fermentation of cornmeal with the basidiomycete Ganoderma lucidum for degrading starch and upgrading nutritional value

AIMS: The objective of this research was to study the ability of the basidiomycete Ganoderma lucidum to degrade starch and upgrade nutritional value of cornmeal during solid-state fermentation (SSF). METHODS AND RESULTS: On the basal medium that consisted of cornmeal and salt solution, alpha-amylase activity of G. lucidum reached its maximum value of 267 U g(-1) of culture on day 20 after inoculation. Prolongation of fermentation time from 10 to 25 days increased significantly the degradation rate of starch and ergosterol yield (a kind of physiologically active substances of G. lucidum, also as an indicator of mycelial biomass) (P < 0.01). Supplementation of glucose, sucrose or maltose to the basal medium also caused a significant increase in either the degradation rate of starch or the ergosterol yield as compared with control (P < 0.01). Among five kinds of nitrogen sources supplemented, yeast extract, casamino acid and peptone were more effective than (NH4)2SO4 and NH4NO3, and yeast extract gave the highest degradation rate of starch and ergosterol yield, followed by peptone. Through orthogonal experiments, the theoretical optimum culture medium for SSF of this fungus was the following: 100 g cornmeal, ground to 30-mesh powder, moistened with 67 ml of nutrient salt solution supplemented with 3 g yeast extract and 7.5 g glucose per litre. CONCLUSIONS: Under the optimum culture condition, the degradation rate of starch reached its maximum values of 70.4%; the starch content of the fermented product decreased from 64.5 to 25.3%, while the reducing sugar content increased from 4.2 to 20.6%. SSF also produced a significant increase (P < 0.01) from 11.0 to 16.5% in protein content. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: After SSF by G. lucidum, the digesting and absorbing ratio of cornmeal was strikingly increased and some active substances originated from G. lucidum remained in the fermented product. This implied that cornmeal could be processed into many kinds of special functional foods by SSF of G. lucidum.     

Occurrence of a capsule in Aeromonas salmonicida

Aeromonas salmonicida grown in a medium with excess glucose as carbon source produces both capsular and exocellular polysaccharides. The capsular polysaccharide is composed of glucose, mannose, rhamnose, N-acetylmannosamine and mannuronic acid in the molar ratios of approximately 5:3:0.75:2:1. The extracellular polysaccharide is similarly constituted, but in the molar ratios of approximately 4.75:10.5:1.5:2:1. The capsular and exocellular polysaccharides did not cross-react with monoclonal antibodies against the A-layer or the O-antigen lipopolysaccharide.     

菌草灵芝与段木灵芝的功效成分的比较研究

测定并比较菌草灵芝和不同产地的段木灵芝中的粗多糖、三萜类物质和孢子油中三萜类物质的含量和孢子油得率的差异。结果表明,菌草灵芝和不同产地的段木灵芝中的粗多糖、三萜类物质和孢子油中三萜类物质的含量和孢子油得率存在着差异,菌草灵芝中的粗多糖、三萜类物质和孢子油中三萜类物质的含量和孢子油得率都高于段木灵芝。     

灵芝菌诱变育种与深层培养的研究

采用紫外线对灵芝菌进行了诱变处理,选育到一株高产菌株ＵＶ－６０Ｓ,其菌体干重达１３．１ｇ／Ｌ,粗多糖含量为６４０ｍｇ／Ｌ,分别比原菌株提高了２１．３％和３０．６％;并研究了培养基组成和培养条件对菌体生长的影响,优化了深层培养的工艺条件,使菌体产量与胞外多糖含量比优化前分别提高了１５．３％和１８．８％。     

Control of starch and exocellular polysaccharides biosynthesis by gibberellic acid with cells of sweet potato cultured in vitro

The regulation of starch synthesis and exocellular polysaccharide synthesis by GA₃ was studied with cells of sweet potato grown as suspension in glycerol medium. In the presence of GA₃, and under normal cell growth, starch formation was inhibited. The incorporation activity (starch synthesis) from ADP-[¹⁴C] glucose or UDP-[¹⁴C] glucose with GA₃ treated cells was reduced. On the other hand, the synthesis of exocellular polysaccharides composed of glucose, galactose, mannose and arabinose etc., was stimulated and a clear increase of the Man/Ara ratio was observed in the presence of GA₃. These results may indicate that GA₃ affects the regulation of starch synthesis and exocellular polysaccharide synthesis.