小分子RNA在植物激素信号通路中的调控功能

植物激素是调控植物生长发育的信号分子。近年来的研究发现,小分子RNA作为基因表达调控网络的组分,参与植物激素信号途径,在植物生长发育和胁迫反应方面发挥重要作用。本文综述了miRNA和次级siRNA(Short interfering RNAs)介导的基因调控与植物激素信号通路相互作用的研究进展,主要包括生长素、赤霉素、油菜素内酯和脱落酸途径涉及的miRNA及其功能,并对不同发育过程中miRNA参与的不同激素信号通路的交叉和互作进行了讨论。     

植物甾醇在植物逆境胁迫中的研究进展

植物甾醇是一类重要的生理活性物质,对植物的生长发育具有重要作用,对响应植物逆境胁迫也具有重要功能.植物甾醇是细胞膜和脂质筏的重要组分,与膜的稳定性密切相关,主要通过甾醇含量的相对变化维持膜的稳定性及影响脂质筏的生物功能响应逆境胁迫.植物甾醇作为信号分子参与逆境胁迫中的信号传导,油菜素内酯类(BRs)是植物甾醇合成途径的重要产物,作为一种重要的信号分子调控植物甾醇合成酶基因的表达以响应逆境胁迫.     

甾醇在调节植物生长发育中的研究进展

甾醇是一种异戊二烯类化合物,在生物的生长发育中起着重要作用。甾醇不仅是真核细胞膜的结构成分,而且也是甾醇激素生物合成的前体,在植物细胞分裂、胚胎发生和发育、参与逆境胁迫中起着关键作用。在植物中,甾醇衍生的油菜素内酯(brassinosteroids,BRs)在生长发育中的多种功能已被广泛研究,BRs作为一类植物激素,协同其他激素在植物生长发育中发挥多种功能,从细胞分裂、细胞扩张、气孔导度和根系发育,BRs在植物生命周期的各个方面都发挥着重要的作用。除了这些功能外,BRs作为植物甾醇合成途径的重要产物,作为一种重要的信号分子响应逆境胁迫及调控植物的形态建成。本文对BRs合成途径中的相关基因的研究进展进行了概述,并且综述了油菜素内酯的生物合成及其在调节植物生长发育中的研究进展,最后对油菜素内酯的研究前景进行了讨论和展望。     

油菜素内酯、赤霉素与光共同调控拟南芥的细胞伸长和光形态建成

在植物的生长发育过程中,植物激素发挥着重要的作用. 最新研究对油菜素内酯、赤霉素两类植物激素与光的信号通路共同调控植物的细胞伸长和光形态建成的分子机制给予了精确的阐述,这也为提高农作物产量提拱了理论基础.     

光敏色素互作因子参与生长素调控的植物生长发育

光敏色素互作因子(PIFs)属于碱性螺旋-环-螺旋(bHLH)转录因子家族,能在细胞核内与活性形式的光敏色素(PHYS)相互作用并被降解。PIFs参与多种信号转导途径,调控植物的生长发育,如抑制种子萌发、促进幼苗的暗形态建成和植物开花等。作为胞内信号调控的重要组分,PIFs广泛参与植物外部环境因素(如高温、光),以及内部激素(如生长素、细胞分裂素和油菜素内酯等)介导的信号网络。当光信号和温度变化时,PIFs会通过影响生长素合成、运输和信号转导,参与生长素路径,调控植物生长发育。论文就PIFs参与生长素调控的植物生长发育研究进展进行综述,并对未来研究方向加以展望。     

植物非经典生长素信号转导通路解析

植物激素生长素参与调控植物生长发育的各个过程,包括胚胎发育、器官发生和向性运动等。植物通过协调生长素的合成代谢、极性运输以及信号转导来实现对不同生长发育过程的精准调控。生长素的功能依赖于其信号被感知后经由信号转导通路转换为下游复杂多样的反应。经典的生长素信号转导通路阐明了细胞核内从SCF~(TIR1/AFB)受体到Aux/IAA蛋白的泛素化降解最终通过ARF转录因子调控基因转录的完整生长素响应过程。该核内信号通路揭示了生长素转录调控生长发育的诸多分子机制,但植物生长发育调控过程中仍有许多生长素响应过程无法通过该经典信号通路解析。重点阐述生长素非经典信号通路的调控机制及其对植物生长发育的重要作用,并讨论和展望生长素非经典信号通路研究目前所面临的挑战以及研究前景。     

赤霉素在非生物胁迫中的作用

赤霉素作为重要的植物激素,在植物种子萌发、叶片伸展、茎和根的伸长、开花调控和果实形成等方面均起到了调控的作用。近年来,越来越多的研究证实赤霉素还参与了植物耐受诸多非生物胁迫的过程。在低温、高盐、干旱和高渗等环境胁迫下,植物可通过赤霉素减少的方式使生长减缓从而适应外界环境;与此相反,植物也会通过赤霉素的增加产生逃离机制,从而摆脱水淹等环境胁迫。另外,赤霉素信号途径中的DELLAs会与ABA信号通路中的某些组分共同参与了植物耐受非生物胁迫的调控过程。对赤霉素调控参与非生物胁迫响应过程的研究成果进行了整理和汇总,试图通过讨论相关机理机制,明确赤霉素与非生物胁迫响应的未来研究方向。     

新中国成立70年来植物激素研究进展

植物激素是指植物通过自身代谢产生的,在很低浓度下就能产生明显生理效应的一些有机信号分子,在植物生长发育及环境响应过程中具有至关重要的作用.中国科学家利用植物组织离体培养、以突变体为主导的分子遗传学手段及以水稻农艺性状为核心的植物激素研究策略,在植物激素的生理功能、生物合成及代谢、信号感知及传导等方面均取得了较大的成就,较好地推动了植物激素的理论研究及生产应用.本文主要总结了我国科学家在生长素、细胞分裂素、油菜素甾醇、赤霉素、乙烯、脱落酸、茉莉素、水杨酸、独脚金内酯及多肽激素研究中取得的重要进展,以此来启发并激励我国年轻一代植物学家能在植物激素研究中取得更多具有原始创新性的研究成果.     

BRI1受体的胞内运输及其在油菜素甾醇信号转导中的作用

油菜素甾醇(brassinosteroids,BRs)作为一种重要的植物激素调控植物生长发育的诸多进程以及逆境胁迫响应,而其信号转导途径的研究也一直是植物生物学研究的热点之一。BRs信号的识别起始于BRI1(brassinosteroid insensitive 1)受体对BRs的感知,然后通过一系列下游信号组分进行转导实现对靶基因的表达调控。该文主要从细胞生物学的角度综述了新合成的BRI1通过内质网质量控制系统监控后运输到细胞膜上、BRI1的内吞作用和液泡运输、共受体BAK1(BRI1-associated kinase 1)影响BRI1的胞内运输以及BR信号的终止等内容,并探讨了今后的研究方向及待解决的问题。     

红光和远红光在调控植物生长发育及应答非生物胁迫中的作用

光作为重要的环境因子之一,不仅为植物光合作用提供能量,而且作为信号影响植物对外界环境的响应。该文综述了红光和远红光对植物生长发育和非生物胁迫响应的调控作用,重点阐述了光敏色素及下游光信号转录因子整合激素等内源信号调控植物种子萌发、下胚轴伸长、芽发育及开花的分子机制,以及红光和远红光在植物响应盐、干旱及温度胁迫中的作用机制。在挖掘植物感知和响应光环境机理的基础上,利用LED光谱技术对作物进行精确补光,有望提高作物产量、品质和抗逆性,同时推进实现“双碳”目标,减少能源消耗和环境污染。     

Degradation of negative regulators: a common theme in hormone and light signaling networks?

Signal transduction pathways often modulate both positively and negatively acting components to optimize the efficiency of a signal. Recent results have shown that plants make extensive use of regulated proteolysis to modulate signal transduction pathways. An emerging theme from hormone (e.g. auxin and gibberellin) and light signaling pathways is signal or stimulus-induced degradation of negative regulators to optimize plant growth and development.     

生长素调控种子的休眠与萌发

植物种子的休眠与萌发,是植物生长发育过程中的关键阶段,也是生命科学领域的研究热点。种子从休眠向萌发的转换是极为复杂的生物学过程,由外界环境因子、体内激素含量及信号传导和若干关键基因协同调控。大量研究表明,植物激素脱落酸(Abscisic acid, ABA)和赤霉素(Gibberellin acid, GA)是调控种子休眠水平,决定种子从休眠转向萌发的主要内源因子。ABA与GA在含量和信号传导两个层次上的精确平衡,确保了植物种子能以休眠状态在逆境中存活,并在适宜的时间启动萌发程序。生长素(Auxin)是经典植物激素之一,其对向性生长和组织分化等生物学过程的调控已有大量研究。但最近有研究证实,生长素对种子休眠有正向调控作用,这表明生长素是继ABA之后的第二个促进种子休眠的植物激素。本文在回顾生长素的发现历程、阐释生长素体内合成途径及信号传导通路的基础上,重点综述了生长素通过与ABA的协同作用调控种子休眠的分子机制,并对未来的研究热点进行了讨论和展望。     

Molecular Aspects of MicroRNAs and Phytohormonal Signaling in Response to Drought Stress: A Review

Phytohormones play an essential role in plant growth and development in response to environmental stresses. However, plant hormones require a complex signaling network combined with other signaling pathways to perform their proper functions. Thus, multiple phytohormonal signaling pathways are a prerequisite for understanding plant defense mechanism against stressful conditions. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are master regulators of eukaryotic gene expression and are also influenced by a wide range of plant development events by suppressing their target genes. In recent decades, the mechanisms of phytohormone biosynthesis, signaling, pathways of miRNA biosynthesis and regulation were profoundly characterized. Recent findings have shown that miRNAs and plant hormones are integrated with the regulation of environmental stress. miRNAs target several components of phytohormone pathways, and plant hormones also regulate the expression of miRNAs or their target genes inversely. In this article, recent developments related to molecular linkages between miRNAs and phytohormones were reviewed, focusing on drought stress.     

植物激素信号之间的相互作用

植物激素问的相互作用对植物的正常发育来说非常重要。不同植物激素之间存在相互协同、对抗和因果等关系,以精细调控植物的发育和对环境的反应等,植物激素信号之间的相互作用已成为植物细胞中不同信号间相互作用机制研究的模式系统。现对不同植物激素在生物合成、代谢、运输和信号转导途径等层次上的相互作用进行综述,并对这一领域的研究进行了总结和展望。     

IBR5, a dual-specificity phosphatase-like protein modulating auxin and abscisic acid responsiveness in Arabidopsis

Auxin is an important plant hormone that plays significant roles in plant growth and development. Although numerous auxin-response mutants have been identified, auxin signal transduction pathways remain to be fully elucidated. We isolated ibr5 as an Arabidopsis indole-3-butyric acid-response mutant, but it also is less responsive to indole-3-acetic acid, synthetic auxins, auxin transport inhibitors, and the phytohormone abscisic acid. Like certain other auxin-response mutants, ibr5 has a long root and a short hypocotyl when grown in the light. In addition, ibr5 displays aberrant vascular patterning, increased leaf serration, and reduced accumulation of an auxin-inducible reporter. We used positional information to determine that the gene defective in ibr5 encodes an apparent dual-specificity phosphatase. Using immunoblot and promoter-reporter gene analyses, we found that IBR5 is expressed throughout the plant. The identification of IBR5 relatives in other flowering plants suggests that IBR5 function is conserved throughout angiosperms. Our results suggest that IBR5 is a phosphatase that modulates phytohormone signal transduction and support a link between auxin and abscisic acid signaling pathways.     

Comparison of phytohormone signaling mechanisms

Plant hormones are crucial signaling molecules that coordinate all aspects of plant growth, development and defense. A great deal of attention has been attracted from biologists to study the molecular mechanisms for perception and signal transduction of plant hormones during the last two decades. Tremendous progress has been made in identifying receptors and key signaling components of plant hormones. The holistic picture of hormone signaling pathways is extremely complicated, this review will give a general overview of perception and signal transduction mechanisms of auxin, gibberellin, cytokinin, abscisic acid, ethylene, brassinosteroid, and jasmonate.     

Cold stress signaling networks in Arabidopsis

Cold is one of the critical environmental conditions that negatively affects plant growth and development and determines the geographic distribution of plants. Cold stress signaling is dynamic and interacts with many other signal transduction pathways to efficiently cope with adverse stress effects in plants. The cold signal is primarily perceived via Ca²⁺ channel proteins, membrane histidine kinases, or unknown sensors, which then activate the sophisticated cold-responsive signaling pathways in concert with phytohormone signaling, the circadian clock, and the developmental transition to flowering, as a part of the stress adaptation response. In this review, we focus on crosstalk between cold signaling and other signal transduction pathways in Arabidopsis.     

Ethylene regulates arabidopsis development via the modulation of DELLA protein growth repressor function

Phytohormones regulate plant development via a poorly understood signal response network. Here, we show that the phytohormone ethylene regulates plant development at least in part via alteration of the properties of DELLA protein nuclear growth repressors, a family of proteins first identified as gibberellin (GA) signaling components. This conclusion is based on the following experimental observations. First, ethylene inhibited Arabidopsis root growth in a DELLA-dependent manner. Second, ethylene delayed the GA-induced disappearance of the DELLA protein repressor of ga1-3 from root cell nuclei via a constitutive triple response-dependent signaling pathway. Third, the ethylene-promoted "apical hook" structure of etiolated seedling hypocotyls was dependent on the relief of DELLA-mediated growth restraint. Ethylene, auxin, and GA responses now can be attributed to effects on DELLA function, suggesting that DELLA plays a key integrative role in the phytohormone signal response network.