共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 0 毫秒
1.
A. P. Farrell 《Journal of fish biology》2008,72(3):693-710
Maximum swimming performance of seasonally acclimated rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss was compared among short-duration constant acceleration tests ( U max ) and with the well established, but longer duration critical swimming speed ( U crit ) test. The present results show that U max was insensitive to a range of acceleration rates that differed by more than three-fold. Thus, test duration could be reduced from 58 to 18 min without affecting the estimate of U max . The value of U max , however, was up to 57% higher than U crit . Only the slowest acceleration rate tested (an increase of 1 cm s−1 every min) had a significantly lower U max , and this was up to 19% higher than U crit . Even so, the potential saving in the test duration was small (70 v. 90 min) when compared with a ramp- U crit test (a standard U crit test but with the water velocity initially ramped to c . 50% of the estimated U crit ). Therefore, swim tests that are appreciably shorter in duration than a ramp- U crit test result in U max being appreciably greater than U crit . An additional discovery was that the ramp- U crit performance of cold-acclimated rainbow trout was independent of the recovery period between tests. These results may prove useful in making comparisons among different swim test protocols and in designing swim tests that assess fish health and toxicological impacts. 相似文献
2.
The effect of two known rates of repeated blood loss on rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss swimming performance was measured and blood‐feeding rates of sea lice Lepeophtheirus salmonis were calculated to predict the point at which blood ingestion causes anaemia in infected fish. Known quantities of blood were sampled from rainbow trout over a 5 day period followed by critical swimming performance ( U crit ) testing. A predictive equation was developed using masses of blood‐feeding sea lice and host blood loss calculated for increasing levels of sea lice infection. Blood loss of 8% total blood volume caused a decrease in U crit for rainbow trout. Total blood volume losses of 3·2% reduced erythrocyte stores, but did not affect fish swimming performance. The predictive feeding rate model suggests that 15–25% of the tissue consumed by sea lice is blood. This consumption of blood at higher sub‐lethal infection levels (≥0·5 sea lice g−1 ) may cause anaemia and a further decrease in swimming performance. Anaemia would compound the osmotic balance problems due to infection and potentially precipitate the morbidity seen at lethal sea lice levels (0·75–1·0 lice g−1 ). 相似文献
3.
A. P. Farrell† C. G. Lee K. Tierney A. Hodaly S. Clutterham M. Healey‡ S. Hinch§ A. Lotto§ 《Journal of fish biology》2003,62(1):64-84
Novel field measurements of critical swimming speed ( U crit ) and oxygen uptake ( M o2 ) in three species of adult Pacific salmon Oncorhynchus spp. up to 3·5 kg in body mass were made using two newly designed, mobile Brett-type swim tunnel respirometers sited at a number of field locations in British Columbia, Canada. Measurements of U crit , which ranged from 1· 68 to 2·17 body lengths s−1 , and maximum M o2 , which ranged from 8·74 to 12·63 mg O2 kg−1 min−1 depending on the species and field location, were judged to be of similar quality when compared with available data for laboratory-based studies. Therefore high quality respirometry studies were possible in the field using adult wild swimming salmonids. In addition, the recovery of wild adult Pacific salmon from the exhaustive U crit swim test was sufficiently rapid that swimming performance could be repeated with <1 h of recovery time between the termination of the initial swim test and the start of the second test. Moreover, this repeat swimming performance was possible without routine M o2 being reestablished. This result suggests that wild adult salmon are capable of carrying a moderate excess post-exercise oxygen consumption without adversely affecting U crit , maximum M o2 or swimming economy. Such capabilities may be extremely important for timely migratory passages when salmonids face repetitive hydraulic challenges on their upstream migration. 相似文献
4.
为了探讨增殖放流活动中持续运动训练对暗纹东方鲀游泳运动能力和呼吸代谢的作用, 经不同的强度(0.75和1.5 BL/s)和时间(1、2和4周)运动训练后, 分别测定暗纹东方鲀的临界游泳速度(U crit)、突进游泳速度(U brust)、静止代谢率(RMR)和活动代谢率(AMR)。结果表明, 低强度(0.75 BL/s)持续训练1周后, 暗纹东方鲀的U brust、RMR、AMR无显著变化, 而U crit显著提高; 持续训练2周, 暗纹东方鲀的U crit、U brust、RMR和AMR变化趋于稳定; 持续训练4周后U brust、RMR无显著变化, 而U crit显著下降(P <0.05), AMR显著提高(P <0.05)。高强度(1.5 BL/s)持续训练2周后, 暗纹东方鲀的U crit、U brust、RMR和AMR仍无显著变化; 持续训练4周后暗纹东方鲀的U crit、U brust和RMR均无显著变化, 而AMR显著下降(P< 0.05)。研究结果总体揭示, 短期的低强度训练(0.75 BL/s训练1—2周)提高了暗纹东方鲀的临界游泳能力; 持续的低强度训练(0.75 BL/s训练2—4周)提高了暗纹东方鲀的活动代谢率, 因此, 开展适当的运动训练对于提高暗纹东方鲀放流后的运动能力有一定作用, 有助于提升放流成活率和放流成效。 相似文献
5.
Jenna Morissette Sula Swart Tyson J. MacCormack Suzanne Currie Andrea J. Morash 《Journal of fish biology》2021,98(6):1585-1589
Typically, laboratory studies on the physiological effects of temperature are conducted using stable acclimation temperatures. Nonetheless, information extrapolated from these studies may not accurately represent wild populations living in thermally variable environments. The aim of this study was to compare the growth rate, metabolism and swimming performance of wild Atlantic salmon exposed to cycling temperatures, 16–21°C, and stable acclimation temperatures, 16, 18.5, 21°C. Growth rate, metabolic rate, swimming performance and anaerobic metabolites did not change among acclimation groups, suggesting that within Atlantic salmon's thermal optimum range, temperature variation has no effect on these physiological properties. 相似文献
6.
为了揭示不同温度条件下运动和摄食对细鳞鲑幼鱼代谢模式的影响,在饱和溶氧(>8.0 mg·L-1)条件下,分别测定了空腹组和摄食组在5个处理温度(4、8、12、16和20 ℃)下的运动前代谢率(MO2p)、活跃代谢率(MO2a)、代谢范围(MS)、临界游泳速度(UC)以及10个流速水平下的实时游泳代谢率(MR).结果表明: 在各个温度条件下,摄食组的MO2p和MO2a均显著高于空腹组(P<0.05),且分别提高了15%和12%(4 ℃)、47%和23%(8 ℃)、30%和21%(12 ℃)、43%和36%(16 ℃)及8%和7%(20 ℃);摄食组与空腹组的UC和MS均无显著性差异(P>0.05),但随着温度升高,两组的MS均呈现下降趋势;随流速的增加,各组的游泳代谢率呈先升高后降低的变化规律,且摄食组显著大于空腹组(P<0.05),各组的最大代谢率峰值均出现在低于UC的流速条件下;在细鳞鲑幼鱼的游泳速度接近70%UC的运动过程中,其代谢率不断增大至峰值,随后在游泳速度达到UC的过程中,代谢率呈下降趋势.表明在一定温度范围条件下,细鳞鲑幼鱼的最大代谢率是由运动与摄食共同诱导产生的,在达到最大代谢率峰值的过程中代谢表现为添加模式;之后随游泳代谢率的下降,摄食诱导的代谢率被削减,该过程表现为运动优先代谢模式. 相似文献
7.
The effect of feeding hierarchy on individual variability in daily feeding of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum) 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Three groups of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss , (initial weight 40 g) were fed one of three rations (low, medium or high) for 73 days. Consumption by individual fish within the three ration groups was measured on four occasions (days 27, 55, 64 and 72) using radiography. Food intake by individual fish varied between days and this variability was expressed using the coefficient of variation (CV). Dominant fish within each ration group were defined as individuals with the greater share of the group meal and these fish had low CVs for food intake indicating relatively little variation in daily consumption. By contrast, the fish which had consumed a low mean proportion of the group meal displayed high CVs for food intake, indicating considerable variability in the sizes of individual meals consumed by these fish. As group ration increased, the range of meal sizes and individual CVs in daily feeding decreased, suggesting that the strength of the feeding hierarchy and the variability in individual consumption decreased as food availability increased. It is suggested that radiography can be used to assess social relationships within groups of fish allowing the assessment of feeding hierarchies in larger groups of fish than would be possible by observational techniques. 相似文献
8.
The development and severity of fin damage was examined in groups of juvenile rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss of different strength of feeding hierarchies. The development of dorsal and caudal fin damage over time was compared between four groups fed different ration levels (0·25, 0·5, 1·0 and 1·5% body weight day−1 ) and between individuals of different feeding rank within each group. Dominance hierarchies were assessed from repeated daily measurements of food consumption of individuals using radiography. The feeding and growth data indicated that the strength of the social hierarchy weakened with increasing ration. Caudal fin damage developed with time in all groups whereas dorsal fin damage developed only under limited rations. The severity of both dorsal and caudal fin damage was significantly dependent on the ration size fed to the group, with lower ration groups sustaining more fin damage. The severity of dorsal fin erosion was greater than for the caudal fin. Within the two lower ration groups, subordinate fish suffered the most dorsal fin damage. The results suggested that the severity of dorsal fin damage within groups of juvenile rainbow trout can be used as an indicator of hierarchy Strength. 相似文献
9.
Samantha D. Brieske;Sylvia C. Mullen;Bernard B. Rees; 《Journal of fish biology》2024,104(5):1537-1547
The maximum rate at which fish can take up oxygen from their environment to fuel aerobic metabolism is an important feature of their physiology and ecology. Methods to quantify maximum oxygen uptake rate (ṀO2), therefore, should reliably and reproducibly estimate the highest possible ṀO2 by an individual or species under a given set of conditions (peak ṀO2). This study determined peak ṀO2 and its repeatability in Gulf killifish, Fundulus grandis, subjected to three methods to elevate metabolism: swimming at increasing water speeds, during recovery after an exhaustive chase, and after ingestion of a large meal. Estimates of peak ṀO2 during swimming and after an exhaustive chase were repeatable across two trials, whereas peak ṀO2 after feeding was not. Peak ṀO2 determined by the three methods was significantly different from one another, being highest during swimming, lowest after an exhaustive chase, and intermediate after feeding. In addition, peak ṀO2 during recovery from an exhaustive chase depended on the length of time of recovery: in nearly 60% of the trials, values within the first hour of the chase were lower than those measured later. A novel and important finding was that an individual's peak ṀO2 was not repeatable when compared across methods. Therefore, the peak ṀO2 estimated for a group of fish, as well as the ranking of individual ṀO2 within that group, depends on the method used to elevate aerobic metabolism. 相似文献
10.
D. J. McKenzie† R. Martínez‡ A. Morales‡ J. Acosta‡ R. Morales‡ E. W. Taylor J. F. Steffensen§ M. P. Estrada‡ 《Journal of fish biology》2003,63(2):398-409
Swimming respirometry was employed to compare inactive metabolic rate ( R r ), maximum metabolic rate ( R max ), resultant aerobic scope and maximum sustainable (critical) swimming speed ( U crit ), in growth hormone transgenic (GHT) and wild-type (W) tilapia Oreochromis sp. hybrids. Although the R r of GHT tilapia was significantly (58%) higher than their W conspecifics, there were no significant differences in their net aerobic scope because GHT tilapia exhibited a compensatory increase in R max that was equal to their net increase in R r . As a consequence, the two groups had the same U crit . The GHT and W tilapia also exhibited the same capacity to regulate oxygen uptake during progressive hypoxia, despite the fact that the GHT fish were defending a higher demand for O2 . The results indicate that ectopic expression of GH raises metabolic rate in tilapia, but the fish compensate for this metabolic load and preserve such physiological determinants of fitness as aerobic scope, swimming performance and tolerance of hypoxia. 相似文献
11.
Arteriosclerosis in Oncorhynchur mykiss has been examined histologically in parr, smolts, spawning adults and post-spawning adults captured during downstream migration. All stages of fish from the Clearwater River in Idaho are characterized by the presence of lesions in the main vessel on the bulbus arteriosus. The incidence is lowest in parr, increases significantly in smolts, and is present in 100% of spawning fish. Regression of lesions was not observed in either hatchery or wild fish after spawning. 相似文献
12.
L. Nendick A. Grant M. Gardner M. Sackville C. J. Brauner A. P. Farrell 《Journal of fish biology》2009,75(7):1626-1638
Swimming performance was assessed in juvenile pink salmon Oncorhynchus gorbuscha (body mass <5·0 g) using five different protocols: four constant acceleration tests each with a different acceleration profile (rates of 0·005, 0·011, 0·021 and 0·053 cm s?2) and a repeated ramped‐critical swimming speed test. Regardless of the swim protocol, the final swimming speeds did not differ significantly (P > 0·05) among swim tests and ranged from 4·54 to 5·20 body lengths s?1. This result supports the hypothesis that at an early life stage, O. gorbuscha display the same fatigue speeds independent of the swimming test utilized. Whole body and plasma [Na+] and [Cl?] measured at the conclusion of these tests were significantly elevated when compared with control values (P < 0·05) and appear to be predominantly associated with dehydration rather than net ion gain. Given this finding for a small salmonid, estimates of swim performance can be accurately measured with acceleration tests lasting <10 min, allowing a more rapid processing than is possible with a longer critical swim speed test. 相似文献
13.
D. G. Simpkins† W. A. Hubert C. Martinez Del Rio‡ D. C. Rule§ 《Journal of fish biology》2004,65(2):530-544
The hypothesis that body size and swimming velocity affect proximate body composition, wet mass and size‐selective mortality of fasted fish was evaluated using small (107 mm mean total length, L T ) and medium (168 mm mean L T ) juvenile rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss that were sedentary or swimming ( c . 1 or 2 body length s−1 ) and fasted for 147 days. The initial amount of energy reserves in the bodies of fish varied with L T . Initially having less lipid mass and relatively higher mass‐specific metabolic rates caused small rainbow trout that were sedentary to die of starvation sooner and more frequently than medium‐length fish that were sedentary. Swimming at 2 body length s−1 slightly increased the rate of lipid catabolism relative to 1 body length s−1 , but did not increase the occurrence of mortality among medium fish. Death from starvation occurred when fish had <3·2% lipid remaining in their bodies. Juvenile rainbow trout endured long periods without food, but their ability to resist death from starvation was limited by their length and initial lipid reserves. 相似文献
14.
Demand-feeding behaviour was studied in Oncorhynchus mykiss held at 7–10°C in groups of 30 individuals, under a 16:8, 12:12 or 8 : 16 light : dark regime, using self-feeders connected to a computer. The daily food demand was variable between tanks from 1.5 to 5% of the body weight, the specific growth rate ranged between 1.4 and 2.6% of body weight increase per day, and the feed: gain ratio ranged between 0.84 and 3.17, regardless of the photoperiod length. More than 98% of the feeding demand occurred during the photophase, regardless of the photoperiod, with a main peak at dawn and an occasional peak at dusk. 相似文献
15.
Sarah Nahon Sarah Séité Sébastien Lefebvre Joanna Kolasinski Pierre Aguirre Inge Geurden 《Freshwater Biology》2020,65(11):1870-1882
- Using stable isotope ratios to explore the trophic ecology of freshwater animals requires knowledge about effects of food quality on isotopic incorporation dynamics. The aim of this experimental study was to: (1) estimate carbon and nitrogen isotopic incorporation rates and trophic discrimination factors (TDFs) of a freshwater first-feeding fish (i.e. salmonid fry) fed three diets that differed only in protein quality (animal or plant or a blend of both); (2) investigate effects of fasting and; (3) evaluate the proportion of each source assimilated when fry were fed a 50:50 animal:plant-based diet.
- For each diet, incorporation rates of δ13C and δ15N values were estimated using a time or growth-dependent isotopic incorporation model. Effects of fasting on isotope ratio values were measured regularly until the death of fry. Bayesian stable-isotope mixing models were used to estimate the contribution of animal and plant material to fish fed a blend of both food types.
- Our results show that incorporation rates were lower for fry fed a plant-based diet than for those fed an animal-based diet as growth rate decreased. Time- and growth-dependent models indicated that growth was solely responsible for isotopic incorporation in fry fed an animal-based diet, whereas catabolism increased in fry fed a plant-based diet. After lipid extraction, carbon TDFs were similar regardless of the diet, whereas nitrogen TDFs increased for fry fed a plant-based diet. Long-term fasting induced an increase of 0.63‰ in δ13C values of fry in 23 days, whereas δ15N values did not vary significantly. Proportions of food sources assimilated by fry fed an animal:plant-based diet were similar to those consumed when using a mixing model with the estimated TDFs, while proportions were unrealistic when using mean TDFs extrapolated from the literature.
- The results of our study indicate that the quality of food must be considered to use an appropriate timescale to detect changes in fry diets in the field. Moreover, we recommend using different carbon and nitrogen TDFs, one for animal-derived sources and one for plant-derived sources, to increase the accuracy of mixing models.
16.
The two morphotypes (leiurus and trachurus) of the three-spined stickleback Gasterosteus aculeatus , caught at the same location and time in the River Scheldt (Belgium), were investigated for physiological differences in swimming capacity and energetics associated with migration. Critical and optimal swimming speeds, maximum speed and gait-transition speed were significantly higher for the trachurus type. Standard metabolic rate and active metabolic rate were also higher for trachurus, as was scope for activity. Energy stores (protein, lipid and glycogen in liver and white muscle) were mostly similar in the two types, but lipids in trachurus liver tissue were significantly higher. 相似文献
17.
Y. Hou L. Cai X. Wang X. Chen D. Zhu D. Johnson X. Shi 《Journal of fish biology》2018,92(6):2022-2028
A series of stepped velocity tests were carried out in a Brett‐type swimming respirometer and the overall range in swimming performance for 12 Schizothoracinae species was measured. The relative critical swimming speed Ucrit and burst speed Uburst decreased with body length, while absolute Ucrit and Uburst increased with body length. Ucrit increased with temperature up to approximately 15° C and then decreased. Species with a high Ucrit also displayed a higher Uburst. 相似文献
18.
Does pregnancy affect swimming performance of female Mosquitofish, Gambusia affinis? 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
I. Plaut† 《Functional ecology》2002,16(3):290-295
19.
Nina M. D. Schiettekatte Francesca Conte Beverly French Simon J. Brandl Christopher J. Fulton Alexandre Mercire Tommy Norin Sbastien Villger Valeriano Parravicini 《Ecology and evolution》2022,12(7)
Organismal metabolic rates (MRs) are the basis of energy and nutrient fluxes through ecosystems. In the marine realm, fishes are some of the most prominent consumers. However, their metabolic demand in the wild (field MR [FMR]) is poorly documented, because it is challenging to measure directly. Here, we introduce a novel approach to estimating the component of FMR associated with voluntary activity (i.e., the field active MR [). Our approach combines laboratory‐based respirometry, swimming speeds, and field‐based stereo‐video systems to estimate the activity of individuals. We exemplify our approach by focusing on six coral reef fish species, for which we quantified standard MR and maximum MR (SMR and MMR, respectively) in the laboratory, and body sizes and swimming speeds in the field. Based on the relationships between MR, body size, and swimming speeds, we estimate that the activity scope (i.e., the ratio between and SMR) varies from 1.2 to 3.2 across species and body sizes. Furthermore, we illustrate that the scaling exponent for varies across species and can substantially exceed the widely assumed value of 0.75 for SMR. Finally, by scaling organismal estimates to the assemblage level, we show the potential effect of this variability on community metabolic demand. Our approach may improve our ability to estimate elemental fluxes mediated by a critically important group of aquatic animals through a non‐destructive, widely applicable technique. 相似文献
20.
Previous results show that juvenile shortnose sturgeon are steady swimmers and, compared with salmonids, generally have low critical swimming (UCrit) and endurance swimming capacities. Most studies on swimming capacities of sturgeon, and other fishes, include those where fish have only been swum once and the metrics of swimming performance are assessed (e.g., time swum, speed achieved). Under natural conditions, there are ample instances where fish undergo multiple swimming cycles when traversing fish ways, culverts and other sources of fast water flow. While some evidence exists for salmonids, the effects of repeat swimming are not well known for sturgeon. The current study consisted of two experiments. The first examined the UCrit of juvenile shortnose sturgeon following three consecutive swimming trials with a 30 min recovery period between subsequent tests. The second examined the endurance swimming capacities of juvenile shortnose sturgeon following three consecutive swimming trials with a 60 min recovery period between subsequent tests. Our findings indicate that (i) UCrit was consistent (~2 body lengths/s) among swimming trials; (ii) significant individual variation exists between individuals in the endurance swimming trials; and (iii) consistent results exist for individuals across swimming trials in both the UCrit and the endurance swimming tests. These results suggest that juvenile shortnose sturgeon have a high recovery capacity, and their behaviour and morphology likely reflect aspects of their swimming capacities. 相似文献