盐碱地绒毛白蜡和苦楝种子抗盐萌发机理

将盐碱地和正常地上采集的绒毛白蜡(Fraxinus velutina)和苦楝(Melia azedarach)种子在不同盐浓度下做发芽实验, 测定两类种子的发芽指标和幼苗的生理生化指标, 比较两种种子在不同盐胁迫下的发芽情况、幼苗保护性酶活性、可溶性蛋白和丙二醛含量的差异。结果表明: 绒毛白蜡比苦楝种子抗盐萌发能力强, 比较适合在盐碱地上种植。正常地上采集的两类种子的各项发芽指标高于盐碱地上采集的相应种子, 产自正常地的绒毛白蜡种子活力随盐胁迫的增强而逐渐增大, 苦楝却相反。盐碱地上采集的两类种子形成的幼苗的保护酶活性、可溶性蛋白含量高于正常地上采集的相应种子形成的幼苗, 以绒毛白蜡幼苗为最高; 丙二醛含量则是产自盐碱地的幼苗低于正常地幼苗, 以绒毛白蜡为最低。     

外源5-氨基乙酰丙酸对盐胁迫下菘蓝种子萌发及幼苗抗氧化酶活性的影响

采用砂培方式,研究了外源5-氨基乙酰丙酸(ALA)对盐胁迫下菘蓝种子的萌发、幼苗叶片的可溶性糖含量、丙二醛(MDA)含量及其抗氧化酶活性的影响,探讨ALA缓解菘蓝受盐胁迫伤害的响应机制。结果显示:(1)菘蓝种子萌发及幼苗生长在100 mmol·L^-1 NaCl胁迫下受到明显的抑制,种子发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数、活力指数与自然含水量均显著降低,丙二醛含量、可溶性糖含量以及超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)活性显著升高。(2)盐胁迫下适宜浓度的ALA处理显著提高了种子萌发率、自然含水量及SOD、POD和CAT活性,降低了可溶性糖和丙二醛的含量,并以16.7 mg·L^-1 ALA处理盐胁迫下菘蓝种子的发芽率、发芽势最大,其幼苗的SOD、POD、CAT活性最强。研究表明,盐胁迫显著抑制菘蓝种子的萌发及幼苗生长,适宜浓度的ALA能够有效缓解盐胁迫对菘蓝种子萌发及幼苗生长的伤害,提高植株的抗盐性,并以16.7 mg·L^-1 ALA处理效果最佳。     

盐胁迫下黄芩种子萌发及幼苗对外源抗坏血酸的生理响应

以黄芩(Scutellaria baicalensis)种子为材料,用氯化钠(Na Cl)模拟盐胁迫条件,采用纸上发芽,研究外源抗坏血酸(As A)对盐胁迫下黄芩种子萌发及幼苗的影响。结果表明,在80 mmol·L-1 Na Cl胁迫下,黄芩种子萌发及幼苗生理指标受到显著抑制;0.50 mmol·L-1 As A处理可显著提高盐胁迫下黄芩种子的发芽势(GE)、发芽率(GR)、发芽指数(GI)、简化活力指数(SVI)以及根系总黄酮、可溶性糖和脯氨酸(Pro)含量,同时也可显著提高幼苗根系活力和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性,显著降低丙二醛(MDA)含量。这说明适宜浓度的抗坏血酸能提高黄芩种子的萌发能力和幼苗对盐胁迫的适应能力,从而起到缓解盐胁迫对种子萌发及幼苗生长的抑制作用。     

水引发对油松种子和幼苗的生理效应及其作用机理

为了解决油松种子在直播造林中发芽率低、幼苗抗旱性差的问题,研究了油松种子水引发的方法及引发对其种子和幼苗的生理效应,并对水引发后幼苗的抗旱机理进行了探索。结果表明:油松种子水引发的最佳条件为10℃,闭光条件下分批给种子加水,加水总量为种子初始质量的30%,引发10 d。水引发可显著(P0.05)降低种子的半数发芽天数和硬实率,显著提高种子的发芽指数、最终发芽率和活力指数;水引发种子的可溶性糖及可溶性蛋白含量相比对照也得到提高。水引发可增加油松幼苗的茎粗、鲜重及根长,降低其相对苗高;并极显著(P0.01)提高了幼苗过氧化氢酶、过氧化物酶和根内脱氢酶活性,降低了游离氨基酸含量。干旱胁迫下,引发种子的幼苗脯氨酸和可溶性糖含量分别高于对照39.6%、118.9%,丙二醛含量低于对照93.4%,均达极显著水平。综合分析认为,水引发提高了种子可溶性糖及可溶性蛋白含量为种子萌发提供了保障,从而提高了种子发芽率,并通过增强幼苗抗氧化酶活性、降低丙二醛含量,进而增强幼苗抗氧化系统的功能,最终明显提高其抗旱性。     

Na2SO4和Na2CO3胁迫下苦楝幼苗的形态及光合生理特性

为探索苦楝应对盐胁迫的响应机制,该文以1年生苦楝(Melia azedarach)实生苗为材料,在盆栽条件下设置中性盐Na_2SO_4和碱性盐Na_2CO_33个盐浓度(200、400、600 mmol·L~(-1))处理40 d,研究苦楝的抗盐碱水平及在不同程度盐碱胁迫条件下的生长及光合生理变化。结果表明:随着盐浓度的提高,苦楝的苗高、地径和生物量的增长量均呈现下降趋势,且碱性盐胁迫条件下降程度更大,盐胁迫提高苦楝的根冠比。处理10 d时,苦楝幼苗的所有光合指标随中性盐和碱性盐浓度的提高呈相似的下降特征,碱性盐胁迫条件下的降低幅度显著大于中性盐胁迫,且随处理时间的增加,中性盐和碱性盐处理下苦楝幼苗的净光合速率和蒸腾速率显著降低。随着盐浓度的提高,苦楝的叶绿素含量呈现下降趋势,200 mmol·L~(-1)盐胁迫对叶绿素含量影响较小,400、600 mmol·L~(-1)盐胁迫均对叶绿素含量有显著影响。600 mmol·L~(-1)碱性盐胁迫条件下,苦楝叶片相对电导率和饱和水分亏缺最高,显著高于其余处理。同等浓度下,碱性盐胁迫的苦楝叶片相对电导率和饱和水分亏缺显著高于中性盐胁迫处理。综上结果认为,苦楝具有一定的耐盐碱能力,碱性盐比中性盐对苦楝幼苗的影响更大。     

4种白蜡的耐盐性响应特征与综合评价

以1年半生绒毛白蜡、美国红梣、美国白梣和中国白蜡实生苗为材料,进行为期28 d 的水培试验,通过测定4 种NaCl 浓度(0、40、80、120 mmol/L)处理下其形态、生长量、膜透性、抗氧化酶系统、叶绿素含量以及光合参数等指标的变化特征,并通过相关分析、主成分分析和隶属函数法对4种白蜡进行了综合耐盐性分析与评价,以明确盐胁迫条件下4种白蜡植物的生理响应特征及其耐盐性差异,为盐碱地绿化树种筛选提供科学依据。结果表明：(1)盐胁迫条件下,4种植物形态特征受到不同程度影响,相对株高生长量都受到抑制;叶片膜透性和丙二醛含量 随盐浓度的增加而增加,而叶绿素含量随盐浓度的增加而减少。(2)不同盐浓度处理下,4个白蜡植物叶片过氧化物酶活性呈先上升后下降的变化趋势,其峰值出现在40或80 mmol·L^-1NaCl,超氧化物歧化酶活性变化规律不完全相同; 随着NaCl浓度的增加,4种白蜡树种叶片的平均净光合速率都呈现下降的趋势,但绒毛白蜡升降趋势较平缓,胞间CO₂浓度、气孔导度和蒸腾速率变化没有明显的规律性。(3)耐盐性综合评价结果显示,4种白蜡树种的耐盐性大小为绒毛白蜡＞ 美国白梣＞ 美国红梣＞中国白蜡,这与盐害形态症状表现的结果排序相一致。研究发现,4种白蜡树种在盐胁迫下的生长、生理响应明显不同,耐盐性存在明显差异;绒毛白蜡和美国白梣在盐胁迫下的抗氧化酶活性更强,光合能力和生长受到的影响更小,具有更优异的耐盐能力,可优先作为中国沿海地区盐碱地造林绿化树种或抗逆育种的主要试验材料。     

NaCl胁迫对栓皮栎幼苗生长及其生理响应

为了研究栓皮栎幼苗期对盐胁迫的生理耐受特性,选择2年生栓皮栎实生幼苗为材料,在盆栽条件下,设置NaCl盐分梯度(0%、0.4%、0.6%、0.8%),系统测定分析栓皮栎幼苗在不同盐胁迫梯度和胁迫时间下的形态生长指标以及保护酶活性、脯氨酸含量、根系活力等各项生理指标。结果显示:(1)随着盐胁迫程度的加剧,栓皮栎幼苗各部分器官鲜重和干重以及株高、基径和一级侧根长均先升高后降低,而主根长度逐渐增加,叶片数逐渐减少,并在重度胁迫下达到显著水平。(2)随着盐胁迫时间的延长,栓皮栎幼苗的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性均呈先升高后降低的趋势,但变化时间和幅度不同;丙二醛(MDA)含量则日益增加,且胁迫度越大增加越显著。(3)栓皮栎幼苗叶片的渗透调节物质脯氨酸和可溶性蛋白含量在低盐胁迫下不断升高,高盐胁迫下先升高后降低;而可溶性糖的含量则随时间延长和胁迫加剧显著增加。(4)随NaCl浓度的提高,幼苗根系活力值先增后减,叶绿素a和叶绿素b含量均呈下降趋势。研究表明,在轻、中度NaCl胁迫下,栓皮栎幼苗通过提高保护酶活性、增加渗透调节物质等策略缓解盐胁迫伤害,表现出一定的耐盐潜力;而在高浓度盐分胁迫下幼苗受到伤害,自我调节能力降低,导致保护酶活性、可溶性蛋白含量和根系活力等下降。     

NaCl胁迫对烤烟K326种子萌发及幼苗生理生化特性的影响

以烤烟品种K326为材料,研究不同浓度NaCl胁迫处理下种子萌发及幼苗生理生化指标的变化。结果表明,低浓度NaCl处理对幼苗生长具有一定的促进作用,而高浓度NaCl胁迫处理具有显著或极显著抑制作用;随着NaCl处理浓度的增加,发芽势、发芽指数、简单活力指数、形态指标、钾离子含量、单株干鲜重均呈明显下降趋势,而钠离子含量则相反;随着NaCl处理浓度的增加以及胁迫时间的延长,K326幼苗叶片中丙二醛、游离脯氨酸、可溶性糖含量及电解质渗透率均呈上升趋势,而可溶性蛋白、叶绿素含量及根系活力变化则相反。     

钙对盐胁迫下小金海棠幼苗生物量及抗氧化系统的影响

本文以1/2Hoagland营养液栽培的小金海棠为试材, 研究70 mmol·L-1的NaCl胁迫下, 钙对小金海棠幼苗生物量、超氧自由基（O2 ）产生速率、丙二醛（MDA）含量、电解质相对渗透率、抗氧化酶（SOD、POD、CAT和APX）活性及可溶性蛋白含量的影响。结果表明, 盐胁迫下, 小金海棠幼苗生物量显著低于对照, 根系和叶片的O2 产生速率、MDA含量、电解质相对渗透率、抗氧化酶活性及可溶性蛋白含量显著高于对照。盐胁迫下, 与不加钙处理相比, 加钙处理显著降低了小金海棠幼苗O2 产生速率、MDA含量及电解质相对渗透率, 显著提高了生物量、抗氧化酶和可溶性蛋白的含量, 10 mmol·L-1 CaCl2处理的效果显著好于30 mmol·L-1处理的。综上可知, 盐胁迫下小金海棠幼苗的生长受到抑制, 外源施钙可以减轻盐胁迫对幼苗造成的伤害, 提高幼苗对盐胁迫的适应能力。     

外源亚精胺对盐胁迫下黄瓜幼苗生长和可溶性蛋白表达的影响

采用营养液水培方法,研究了叶面喷施亚精胺(Spd)对黄瓜幼苗生长和可溶性蛋白的影响.结果表明,外源Spd可使盐胁迫黄瓜幼苗株高、茎粗、叶面积、根长和根表面积显著增加,可溶性蛋白含量明显提高,部分可溶性蛋白的表达量减弱;而对正常生长条件下黄瓜幼苗各生长指标无明显影响,但显著提高了根系中可溶性蛋白的含量.随着Spd处理时间的延续,盐胁迫幼苗至少有7种分子量分别约为67、61.5、50、47、43、29和16 kD的可溶性蛋白表达量发生明显变化,尤其使61.5、47和43 kD蛋白表达量明显减弱,50 kD蛋白甚至消失,这4种蛋白可能与外源Spd缓解黄瓜幼苗盐胁迫伤害效应关系密切.     

Salt and waterlogging stress impacts on seed germination and early seedling growth of selected endemic plant species from Western Australia

Six perennial species endemic to South West Western Australia (Acacia trulliformis, Austrostipa geoffreyi, Banksia oligantha, B. mucronulata, Hakea tuberculata and Orthrosanthus muelleri) were screened for salt tolerance and recovery during seed germination. Growth and survival of 6-month old seedlings of these six plus a further vegetatively propagated species (Myoporum turbinatum) were subsequently examined in response to salt and waterlogging application. Water uptake under elevated saline conditions (200 and 400 mM NaCl) was slow, but not restrictive to germination. Moreover, a large proportion of seeds that were unable to germinate under saline conditions recovered after being transferred to non-saline conditions. Germination, growth and survival varied with species and the salt concentration used. Increasing salt concentrations tended to increase time to germination. Germination of Acacia trulliformis seeds declined exponentially with increasing salinity, and seedlings suffered reduced growth under saline and non-saline waterlogging. Austrostipa geoffreyi seeds were sensitive to saline treatments but seedlings were highly tolerant of both saline and/or waterlogged conditions. Germination of the three proteaceous species declined significantly under highly saline conditions (400 mM NaCl) with seedlings of the two Banksia species not surviving any treatment with the exception of non-saline waterlogging. Seedlings of H. tuberculata were more resilient to treatment conditions. Orthrosanthus muelleri was sensitive to salt stress during germination but was highly resistant to waterlogging, both saline and non-saline. This study provides an insight into the response and resilience of components of the vegetation understorey of saline-affected regions of Western Australia not usually evaluated allowing for more informed restoration.     

NaCl胁迫下海滨锦葵种子萌发和幼苗生长过程的生理特性变化

以1／4 Hoagland溶液为基础培养液,研究了0．5％、1．0%、1．5％、2．0％和2．5％NaCl处理对海滨锦葵[Kostelezkya rirginica（L．）Presl．]种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响,发现随着培养液中NaCl浓度的增加,海滨锦葵种子萌发率逐渐降低;当NaCl浓度达2．5％时种子不萌发,但NaCl胁迫解除后,种子的萌发率水平与对照相当。幼苗在含0．5％～1．0%NaCl的培养液中生长状况良好,叶绿素含量和根系活力明显增高;但当NaCl浓度达1．5％-2．0％时,叶绿素含量和根系活力逐渐下降;与对照相比,NaCl胁迫下幼苗的MDA水平降低。结果表明,NaCl胁迫对海滨锦葵种子萌发和幼苗牛长有一定的影响,但海滨锦葵可通过种子休眠、增加根系活力、降低体内MDA水平来缓解一定的盐害效应．以适应盐胁迫的生长环境．     

Ca^2＋对小麦萌发及幼苗抗盐性的效应

以冬小麦（Triticum aestivum）临远077038为材料, 研究了施入外源Ca^2＋对150、200、250及350 mmol·L^-1NaCl胁迫下小麦种子萌发及幼苗生长发育的影响。结果表明： 20 mmol·L^-1CaCl2浸种能够提高小麦在150–250 mmol·L^-1盐胁迫下种子的发芽率, 并能增强其生长势; 当NaCl浓度为350 mmol·L^-1时, 小麦种子不能萌发, 且在以上浓度的NaCl胁迫下, 小麦种子均不能发育成苗。对NaCl胁迫下的小麦幼苗施入外源Ca^2＋后, 提高了幼苗膜稳定性, 降低了膜脂过氧化程度, 从而减轻了盐胁迫对幼苗膜的伤害, 表现为电导率降低、MDA含量降低及SOD和POD活性提高, 并且提高了幼苗的呼吸强度及叶绿素含量, 促进了幼苗生长及生物量的积累; Ca^2＋的缓解效应随着盐胁迫的加剧逐渐减弱, 在浓度为350 mmol·L^-1的盐胁迫下, 幼苗的生物量显著低于对照。以上结果表明, 与水处理相比, 20 mmol·L^-1CaCl2处理能够更大程度地促进小麦的生长发育。     

种子萌发期4种植物对干旱胁迫的响应及其抗旱性评价研究

用不同浓度PEG-6000的1/2Hoagland溶液模拟干旱胁迫条件,对沙枣、柠条、杠柳、白蜡4种植物种子的总萌发率、幼苗鲜重、活力指数进行研究.结果表明:(1)随着干旱胁迫程度的加剧4种植物种子的总萌发率、幼苗鲜重、活力指数呈下降趋势,且白蜡下降幅度最大,但柠条、沙枣、杠柳的抗旱指数显著高于白蜡;(2)4种植物种子的逐日萌发率和胚根日变化表明:低浓度PEG-6000对柠条和杠柳的种子萌发具有较好的诱发作用,白蜡和杠柳种子萌发比较集中,沙枣和柠条相对比较分散;沙枣、柠条和白蜡胚根生长呈线性增长,而杠柳呈指数式增长;(3)采用隶属函数法对干旱胁迫下4种植物的相对萌发率、相对鲜重、抗旱指数、相对活力指数进行综合评价的结果显示,4种植物种子萌发阶段的抗旱性次序为:柠条>沙枣>杠柳>白蜡.     

Effects of nitric oxide on the germination of cucumber seeds and antioxidant enzymes under salinity stress

Effects of exogenous nitric oxide (NO) on the germination and antioxidant enzyme during cucumber seed germination were investigated under salt stress. Seeds of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L. cv. Jinyou 1) were treated with distilled water or NaCl in the presence or absence of NO donor sodium nitroprusside (SNP) during germination. Excess 50 mM NaCl reduced significantly the seed germination rate in a short term and speed of germination. When salt concentration increased, germination of cucumber seed was reduced and the time needed to complete germination lengthened. Addition of exogenous SNP in salt solution attenuated the salt stress effects in a dose-dependent manner, as indicated by accelerating the seed germination, as well as weight increase of budding seeds, and 50 μM SNP was optimal concentration. At 150 mM NaCl, the 50 μM exogenous SNP significantly increased the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD, EC 1.15.1.1), catalase (CAT, EC 1.11.1.6) and protein content, while decreased the contents of malondialdehyde (MDA). There were no obvious effects of exogenous NO on peroxidase (POD, EC 1.11.1.6) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX, EC 1.11.1.6) activities under salt stress. Exogenous NO also increased the SOD and CAT isozyme expression under salt stress, which was in accordance with the improved antioxidant activities in the germinating seeds. The NO-induced salt stress resistance was associated with activated enzymes, and enhanced protein content, thus decreasing MDA content. It is concluded that exogenous NO treatment on cucumber seeds may be a good option to improve seed germination under saline conditions.     

Magnetopriming circumvents the effect of salinity stress on germination in chickpea seeds

Chickpea seeds of Pusa 1053 (Mediterranean) and Pusa 256 (native) were magnetoprimed with 100 mT static magnetic field for 1 h to evaluate the effect of magnetopriming on germination of seeds under saline conditions. Enhanced rate of germination and seedling growth parameters (root and shoot length, and vigour indices) under different salinity levels indicated that magnetopriming was more effective in alleviating salinity stress at early seedling stage in Pusa 1053 as compared to Pusa 256. Dynamics of seed water absorption in magnetoprimed seeds showed increased water uptake in Pusa 1053 under non-saline as compared to saline conditions. This could have resulted in faster hydration of enzymes in primed seeds leading to higher rate of germination. Total amylase, protease and dehydrogenase activities were higher in primed seeds as compared to unprimed seeds under both non-saline and saline conditions. Production of superoxide radicals was enhanced in germinating seeds of both the genotypes under salinity irrespective of priming. Increased levels of hydrogen peroxide in germinating magnetoprimed seeds, under both the growing conditions, suggested its role in promotion of germination. Our results showed that magnetopriming of dry seeds of chickpea can be effectively used as a pre-sowing treatment for mitigating adverse effects of salinity at seed germination and early seedling growth.     

Gibberellin-mediated changes in carbohydrate metabolism during flower stalk elongation in tulips

We tested the effects of cold stratification, temperature, light and NaCl on seed germination and germination recovery and of NaCl on radicle growth and radicle elongation recovery of Kalidium caspicum, a small leafy succulent shrub dominant in saline deserts in northwest China. In all conditions of temperature and light/darkness, germination percentages and rates of cold-stratified seeds were significantly higher than those of nonstratified seeds. Germination of a high percentage of both nonstratified and stratified seeds was inhibited by 0.2 M NaCl, and 0.6 M NaCl completely inhibited germination. Nongerminated seeds germinated after they were transferred from NaCl solutions to distilled water. Radicle elongation significantly decreased with increase in salinity, and it was completely inhibited by ≥1.0 M NaCl; radicle elongation recovered in young seedlings pretreated by 10 days of incubation in ≤0.4 M NaCl. Results show that seed germination and early seedling growth of K. caspicum are salt tolerant, and these characteristics help explain why this species can survive and dominate salt habitats, such as those in the Junggar desert in Xinjiang, northwest China.     

Influence of Salinity and Temperature on the Germination of Haloxylon recurvum Bunge ex. Boiss.

The stem succulent perennial halophyteHaloxylon recurvum Bungeex. Boiss. grows and produces seed under highly saline conditionsand seeds are deposited in saline soils. Experiments were conductedto determine the effect of salinity and temperature on the germinationof seeds. Results indicate that seeds can germinate at veryhigh salt concentrations (500 mM). However, highest germinationpercentages were obtained in distilled water. Cooler thermoperiodspromoted germination, while high temperatures significantlyinhibited the germination of seeds at all NaCl concentrationstested. Rate of germination decreased with increases in salinity.At higher thermoperiods the rate of germination was significantlylower in comparison to lower thermoperiods. Seeds recover afterbeing transferred to distilled water and recovery was higherfrom higher salinity concentrations and lower thermoperiods.Final recovery germination percentages in high salt treatmentswere significantly lower than non-saline controls, indicatingthat exposure to high concentration of NaCl permanently inhibitedgermination. Germination; halophyte; Haloxylon recurvum recovery of germination; salinity; temperature     

Gibberellin A3 reverses the effect of salt stress in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) seedlings by enhancing amylase activity and mobilization of starch in cotyledons

The percentage germination of chickpea seeds (Cicer arietinum L.cv. PBG-1) gradually decreased with increasing concentration of NaCl in the growth medium and was completely inhibited with 200 mM NaCl. In the presence of 75 mM NaCl, only 51% of the seeds germinated. Gibberellic acid (GA3) and kinetin at 6 µM concentration induced the maximum increase in % germination and seedling growth under salt stress. However, IAA further inhibited both the germination and growth of stressed seedlings. The reduction in amylase activity in cotyledons of stressed seedlings was partially reversed with GA3 and kinetin whereas IAA did not show any positive effect. GA3 was more effective than kinetin in enhancing the reduced germination and seedling growth of chickpea seeds along with amylase activity in cotyledons under NaCl induced saline conditions. The reduced uptake of radiolabelled 14C sucrose by cotyledons and its reduced distribution in the shoots and roots of stressed seedlings was increased with addition of GA3 in the medium. Cotyledonary amylase was separated into amylase 1 and amylase 2 by sephadex G 150 column chromatography. The reduced activities of both amylase 1 and amylase 2 in cotyledons under salt stress was returned to near normal levels with GA3 and there was also an increase in starch utilization, resulting in its lower concentration in cotyledons of GA3-supplemented stressed cotyledons.