Constituents of the basidiomycete Scleroderma aurantium

The following compounds were isolated from the extract of the fresh peridium of Scleroderma aurantium: palmitic acid, linoleic acid, a mixture of triglycerides, an ester of a steroidal diol, ergosterol, ergosterol peroxide, 9(11)-dehydroergosterol peroxide, lanosta-8,23- dien-3β,25-diol, lanosta-8,24-diene-3β,23-diol, and mannitol.     

Two new parrotfishes of the genus Scarus from the Central and South Pacific, with further examples of sexual dichromatism

Scarus lauia (Jordan & Evermann) and Scarus formosus Valenciennes are junior synonyms oi Scarus dubius Bennett, the former based on the terminal phase and the latter on the initial phase. Scarus dubius is endemic to the Hawaiian Islands, one of five species of the genus in these islands. The initial phase of Scarus fiavipectoralis Schultz is grey to brown with whitish streaks on the abdomen, a dark caudal fin and yellow at the pectoral base. The range of this species is extended from the Philippines to the Marshall, Solomon, and Caroline Islands and the Great Barrier Reef. Scarusfasciatus Valenciennes is a junior svnonym of of the western Pacific 5. rivulatus Valenciennes. The initial phase is grey to brown with three pale stripes on the abdomen. Scarus lepidus Jenyns is a junior synonym of the wide-ranging Indo-Pacific S. globiceps Valenciennes. The initial phase is coloured like that of S. rivulatus. Scarus janthochir Bleeker, S. chlorodon Jenyns, and S. singaporensis Bleeker are junior synonyms of 5. prasiognathos Valenciennes; it occurs from the western Pacific to the Maldive Islands. Scarus elerae Jordan & Seale and S. urbanus (Smith) are junior synonyms of the wide-ranging Indo-Pacific S. tricolor Bleeker based on the terminal phase. Scarus dimidiatus Bleeker occurs in the western Pacific east to Samoa. Its initial phase, very similar to that of the western Indian Ocean S. scaber, is yellowish, shading to whitish ventrally, with five slightly diagonal dark bars on the upper half of the body. Callyodon mutabilis Gray is a junior synonym of S. quoyi Valenciennes. Scarus spinus (Kner) is the valid name for the distinctive bullet-headed parrotfish with a greenish yellow snout which was misidentified as S.formosus by Schultz. The initial phase is dark brown with pale bars. The terminal phase of the Pacific parrotfish Scarus schlegeli Bleeker is distinctive in possessing a pale bar on the side (yellow dorsally, light green ventrally). The drab initial phase with alternating dark and light bars was misidentified as S. venosus Valenciennes by Schultz, a junior synonym of S. psittacus Forsskǎl. The terminal phase of the western Pacific Scarus bleekeri de Beaufort has a characteristic large whitish patch bordered with blue-green on the cheek. The initial phase is dark brown, the edges of the scales narrowly orangish, shading to orange-red ventrally, with faint yellowish bars, caudal peduncle and caudal fin. A closely related species from Indonesia and the Andaman Sea is tentatively identified as 5. troschelii Bleeker. The terminal phase has a band of blue-green curving from the corner of the mouth to below the eye and back down to the pectoral base. Scarus japanensis (Bloch), identified in most recent papers as S. capistratoides Bleeker, is the terminal phase and senior synonym of the dark brown, red-tailed S. pyrrhurus (Jordan & Seale); it is restricted to the western Pacific (easternmost record, Samoa). Scarus gibbus Ruppell is differentiated into three populations based on colour. Scarus koputea sp. nov., unique in having four rows of scales on the cheek, is described from the Marquesas Islands. Scarus longipinnis sp. nov. is described from Pitcairn, Rapa, and the Capricorn Group of the Great Barrier Reef; its pelvic lins are longer and the dorsal fin more elevated than other Scarus.     

Microsphaeropsis rugospora, a new species from Japanese soil

A new species ofMicrosphaeropsis (Sphaeropsidales, Coelomycetes),M. rugospora, is described and illustrated. This fungus is characterized by its rapid growth on common media such as oatmeal and potato-carrot agars; semi-immersed to immersed, nearly globose, papillate pycnidias; pale yellowish brown, translucent, membranaceous peridium; monophialidic, ampulliform conidiogenous cells; and one-celled, dark brown, globose conidia ornamented with distinct tubercles. The holotype was isolated from the cultivated soil in Tanegashima Island, southern Japan.     

多根硬皮马勃中子实体的化学成分

从多根硬皮马勃（Scleroderma polyrhizum Pers．）子实体中分离得到了3个含氮化合物,根据化学和光谱数据,它们的化学结构分别确定为：N,N-dimethylphenylalanine（1）,2-N,N,N-trimethyl-phenylalanine（2）,2-trimethyl-ammonio-3-（3-indolyl）propionate（3）。上述含氮化合物均首次从多根硬皮马勃中分离得到,其中化合物2首次从高等真菌中分离得到。     

Two new species ofConiochaeta with a cephalothecoid peridium wall

Two new species ofConiochaeta, isolated from Japanese soils, are described and illustrated:C. cephalothecoides, which is characterized by dark brown ascomata clothed with short setae, cylindrical asci and ovoid to almond-shaped or pyriform ascospores with a longitudinal germ slit; andC. dumosa, which is characterized by dark brown ascomata clothed with short setae and dense hyphal hairs, cylindrical asci and ellipsoid-fusoid ascospores with a longitudinal germ slit. These species are distinguished from most species of the genus by the unique cephalothecoid peridium of their ascomata. The associated anamorphs of both species are assignable to the form-genusLecythophora.     

中国木霉属两个新种

报道了采自我国海南省和福建省的木霉属Trichoderma 2个新种。南方木霉子座紫色至紫红色,垫状至盘状,子囊壳壁橙色至橙褐色,子囊孢子无色;绿黄木霉具有淡黄色子座,绿色孔口,球形至近球形的子囊壳,以及大的子囊和绿色子囊孢子。提供了这2个种的详细描述及宏观和微观特征的图示。     

Redescription of Symphurus diabolicus, a poorly-known, deep-sea tonguefish (Pleuronectiformes: Cynoglossidae) from the Galápagos Archipelago

Symphurus diabolicus, previously known only from the holotype collected in 501 m west of Isla San Cristobal (Chatham Island), Galápagos Archipelago, is re-described based on the holotype (112.6 mm SL) and 19 additional specimens (61.1-123.5 mm SL) recently collected from deep waters around the Galápagos Archipelago. Symphurus diabolicus is characterized by: an elongate body; narrow head with pointed snout; 1-3-2 ID pattern; 106-110 dorsal-fin rays; 89-96 anal-fin rays; 12 caudal-fin rays; 57-59 total vertebrae; 5 hypurals; extremely small scales; no pupillary operculum; large, prominent eyes, with migrated eye near dorsal margin of head; relatively short postorbital head length; relatively long snout and predorsal lengths; black peritoneum visible through abdominal wall on both sides of body; uniform olive green to dark brown ocular-side coloration with series of prominent, darker brown, elliptical to rectangular, blotches (not usually forming crossbands) along body at bases of dorsal and anal fins; and uniformly whitish or light yellow blind side. Symphurus diabolicus appears to be endemic to the Galápagos Archipelago, and is relatively common (captured at 16 different localities) at depths of 308 to 757 m (observed as shallow as 245 m) in this region. Examination of this expanded series of specimens confirms the validity of S. diabolicus and provides characters to distinguish it from S. microlepis Garman, a similar species known only from the holotype taken at approximately 530 m off Pacific Panama.     

管氏肿腿蜂触角感器的扫描电镜观察

扫描电镜观察表明 ,管氏肿腿蜂SclerodermaguaniXiaoetWu触角上存在 1 3种感器 ,其中毛形感器Ⅰ型、Ⅱ型、刺形感器、锥形感器、鳞形感器、栓锥形感器、钟形感器和坛形感器雌雄均有 ,仅数量和分布存在差异 ;板形感器、柱形感器Ⅰ型、Ⅱ型、长锥形感器和耳形感器只在雌蜂触角上存在。感器的种类、数量和分布在性别间的差异 ,为研究该蜂寻找生境和寄生行为提供了形态学依据。     

Black-tie dress code: two new species of the genus Toxomerus (Diptera, Syrphidae)

Toxomerus hauseri Mengual sp. n. and Toxomerus picudus Mengual sp. n. are described from Peru and Ecuador respectively. Toxomerus circumcintus (Enderlein, 1938) is treated as a valid species and not considered synonym of Toxomerus marginatus, and Toxomerus ovatus (Hull, 1942) is considered junior synonym of Toxomerus nitidus (Schiner, 1868). An identification key for the Toxomerus species with dark abdomens is given along with diagnoses for each studied species.     

Kalapuya brunnea gen. & sp. nov. and its relationship to the other sequestrate genera in Morchellaceae

Kalapuya is described as a new, monotypic truffle genus in the Morchellaceae known only from the Pacific northwestern United States. Its relationship to other hypogeous genera within Morchellaceae is explored by phylogenetic analysis of the ribosomal LSU and EF1alpha protein coding region. The type species, K. brunnea, occurs in Douglas-fir forests up to about 50 y old on the west slope of the Cascade Range in Oregon and in the Coastal Ranges of Oregon and northern California. It has a roughened, warty, reddish brown to brown peridium, a solid whitish gleba that develops grayish brown mottling as the spores mature, and produces a cheesy-garlicky odor at maturity. Its smooth, ellipsoid spores resemble those of Morchella spp. but are much larger. The four hypogeous genera known in the Morchellaceae, Kalapuya, Fischerula, Imaia and Leucangium, are distinct from the epigeous genera Morchella and Verpa, but it is uncertain whether they resulted from a single transition to a hypogeous fruiting habit or from multiple independent transitions. Kalapuya, locally known as the Oregon brown truffle, has been commercially harvested for culinary use.     

Electron Microscopy and Spectroscopical Studies on the Coloured Patches on the Wing of a Butterfly,Graphium sarpedon (Lepidoptera: Papillionidae) With Reference to Their Photobiological and Electrical Properties

The surface ultra-structural features of the coloured patches on the wing of a butterfly Graphium sarpedon have been studied with the help of scanning electron microscopy. Comparisons have been made between the dark brown area and the light green patches of the wing. A diffraction grating pattern with 15 lines per μm² with a uniform spacing of about 1 μm is present in the light green patches. A slightly coarser grating is present on the dark brown area, which constitutes the major portion of the wing. Sensilla chaetica was found on both the light green and dark brown area. A special type of sensilla trichodea with a big socket and some elongated projections were localized only on the light green patches. This region of the wing also contains some spherical structures with a diameter of 0.5 to 0.6 μm. The infra-red spectroscopy has revealed some differences in the nature and position of the peaks in the low-energy region in the dark brown area and the light green patches. The atomic absorption spectroscopy also shows qualitative as well as quantitative differences in the inorganic set up of the two regions. The electron spin resonance spectroscopy reveals the presence of a peak in the dark brown region only, indicating the presence of free radical in it. The differences observed in the ultra-structural and spectroscopical features, and also in the inorganic components of the two regions, are discussed in relation to their physical and physiological properties.     

A new species ofLasiobolidium from Californian soil

Lasiobolidium gracile isolated from a soil sample collected from California, USA is described as a new species. This species is characterized by yellowish brown to reddish brown, nonostiolate ascomata with numerous, long straight appendages and a translucent peridium, subglobose to broadly clavate asci, hyaline to pale yellowish brown, ellipsoidal ascospores. It differs from the other species ofLasiobolidium in the straight and narrow appendages and the large ascospores. A key is presented separating the seven known species.     

Nyssomyia intermedia (Lutz & Neiva, 1912) and Nyssomyia neivai (Pinto, 1926) (Diptera: Psychodidae: Phlebotominae) geographical distribution and epidemiological importance

Nyssomyia intermedia (Lutz & Neiva 1912) and N. neivai (Pinto 1926) are possible vectors of tegumentary leishmaniasis in some regions of Brazil. Further, the latter was until recently, considered a junior synonym of the former. This study has the purpose of updating our knowledge of the geographical distribution of these species, based on specimens deposited at the collection of the Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou-Fiocruz, Faculdade de Saúde Pública-Universidade de S?o Paulo, and on data presented by literature as also to associate this distribution with the cutaneous leishmaniasis cases reported. It has been reported that N. intermedia occurs in the states of the Northeastern Region, in Rio de Janeiro, Espírito Santo, on the northern coast of S?o Paulo, in eastern Minas Gerais, Mato Grosso do Sul, and Goiás, close to the border with Minas Gerais and Bahia. N. neivai occurs in the Southern Region, southern coast and in western S?o Paulo, southern and western Minas Gerais, southern Goiás, and southern Pará, beyond Argentina, Bolivia, and Paraguay. It is important to highlight that N. intermedia and N. neivai occur in sympatry in Minas Gerais and S?o Paulo. N. intermedia or N. neivai are predominant or are captured abundantly in several cutaneous leishmaniasis foci in the Southeastern and Southern regions of Brazil.     

Revision of the Nearctic species of the genus Stiropius Cameron (=Bucculatriplex Auct.) with the description of a new related genus (Hymenoptera: Braconidae)

Abstract. The New World rogadine genus Stiropius Cameron is revised for the Nearctic region and a new related genus from the Americas, Viridipyge , is decribed. Bucculatriplex Viereck is found to be a junior subjective synonym of Stiropius Cameron. Three Nearctic species are recognized: S.bucculatricis (Ashmead) comb.n., S.californicus sp.n. and S.wagneri sp.n. A single Nearctic specis of Viridipyge is described as new: V.prunicola , and a Neotropical species, V.letifer (Mann) comb.n., is found to be congeneric. The biology and systematic relationships of both genera are discussed; the two genera appear to represent a relatively basal branch of the Rogadini lineage.     

Ribosomal DNA phylogenies of Cyathus: is the current infrageneric classification appropriate?

Phylogenetic relationships within the genus Cyathus (bird's nest fungi) were investigated with neighbor joining, maximum likelihood, weighted maximum parsimony and MrBayes analyses of ITS and LSU ribosomal DNA sequences datasets. Twenty-two taxa of Cyathus were used in the analyses based primarily on type and authentic specimens. The current infrageneric classification system of Brodie recognizes seven infrageneric groups based on morphological characters, including peridium plications and variations in peridium hair anatomy, peridiole structure and fruit-body color. These groups are not supported by molecular data. Instead the ITS and LSU datasets support recognition of three infrageneric groups herein named the ollum, pallidum and striatum groups. Morphological characters useful in distinguishing these groups include basidiospore size, fruit-body coloration and peridium anatomy. Cyathus africanus var. latisporus is considered a synonym of Cyathus jiayuguanensis, and a new combination Cyathus lanatus (Brodie) R.L. Zhao is proposed based on morphological and molecular data.     

不同温度条件对利用黄粉甲繁育管氏肿腿蜂的影响

在恒温 2 0 ,2 2 ,2 4,2 6,2 8和 3 0℃的实验条件下 ,利用黄粉甲TenebriomolitorL .做中间寄主繁育管氏肿腿蜂SclerodermaguaniXiaoetWu ,测定了其发育历期和寄生率等生物学参数。结果显示 ,在被测温度范围内 ,管氏肿腿蜂的发育速率与温度呈正比关系 ,即随着温度的升高 ,发育历期逐渐缩短。卵至羽化的发育起点温度为 1 3 60℃ ,有效积温为 3 2 0 0 7日·度。温度对管氏肿腿蜂的寄生率、寄生成功率、产卵量、子代蜂的数量和性比都有较显著影响。结合发育历期的结果 ,认为适于人工大量繁蜂的温度范围为 2 4～ 2 8℃ ,2 6℃为最适温度。     

The steroids and fatty acids of the basidiomycete Scleroderma polyrhizum

The fruit bodies of the Basidiomycete Scleroderma polyrhizum have been shown to contain the steroids ergosta-4,6,8(14) 22-tetraen-3-one and 5α,8α-epidoxyergosta-6,22-dien-3β-ol and also palmitic and oleic acids.