The Entolomataceae of the Pakaraima Mountains of Guyana III: new species of Rhodocybe

Rhodocybe pruinosostipitata, found on woody debris, and R. spongiosa, found on soil litter, are described as new species from tropical rainforests of the Pakaraima Mountains of Guyana. Both species possess pustulate basidiospores and pseudocystidia. Rhodocybe pruinosostipitata is classified in section Rhodocybe based on its centrally attached stipe, pleurocystidia as pseudocystidia with brightly colored contents, and lack of clamp connections. Rhodocybe spongiosa is classified in section Crepidotoides based on its pleurotoid stature and hymenial pseudocystidia. Macromorphological, micromorphological, and habitat data are provided for the new species.     

豆科锦鸡儿属(Caragana Fabr.)植物地理分布与分化研究

豆科锦鸡儿属约80种,可以明确地分为6组14系。编绘了79个种的分布图,在此基础上,描述了每个种的分布范围和生存生境,以系和组为单位探讨了锦鸡儿属植物各类群的分布规律,并进一步研究了种类形成和演化过程。Sect. Caragana为东亚--蒙古高原分布型,其Ser. Caraganae的种类在东亚地区随纬度的变化呈现出明显的地理替代分布规律, Ser. Microphyllae在蒙古高原地区随经度的干旱梯度变化呈现出清晰的种类替代关系,本组各系间也有明显的地理替代分布现象。Sect. Prunosa为东亚--中亚间断分布型。Sect. Longispina为喜马拉雅分布型。Sect. Tragacan thoides为环青藏高原--北极高山分布型。Sect. Frutescentes广泛分布于亚洲干旱地区。Sect. Chamlagu为东亚分布型。本属种类可分为6个分布型,分布型之间的关系揭示了亚洲干旱区植物区系形成的渊源和联系。Sect. Caragana为本属的原始类群,起源于东亚,曾广泛分布于亚洲大陆,随青藏高原的隆起,原始类群就地分化形成不同的类群,在此基础上迁移分化适应,形成了现代多样的分布格局,中亚为本属的分化中心。     

Taonia lacheana sp. nov. (Dictyotales, Phaeophyta), from the Mediterranean Sea

A new species of the genus Taonia (Dictyotales, Phaeophyta) is described from the Mediterranean Sea. The species is characterized by pseudodichotomous fronds having entire margins and by a pronounced differentiation between the medullary and cortical cells throughout the thallus. Only tetrasporangial plants were found. The species differs from T. atomaria f. ciliata in having differently sized cells in cross section and an entire margin and from T. lennebackerae in both the habit and in the shape of cells in longitudinal section.     

Two new species of Agaricales and a new Japanese record for <Emphasis Type="Italic">Boletellus betula</Emphasis> from Japan

Three species of Agaricales and Boletales are fully described and illustrated from Japan: (1) Clitopilus vernalis sp. nov. produces collybioid basidiomata with pruinose, greyish-yellow pileus and stipe, obscurely undulate basidiospores, and has a lignicolous habit fruiting in spring on dead decorticated logs of Pinus densiflora; (2) Favolaschia gelatina sp. nov. (section Anechinus subsection Rubrinae) has pleurotoid, astipitate basidiomata with transparent, elastic, jelly-like flesh, and truly poroid hymenophore; (3) Boletellus betula is a new record for Japan, growing in Quercus crispula and Pinus densiflora forests.     

The history, biology, and taxonomy of the Cytophaga group.

The first section of this review covers the important characteristics of the genera Cytophaga and Sporocytophaga. The topics discussed include vegetative cell structure, the spreading habit, and degradation of macromolecules. A historical account of these two genera follows, together with a discussion on the definition of, and species differentiation with the genus Cytophaga, and on the taxonomy of Sporocytophaga. The third section deals with the relationships of the cytophagas with the flavobacteria and includes a brief history of Flavobacterium, reassignation of some species to Cytophaga, differentiation from Cytophaga, and a discussion on the definition of the genus Flavobacterium. This is followed by a section dealing with the relationship of Cytophaga with the flexibacteria, starting with an introduction to the diversity of flexing organisms and taxonomic developments, and proceeding with the differentiation within the family Cytophagaceae, and species differentiation in Flexibacter. The concluding section includes a proposed redefinition of Cytophaga, a proposal regarding species conservation in this genus, and discussions on the relationship between the cytophagas and the myxobacteria and on the significance of cytophagas in the environment. The characteristics of all described species of Cytophaga, Flexibacter, and relevant flavobacteria are tabulated and a bibliography is presented.     

Phylogenetic position of the Hawaiian geraniums based on rbcL Sequences

The seven currently recognized species of Geranium endemic to the Hawaiian Islands are unusual in their shrubby or arborescent habit and unlobed, parallel-veined leaves rather than the palmately cleft or lobed leaves and herbaceous habit typical of the genus. Their placement within the genus and their biogeographic source have been obscured by this morphological distictiveness and the limited resolution of relationships on the basis of morphology in the very speciose subgenus Geranium. Phylogenetic analysis of rbcL gene sequences provides strong support for the monophyly of the Hawaiian group, and indicates that the Hawaiian clade is deeply nested within section Geranium rather than comprising a separate section. The continental relatives studied to date with the greatest similarity in sequence to the Hawaiian group are native to the Americas rather than Asia or the Pacific. The Hawaiian species are extremely similar to one another in rbcL sequence, while the tree topology obtained is consistent with a basal position for Geranium arboreum within the group.     

Notes on <Emphasis Type="Italic">Astronium</Emphasis> Jacq. (Anacardiaceae), including a dwarf new species from the Brazilian Shield

A review of Astronium s.l. revealed a new species in section Astronium that is unusual because of its dwarf habit, presence of foliose bracts on the inflorescence, and sub-basal ovule placentation. Currently available collections suggest a disjunct distribution between the Brazilian states of Goiás and Rondônia and the northeastern part of the Bolivian department of Santa Cruz, but all on the Brazilian Shield. The new species is formally described and named as Astronium pumilum. The generic limits and morphological attributes of the sections of the genus are discussed, and a key to the known species is presented. A synopsis or revision of the genus is being prepared pending results from molecular systematic studies.     

Galeottiella hintoniorum,a new epiphytic species of Spiranthinae (Orchidaceae) from Nuevo León,Mexico

A new species of Spiranthinae from Mexico,Galeottiella hintoniorum, is described and illustrated. It is placed in the genusGaleottiella because of its lip and column structure and its herbaceous, cauline bracts and becauseGaleottiella is the oldest genus in the subtribe that can accommodate it. This new species is distinguished from other members of the genus by its epiphytic habit, small stature, and few-flowered inflorescences.     

Hoya aphylla (Apocynaceae,Asclepiadoideae), a new leafless species from Laos

The leafless species Hoya aphylla Aver. N.S. Khang & Averyanova (Apocynaceae) is described and illustrated as a new species for science from Hin Nam No National Protected Area of Laos (central Laos, Khammoune province). In its floral morphology, this new species may be similar to H. lyi, H. carnosa and H. multiflora, but it differs in corona color and shape of corona segments. Like the first two mentioned species, the new species may be referred to the type section of the genus, but in terms of it its leafless habit it exhibits an isolated position.     

Rhodocybe pulchrisperma (Entolomataceae): A new species from North America

Rhodocybe pulchrisperma is described as a new species of Agaricales from North America. It belongs in section Rhodocybe due to the brightly colored pseudocystidia and lack of clamp connections. The very large, handsomely ornamented basidiospores distinguish this species from others in the section. A key to taxa from Florida, Papua New Guinea, and India that exhibit similar features is presented.     

Some Entolomataceae (Agaricales) from Costa Rica

A preliminary account of Entolomataceae from Costa Rica is presented. Three new taxa are described, two inClitopilus, one inRhodocybe, and three new combinations are proposed inInocephalus. Five taxa ofClitopilus are reported for the first time from Costa Rica and a key to species is provided. Four species ofRhodocybe are discussed and a key to the six species known from Costa Rica is also provided.Alboleptonia earlei, Inocephalus murraii, Inocephalus quadratum, Rhodocybe incarnata andRhodocybe pseudonitellina are now known to occur in Costa Rica.     

Critical assessment of the Lactarius gerardii species complex (Russulales)

This paper investigates species delimitation within the Lactarius gerardii species complex and explores its taxonomic and geographical extent. A combined molecular phylogeny based on ITS, LSU and rpb2 gene sequences is constructed and morphological characters are evaluated. While L. gerardii was originally described from North America, it has later been reported from all over Asia. Therefore a worldwide sampling range was aimed at, including species exhibiting morphological affinities with L. gerardii. The phylogenetic analyses indicate that intercontinental conspecificity in L. gerardii is absent. Thirty strongly supported clades are retrieved of which 18 are morphologically identifiable species. The group is elevated to Lactarius subg. Gerardii stat. nov. It includes, apart from L. gerardii s.l., L. atrovelutinus, L. bicolor, L. ochrogalactus, L. petersenii, L. reticulatovenosus, L. sepiaceus, L. subgerardii and L. wirrabara, as well as the pleurotoid L. uyedae. The paraphyletic nature of the genus Lactarius is confirmed. Lactarius subg. Gerardii appears not affiliated with L.?subg. Plinthogalus and this can be substantiated morphologically. No representatives are known from Europe, Africa or South America. The high frequency of intercontinental sister relationships observed between America, Asia and the Australian region, suggests multiple migration and speciation events have occurred across continents.     

Taxonomy and molecular phylogeny of Daphnephila gall midges (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) inducing complex leaf galls on Lauraceae, with descriptions of five new species associated with Machilus thunbergii in Taiwan

Five new species of the genus Daphnephila (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae: Asphondyliini), D. ornithocephala, D. stenocalia, D. sueyenae, D. taiwanensis, and D. truncicola, all associated with Machilus thunbergii (Lauraceae), are described from Taiwan, and one previously known species, D. machilicola, is redescribed from Japan. Among the five new species, D. truncicola induces stem galls and the other four species induce leaf galls. A molecular phylogenetic analysis based on partial sequences of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) gene suggests that in this genus the stem-galling habit is a more ancestral state compared to the leaf-galling habit. Daphnephila seems to be of tropical origin and to have dispersed to Japan through Taiwan.     

Cantharellus pleurotoides, a new and unusual basidiomycete from Guyana

Cantharellus pleurotoides sp. nov. (Cantharellaceae, Cantharellales, Basidiomycota) is described from the Pakaraima Mountains of Guyana, occurring in rainforests dominated by ectomycorrhizal Dicymbe spp. (Caesalpiniaceae). This fungus is singular among Cantharellus species described worldwide in possessing a pleurotoid basidioma. Macromorphological, micromorphological, and habitat data are provided for the new species.     

The phylogenetic significance of flavonoids in Crambe L. (Cruciferae)

A total of 21 flavonoid compounds has been detected in 14 species of Crambe. In general, both the sections of the genus and the species can be distinguished easily by their flavonoid patterns. The members of Crambe sections Crambe and Dendrocrambe seem to be the most primitive with their perennial or rhizocarpous habit. They show a diversity of flavonol glycosides, derived from either kaempferol or quercetin. The presumed presence of proanthocyanidins confers an additional primitive character to Crambe section Dendrocrambe. In contrast, members of Crambe section Leptocrambe show a relatively poor pattern where the quercetin glycosides have disappeared. In the case of C. hispanica and C. abyssinica flavonols are completely absent while two flavones, luteolin and apigenin appear in glycosidic form; these are probably the most evolved Crambe species and exhibit an annual habit. A dendrogram exclusively based on data of the presence or absence of flavonoids has been constructed. It is similar to the one that could have been expected from use of morphological data alone, but it does provide some hints on the possible phylogenetic relationships between the species. Flavonoid evidence also supports the hypothesis on an east-west Mediterranean disjunction within the genus.     

东喜马拉雅地区雀儿豆属的修订

本文依据形态特征对分布于东喜马拉雅地区的雀区豆属植物进行了研究,认为荚果圆柱形,长圆形并且果皮具海绵状结构非该类植物所特有;垫状生活型则是植物对高山带,荒砾质带生态适应的结果。     

嵩草属植物硅酸体系统的研究

对国产狭义嵩草属 (K obresia,Cyperaceae) 3个组 2 7种植物进行了硅酸体系统分析研究 ,同时结合近缘的苔草属 (Carex) 2个组的植物硅酸体特征 ,深入探讨了植物硅酸体系统分析研究在莎草科苔草族 (Cariceae)中的系统分类学意义。认为 :(1 )嵩草属及其临近类群在属间、种间及种下水平的系统分类学比较研究都可以借助植物硅酸体系统研究的证据。 (2 )穗状嵩草组 (sect. Elyna)的硅酸体系统特征具有较高的一致性 ,除矮嵩草 (K.humilis)及其近缘种同其他穗状嵩草组的种类有所不同 ,它很可能有一个不同于穗状嵩草组其他类群的嵩草组(sect. K obresia)的亲缘。 (3 )从植物硅酸体系统特征的研究来看 ,拟苔草组 (sect. H emicarex)的一些种接近于穗状嵩草组 ,如高山嵩草 (K . pygmeae) ;而另一些种接近于嵩草组 ,如禾叶嵩草 (K . graminifolia) ;也有一些种类的硅酸体系统特征更接近苔草属 ,说明这个组很可能是多源的 ,即本组的单一花穗和果囊形态特征由不同类群的复合花序种类趋同演化而出。(4 )嵩草组的硅酸体系统特征具有较高的一致性 ,说明嵩草属原始类群在硅酸体系统特征方面与外部形态特征演化的某些相关性。     

Microcladia exserta sp. nov. (Ceramiaceae,Rhodophyta) from the East coast of South Africa

Microcladia exserta, a new species of the red algal genus Microcladia Greville (Ceramiaceae, Ceramiales), is described from the Natal coast of South Africa. This small, creeping alga, an epiphyte on the coralline alga Amphiroa anceps (Lamarck) Decaisne, is distinguished from other species in the genus by the following combination of characteristics: the prostrate habit, the exerted position of the tetrasporangia, and the presence in the cortex of numerous and conspicuous vesicle cells. Evidence is presented to demonstrate that the criterion of an erect habit in Microcladia vs. a prostrate habit in Herpochondria used to separate these genera is not sound.