导读与评议(2017年第2期)

正结合目前出现的新现和再现传染病及其病原体,本刊特邀请专家撰写了有关专题。上海疾病预防控制中心急性传染病防治科的潘浩等报道了我国首次在来自安哥拉的上海入境人员中发现Ekpoma病毒(Ekpoma virus,EKV)(上海出入境检验检疫     

导读与评议(2017年第2期)

<正>结合目前出现的新现和再现传染病及其病原体,本刊特邀请专家撰写了有关专题。上海疾病预防控制中心急性传染病防治科的潘浩等报道了我国首次在来自安哥拉的上海入境人员中发现Ekpoma病毒(Ekpoma virus,EKV)(上海出入境检验检疫     

海南岛番木瓜和扶桑上粉虱传双生病毒的检测及序列分析

粉虱传双生病毒(Whitefly-transmitted gemini-virus,WTGV)是一类广泛发生在热带、亚热带地区植物上的具有孪生颗粒形态的单链DNA病毒,在分类上属双生病毒科(Geminiviridae)的菜豆金色花叶病毒属(Begomovirus),该属的大多数病毒都由2个组分(DNA-A和DNA-B)组成,为两条闭合环状ssDNA分子,长度相似,每条为2.5-2.8kb,少数病毒为单组分,仅有DNA-A组分[1]。我国自1983年报道发现双生病毒以来,在云南、广西、广东和海南等省区的已相继发现多种双生病毒[2~6],表明这类病毒在我国的危害有蔓延和加重的趋势。本文对从海南番木瓜(Carica pap…     

幽影病毒属病毒的研究现状与展望

幽影病毒是一类较为特殊的植物病毒,其基因组不编码外壳蛋白,因此不形成通常的病毒粒体结构。这类病毒可以通过机械摩擦方式传播,在黄症病毒的帮助下也可以通过蚜虫传播。幽影病毒属病毒由7个确定种和3个暂定成员组成,烟草丛顶病毒是目前国内发现的幽影病毒属唯一成员。幽影病毒的寄主范围较窄,体外抗性也较差。幽影病毒感病组织中含有大量dsRNA。有些病毒还含有卫星RNA。幽影病毒的基因组为单分体的 ssRNA,编码4个非结构蛋白,其中的ORF3蛋白在病毒RNA的稳定性及寄主体内的长距离运输中起到非常重要的作用。文章综述了国内外幽影病毒的研究现状,并对未来的相关研究趋势和研究领域进行了展望。     

T4病毒研究进展

T4病毒科由一类单股正链RNA病毒组成,分为松天蛾β样病毒属和松天蛾ω样病毒属。这2个属的病毒具有不同的基因组结构,β样病毒含单组分基因组,其结构蛋白由一亚基因组RNA表达; 而ω样病毒含双组分基因组,2个RNA分子分别编码复制酶蛋白和结构蛋白。在T4病毒基因组RNA 3′端有类似tRNA的二级结构。ω样病毒壳蛋白的氨基酸序列一致性高达66%～86%, 而β样病毒壳蛋白的氨基酸同源性则要低得多。在昆虫细胞中表达壳蛋白基因时都能形成病毒类似粒子。该文还介绍了T4病毒复制机理以及T4病毒与其他病毒的进化关系。     

长叶车前花叶病毒上海分离株单克隆抗体的制备及其免疫学特性——Ⅰ单克隆抗体制备、亚类测定及免疫沉淀反应

采用杂交瘤技术,以长叶车前花叶病毒上海分离株(RMVsh)为扎原免疫BALB/c小鼠,取脾脏细胞与骨髓瘤SP2/O细胞融合,经筛选克隆,共获得1H2、7H1、10H1、11H2、12H3、17H6、29H17株分泌RMVsh单克隆抗体的杂交瘤细胞株。以双抗夹心ELISA方法测定亚类;1H2属IgG_3,7H1属IgG_(2b),其余均为IgC_1。7个杂交瘤植入鼠体内均产生腹水。在免疫双扩散反应中1H2、12H3能与RMVsh产生免疫沉淀线,而其余5个单克隆抗体均不能与RMVsh产生沉淀线。制备的单克隆抗体可用于病毒病害的诊断鉴定,也可用于进一步分析病毒的抗原特性。     

ICTV第八次报告的最新病毒分类系统

国际病毒分类委员会（International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses,ICTV）于2005年7月发表了最新的病毒分类第八次报告。在这个长达1259页的报告中,将目前ICTV所承认的5450多个病毒归属为3个目、73个科、11个亚科、289个属、1950多个种。在亚病毒感染因子下设类病毒、卫星和朊毒,其中类病毒有2个科、7个属;卫星病毒有2个亚组,卫星核酸有3个亚组;     

海南岛番木瓜和扶桑上粉虱传双生病毒的检测及序列分析

粉虱传双生病毒(Whitefly-transmitted geminivirus,WTGV)是一类广泛发生在热带、亚热带地区植物上的具有孪生颗粒形态的单链DNA病毒,在分类上属双生病毒科(Geminiviridae)的菜豆金色花叶病毒属(Begomovirus),该属的大多数病毒都由2个组分(DNA-A和DNA-B)组成,为两条闭合环状ssDNA分子,长度相似,每条为2.5-2.8kb,少数病毒为单组分,仅有DNA-A组分[1].我国自1983年报道发现双生病毒以来,在云南、广西、广东和海南等省区的已相继发现多种双生病毒[2～6],表明这类病毒在我国的危害有蔓延和加重的趋势.本文对从海南番木瓜(Carica papaya)和扶桑(Hibiscus rosa-sinensis)上采集到的表现典型双生病毒症状的样品进行了分子检测,并对序列进行了分析.     

广东番茄曲叶病毒G2分离物基因组DNA-A的分子特征

从采集于广东的番茄曲叶病病株上分离到病毒分离物G2 ,序列分析结果表明 ,其DNA_A为单链环状 ,全长2 74 4nt,共有 6个ORF ,其中病毒链上编码AV1(CP)、AV2 ,互补链上编码AC1、AC2、AC3和AC4。BLAST结果显示 ,与G2基因组有同源关系的病毒均属双生病毒科菜豆金色花叶病毒属。序列比较结果显示 ,G2与菜豆金色花叶病毒属病毒的DNA_A序列同源率均不超过 83% ,其中同源率最高的是PaLCuCNV_[G10 ](82 8% )。进一步比较发现 ,它们的基因间隔区 (IR)变异最大 (同源率为 30 9%～ 81 8% ) ;CP氨基酸序列的同源率较高 (77 6 %～ 99 2 % ) ,AC4蛋白氨基酸序列的同源率较低 (4 3 5 %～ 78 8% )。系统进化关系分析结果也显示 ,G2与已报道的菜豆金色花叶病毒属病毒的亲缘关系均较远。因此 ,G2可能是双生病毒科菜豆金色花叶病毒属中一个未报道的新种 ,命名为广东番茄曲叶病毒 (TomatoleafcurlGuangdongVirus ,ToLCGDV)     

人类偏肺病毒感染的研究进展

2001年荷兰学者van den Hoogen等首次在不明原因的呼吸道感染儿童中分离出一种新病毒,电子显微镜下呈现类似副黏病毒的多极丝状形态,生化特征亦与副黏病毒相似.之后许多学者对其基因组组成和序列进行分析,支持将其归类于单分子负链RNA目副黏病毒科肺病毒亚科偏肺病毒属,并命名为人类偏肺病毒(hMPV),成为偏肺病毒属的第1个人类病毒.根据遗传系统发生学分析和血清学抗体中和试验等将其分为2型4个亚型.本文就hMPV的病毒归类、分型、病毒繁殖特点及其发病及流行病学、临床表现、诊断、治疗和疫苗的研制进展综述如下.     

Isolation of Irkut Virus from a Murina leucogaster Bat in China

Background and objectives

Bats are recognized as a major reservoir of lyssaviruses; however, no bat lyssavirus has been isolated in Asia except for Aravan and Khujand virus in Central Asia. All Chinese lyssavirus isolates in previous reports have been of species rabies virus, mainly from dogs. Following at least two recent bat-associated human rabies-like cases in northeast China, we have initiated a study of the prevalence of lyssaviruses in bats in Jilin province and their public health implications. A bat lyssavirus has been isolated and its pathogenicity in mice and genomic alignment have been determined.

Results

We report the first isolation of a bat lyssavirus in China, from the brain of a northeastern bat, Murina leucogaster. Its nucleoprotein gene shared 92.4%/98.9% (nucleotide) and 92.2%/98.8% (amino acid) identity with the two known Irkut virus isolates from Russia, and was designated IRKV-THChina12. Following intracranial and intramuscular injection, IRKV-THChina12 produced rabies-like symptoms in adult mice with a short inoculation period and high mortality. Nucleotide sequence analysis showed that IRKV-THChina12 has the same genomic organization as other lyssaviruses and its isolation provides an independent origin for the species IRKV.

Conclusions

We have identified the existence of a bat lyssavirus in a common Chinese bat species. Its high pathogenicity in adult mice suggests that public warnings and medical education regarding bat bites in China should be increased, and that surveillance be extended to provide a better understanding of Irkut virus ecology and its significance for public health.     

China's Rural Public Health System Performance: A Cross-Sectional Study

Background

In the past three years, the Government of China initiated health reform with rural public health system construction to achieve equal access to public health services for rural residents. The study assessed trends of public health services accessibility in rural China from 2008 to 2010, as well as the current situation about the China''s rural public health system performance.

Methods

The data were collected from a cross-sectional survey conducted in 2011, which used a multistage stratified random sampling method to select 12 counties and 118 villages from China. Three sets of indicators were chosen to measure the trends in access to coverage, equality and effectiveness of rural public health services. Data were disaggregated by provinces and by participants: hypertension patients, children, elderly and women. We examined the changes in equality across and within region.

Results

China''s rural public health system did well in safe drinking water, children vaccinations and women hospital delivery. But more hypertension patients with low income could not receive regular healthcare from primary health institutions than those with middle and high income. In 2010, hypertension treatment rate of Qinghai in Western China was just 53.22% which was much lower than that of Zhejiang in Eastern China (97.27%). Meanwhile, low performance was showed in effectiveness of rural public health services. The rate of effective treatment for controlling their blood pressure within normal range was just 39.7%.

Conclusions

The implementation of health reform since 2009 has led the public health development towards the right direction. Physical access to public health services had increased from 2008 to 2010. But, inter- and intra-regional inequalities in public health system coverage still exist. Strategies to improve the quality and equality of public health services in rural China need to be considered.     

Discovery of Novel Rhabdoviruses in the Blood of Healthy Individuals from West Africa

Next-generation sequencing (NGS) has the potential to transform the discovery of viruses causing unexplained acute febrile illness (UAFI) because it does not depend on culturing the pathogen or a priori knowledge of the pathogen’s nucleic acid sequence. More generally, it has the potential to elucidate the complete human virome, including viruses that cause no overt symptoms of disease, but may have unrecognized immunological or developmental consequences. We have used NGS to identify RNA viruses in the blood of 195 patients with UAFI and compared them with those found in 328 apparently healthy (i.e., no overt signs of illness) control individuals, all from communities in southeastern Nigeria. Among UAFI patients, we identified the presence of nucleic acids from several well-characterized pathogenic viruses, such as HIV-1, hepatitis, and Lassa virus. In our cohort of healthy individuals, however, we detected the nucleic acids of two novel rhabdoviruses. These viruses, which we call Ekpoma virus-1 (EKV-1) and Ekpoma virus-2 (EKV-2), are highly divergent, with little identity to each other or other known viruses. The most closely related rhabdoviruses are members of the genus Tibrovirus and Bas-Congo virus (BASV), which was recently identified in an individual with symptoms resembling hemorrhagic fever. Furthermore, by conducting a serosurvey of our study cohort, we find evidence for remarkably high exposure rates to the identified rhabdoviruses. The recent discoveries of novel rhabdoviruses by multiple research groups suggest that human infection with rhabdoviruses might be common. While the prevalence and clinical significance of these viruses are currently unknown, these viruses could have previously unrecognized impacts on human health; further research to understand the immunological and developmental impact of these viruses should be explored. More generally, the identification of similar novel viruses in individuals with and without overt symptoms of disease highlights the need for a broader understanding of the human virome as efforts for viral detection and discovery advance.     

Mobile SARS‑CoV‑2 screening facilities for rapid deployment and university-based diagnostic laboratory

The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic has created a public crisis. Many medical and public institutions and businesses went into isolation in response to the pandemic. Because SARS-CoV-2 can spread irrespective of a patient's course of disease, these institutions’ continued operation or reopening based on the assessment and control of virus spread can be supported by targeted population screening. For this purpose, virus testing in the form of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis and antibody detection in blood can be central. Mobile SARS-CoV-2 screening facilities with a built-in biosafety level (BSL)-2 laboratory were set up to allow the testing offer to be brought close to the subject group's workplace. University staff members, their expertise, and already available equipment were used to implement and operate the screening facilities and a certified diagnostic laboratory. This operation also included specimen collection, transport, PCR and antibody analysis, and informing subjects as well as public health departments. Screening facilities were established at different locations such as educational institutions, nursing homes, and companies providing critical supply chains for health care. Less than 4 weeks after the first imposed lockdown in Germany, a first mobile testing station was established featuring a build-in laboratory with two similar stations commencing operation until June 2020. During the 15-month project period, approximately 33,000 PCR tests and close to 7000 antibody detection tests were collected and analyzed. The presented approach describes the required procedures that enabled the screening facilities and laboratories to collect and process several hundred specimens each day under difficult conditions. This report can assist others in establishing similar setups for pandemic scenarios.     

Assessment of Regional Human Health Risks from Lead Contamination in Yunnan Province,Southwestern China

Identification and management the ''critical risk areas'' where hotspot lead exposures are a potential risk to human health, become a major focus of public health efforts in China. But the knowledge of health risk assessment of lead pollution at regional and national scales is still limited in China. In this paper, under the guidance of ''sources-pathways-receptors'' framework, regional human health risk assessment model for lead contamination was developed to calculate the population health risk in Yunnan province. And the cluster and AHP (analytic hierarchy process) analysis was taken to classify and calculate regional health risk and the decomposition of the regional health risk in the greatest health risk region, respectively. The results showed that Yunnan province can be divided into three areas. The highest health risk levels, located in northeastern Yunnan, including Kunming, Qujing, Zhaotong region. In those regions, lead is present at high levels in air, food, water and soil, and high population density which pose a high potential population risk to the public. The current study also reveals that most regional health risk was derived from the child receptors (age above 3 years) 4.3 times than the child receptors (age under 3years), and ingestion of lead-contaminated rice was found to be the most significant contributor to the health risk (accounting for more than 49 % health risk of total). This study can provide a framework for regional risk assessment in China and highlighted some indicators and uncertainties.     

Ethical Study on the Reform and Development of Medical and Health Services in China

At an early stage of its foundation, new China became clear about the nature of public welfare and quickly developed medical and health services, which was well received by the World Health Organization. The marketization and the reduction of input into medical and health services from the 1980s created severe adverse consequences. After the SARS' outbreak in 2003, China started to give serious consideration to its medical and health system, and to work at developing medical and health services. The new healthcare reform launched in 2009 re‐emphasizes fairness and public welfare, and China's achievements have been remarkable. Of course, there are still many problems to be solved in the reform, which also paves the way for increasing the reform in future.     

Serological Evidence of Influenza A Viruses in Frugivorous Bats from Africa

Bats are likely natural hosts for a range of zoonotic viruses such as Marburg, Ebola, Rabies, as well as for various Corona- and Paramyxoviruses. In 2009/10, researchers discovered RNA of two novel influenza virus subtypes – H17N10 and H18N11 – in Central and South American fruit bats. The identification of bats as possible additional reservoir for influenza A viruses raises questions about the role of this mammalian taxon in influenza A virus ecology and possible public health relevance. As molecular testing can be limited by a short time window in which the virus is present, serological testing provides information about past infections and virus spread in populations after the virus has been cleared. This study aimed at screening available sera from 100 free-ranging, frugivorous bats (Eidolon helvum) sampled in 2009/10 in Ghana, for the presence of antibodies against the complete panel of influenza A haemagglutinin (HA) types ranging from H1 to H18 by means of a protein microarray platform. This technique enables simultaneous serological testing against multiple recombinant HA-types in 5μl of serum. Preliminary results indicate serological evidence against avian influenza subtype H9 in about 30% of the animals screened, with low-level cross-reactivity to phylogenetically closely related subtypes H8 and H12. To our knowledge, this is the first report of serological evidence of influenza A viruses other than H17 and H18 in bats. As avian influenza subtype H9 is associated with human infections, the implications of our findings from a public health context remain to be investigated.     

Mutation in the gene for connexin 30.3 in a family with erythrokeratodermia variabilis

Erythrokeratodermia variabilis (EKV) is an autosomal dominant keratinization disorder characterized by migratory erythematous lesions and fixed keratotic plaques. All families with EKV show mapping to chromosome 1p34-p35, and mutations in the gene for connexin 31 (Cx31) have been reported in some but not all families. We studied eight affected and three healthy subjects in an Israeli family, of Kurdish origin, with EKV. After having mapped the disorder to chromosome 1p34-p35, we found no mutations in the genes for Cx31, Cx31.1, and Cx37. Further investigation revealed a heterozygous T-->C transition leading to the missense mutation (F137L) in the human gene for Cx30.3 that colocalizes on chromosome 1p34-p35. This nucleotide change cosegregated with the disease and was not found in 200 alleles from normal individuals. This mutation concerns a highly conserved phenylalanine, in the third transmembrane region of the Cx30.3 molecule, known to be implicated in the wall formation of the gap-junction pore. Our results show that mutations in the gene for Cx30.3 can be causally involved in EKV and point to genetic heterogeneity of this disorder. Furthermore, we suggest that our family presents a new type of EKV because of the hitherto unreported association with erythema gyratum repens.     

宠物犬和猫流感病毒感染

近十年来犬和猫流感病毒感染报道迅速增多,不仅威胁到犬和猫的健康,也对公共卫生造成了影响。自2004年首次发生H3N8亚型流感病毒感染赛犬事件以来,犬流感一直在美国的赛犬和宠物犬中流行。在韩国和我国南方的犬群中出现了因H3N2亚型禽流感感染引起的肺炎病例。亚洲和欧洲均报道了猫H5N1亚型高致病性禽流感致死性感染病例,还通过实验研究发现H5N1亚型流感病毒可在猫与猫之间水平传播。这些现象预示着流感病毒进一步获得了感染哺乳动物的能力,其公共卫生意义需引起关注。为此,本文对犬和猫流感病毒感染的流行病学、临床症状、发病机制、诊断和防控措施进行了综述。