人骨髓造血干细胞体外培养中的动态变化

本文报告100多批人的骨髓细胞长期体外培养的实验结果。在首次接种骨髓细胞建立起贴壁层细胞基础上,再将另一个体的骨髓细胞接种在贴壁细胞层上面,这样就可使骨髓中的造血干细胞在贴壁细胞层上增殖和分化,维持较长时间。人类多向性造血干纽胞(CFU-S)目前尚无测定的方法,但由CFU-S分化出来的粒系祖细胞(CFU-C)和红系祖细胞(CFU-E)是有方法可以测定的,从此获得的结果表明,在体外培养条件下,CFU-C可存活9周,CFU-E可存活4.5周。在培养悬液细胞中,形态上可以识别的主要有粒细胞,其存在时间与CFU-C大致相同,而红系细胞仅在3周内可以见到,成熟淋巴细胞最多能存活5周,以后就不复存在了。在培养7周内,每个培养瓶中平均悬液细胞数是增加的。从干细胞自杀实验证明,CFU-C至少在6周内不断地有一部分细胞进入DNA合成期。在整个培养期间,各系统的造血祖细胞及其后代细胞,它们的存活时间虽有差别,但均保持着正常的生物活性。7周以后,培养体系中的细胞总数就逐渐减少,到了9周后因为造血干细胞业已消失,所以各种成熟的或未成熟的血细胞也就逐渐不见了。在骨髓细胞培养液中还存在着CSF,其浓度随着CFU-C总数的下降而平行地降低,提示在体外培养体系中可能存在对造血干细胞活动的调节因子。此外,也观察了培养瓶中悬液细胞与贴壁细胞间的相互关系及其某些造血特征。     

前列腺素E在骨髓基质调节造血中的作用

小鼠骨髓细胞体外液体培养,形成基质细胞层(SL),能影响在其上培养的粒系祖细胞(CFU-GM)增殖。培养1周,SL明显抑制CFU-GM,约为对照的50％;2周,SL之抑制减弱,3周,SL则促进CFU-GM,约达对照140％。在CFU-GM培养体系中加入消炎痛(1×10~(-7)mol/L),却使1周SL上CFU-GM增加,2周SL上者增加更显著,第3周者则无明显改变。在CFU-GM培养体系中加入PGE_1(1×10~(-8)mol/L),各周SL上CFU-GM均大为减少。若同时再加消炎痛(2×10~(-7)mol/L),基质层上CFU-GM,1周者上升到约为对照42.6％,2周者则接近对照。而3周者则用消炎痛1×10~(-7)mol/L,即可使CFU-GM产率恢复。说明SL培养1周,能生成一定量PGE,2周时PGE生成减少,3周则几乎为零。故SL影响CFUGM,至少部分地以PGE为中介。     

BrdU体内示踪骨髓基质干细胞生物学状态的效果分析

目的:探讨5-溴脱氧尿嘧啶核苷(Brd U)体内示踪骨髓基质干细胞(BMSCs)生物学状态的效果。方法:抽取健康成年比格狗骨髓,在传代培养中进行Brd U标记并鉴定,体外实验中测定细胞周期、凋亡率和细胞活力;在体内实验中将标记Brd U的骨髓基质干细胞植入自体股骨头缺损处,另一侧单纯植入自体骨作为对照,记录成骨量与分子标记物的表达情况。结果:骨髓基质干细胞的Brd U体外标记率为85.2%。Brd U组的细胞凋亡率为3.62±1.33%,未标记组为3.52±1.08%;Brd U组与未标记组的细胞成活率分别为96.31±1.39%和95.20±2.10%,两组对比差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。移植侧Brd U标记的骨髓基质干细胞免疫组化观察可见Brd U免疫组化染色阳性,阳性率为81.6%。骨髓基质干细胞移植侧缺损区的骨钙素、Ⅰ型胶原阳性细胞表达数量与强度明显高于对照侧缺损区;骨髓基质干细胞移植侧成骨量为17.46±2.12%,对照侧为9.06±1.24%,两两对比差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:Brd U在体外示踪骨髓基质干细胞能有效反映细胞的生物学状态,体内示踪显示移植的骨髓基质干细胞能成活,能促进骨组织形成和坏死骨修复。     

狗骨髓长期培养的贴壁层细胞及条件培养液对粒系祖细胞的影响

本文报告狗骨髓长期培养的初步研究结果。采用马血清与狗血清混合加入培养体系中,可建立起比较稳定的贴壁细胞层,可以维持19周以上。但是,这种贴壁层不能有效地维持造血干细胞的增殖与分化,上清液中血细胞与GM-CFU_C的数目,在第二次接种骨髓后2—3周即迅速下降。狗骨髓培养的条件液中存在着抑制GM-CFU_C生长的物质,但它对小鼠骨髓GM-CFU_C和CFU-S无影响。如以贴壁细胞作为底层,用双层琼脂平皿培养法与正常狗骨髓共同培养,发现贴壁细胞不仅没有抑制反而有加强CSF刺激GM-CFU_C生长的作用。因此对狗骨髓长期培养体系不能长期支持造血干细胞生长和繁殖的可能原因尚须作进一步探索。     

豚鼠骨髓巨核细胞集落(CFU-M)和粒细胞集落(CFU-C)的特性

小鼠胸腺细胞条件培养基可促进豚鼠骨髓造血祖细胞在体外琼脂和血浆凝块培养基中形成 CFU-M 和 CFU-C。培养基中种入1×10~4—2×10~5个骨髓有核细胞,在培养7天后 CFU-M 和 CFU-C 形成的数量与种入的骨髓细胞数之间呈线性关系。CFU-M 和 CFU-C 的祖细胞具有很高的辐射敏感性,骨髓细胞体外接受~(60)钴γ线照射后 CFU-M 的计数呈指数下降,其D_0值为92拉德与 CFU-C(D_0=88拉德)相近似。     

小鼠胎肝和骨髓造血基质细胞贴壁层对红系祖细胞生长的影响

本实验以Dexter培养体系作小鼠胎肝和骨髓造血基质细胞贴壁培养。在所获的基质细胞贴壁层上作红系造血祖细胞集落培养,观察两种来源造血基质细胞对红系集落生长的影响。实验结果表明,胎肝造血基质细胞贴壁层能明显促进早期红系造血祖细胞(BFU-E)形成集落,却不明显影响晚期红系造血祖细胞(CFU-E)的生长。成年小鼠骨髓造血基质细胞贴壁层对BFU-E和CFU-E均有刺激生长的作用;但对前者生长的刺激性影响较胎肝造血基质细胞贴壁层为弱。造血基质细胞贴壁层对红系集落生长的促进作用主要是通过体液因子实现的,细胞间短距离调节的影响亦不能除外。     

豚鼠骨髓细胞在体内扩散盒培养条件下的增殖和分化

我们研究了豚鼠骨髓细胞在体内扩散盒培养条件下的生长特性。骨髓细胞悬液在体内扩散盒培养中,细胞处于增殖活动,培养后第5天,收集的有核细胞量或增殖性粒系细胞量与最初种入的骨髓有核细胞量之间呈比例关系。骨髓细胞在体内扩散盒血浆凝块培养中,逐渐生成由红系细胞组成的细胞团(CFU-E、BFU-E)和由粒系细胞组成的细胞团(CFU-C)。培养后第7天,CFU-E 和 CFU-C 的生成量分别与种入的骨髓有核细胞量之间呈正比关系。应用体内扩散盒血浆凝块培养技术测定了整体照射条件下豚鼠骨髓CFU-C 和 CFU-E 的辐射敏感性,它们的 D_0值分别为84.2和67.6拉德。     

乳酸杆菌S-层蛋白对鼠伤寒沙门氏菌黏附及入侵Caco-2细胞的拮抗作用

【目的】对嗜酸乳杆菌的S-层蛋白(S-layer protein)进行提纯,研究嗜酸乳酸杆菌和S-层蛋白对鼠伤寒沙门氏菌黏附和入侵的拮抗作用。【方法】应用阴离子交换柱(DE52)对嗜酸乳酸杆菌的S-层蛋白进行提纯,然后分别研究了嗜酸乳酸杆菌和S-层蛋白对鼠伤寒沙门氏菌黏附及入侵Caco-2细胞的作用。【结果】S-层蛋白能显著地抑制鼠伤寒沙门氏菌的黏附及入侵;在竞争、排斥、置换3种黏附试验中,S-层蛋白可显著降低鼠伤寒沙门氏菌的黏附,其相对黏附力分别为1.17%±5.97%、8.71%±1.36%、10.56%±0.92%,差异极显著(p0.01),其中竞争试验效果最好;并且S-层蛋白对鼠伤寒沙门氏菌黏附抑制作用极显著高于嗜酸乳酸杆菌(p0.01);此外,S-层蛋白也能显著抑制鼠伤寒沙门氏菌入侵。【结论】乳酸杆菌S-层蛋白对鼠伤寒沙门氏菌可产生显著的拮抗作用,这可能与S-层蛋白和鼠伤寒沙门氏菌的宿主黏附受体存在竞争作用有关;提示乳酸杆菌S-层蛋白可用于预防和治疗鼠伤寒沙门氏菌感染,并有望成为抗生素的替代品。     

机械应力影响鼠骨髓基质细胞骨保护素/NF-κB受体活化剂配体mRNA表达变化

骨保护素/NF-κB受体活化剂配体/NF-κB受体活化剂(OPG/RANKL/RANK)系统对破骨细胞生成、功能起着关键的作用,它的发现是骨生理代谢研究领域的重大进展。为研究生理性机械应力对鼠骨髓基质细胞OPG/RANKLmRNA表达变化的影响,进一步探讨机械应力对破骨细胞的影响机制,通过对鼠骨髓基质细胞施加不同时段的生理性的机械应力,并以RT-PCR半定量的方法检测OPG/RANKLmRNA表达变化趋势。结果显示随着加力时间的延长(6h后)RANKLmRNA表达减少34.4%,而OPGmRNA(9h后)表达增加73%,提示生理性应力能显著影响鼠骨髓基质细胞OPG/RANKLmRNA表达变化,从而在一定程度上阐明了生理性应力延缓骨质吸收的内在机制。     

促肾上腺皮质激素释放激素及去甲肾上腺素对高原鼠兔体液免疫的抑制作用

采用第三脑室注入CRF 及N E 的方法观察对高原鼠兔(Ochotona curzoniae) 体液免疫的影响。结果表明: 第三脑室注入CRF 1 Lg 可抑制抗体生成, 比对照下降29.2%(P<0.01) , 而在第三脑室注入CRF 受体阻断剂α-helical CRF2 (9-41) 50 Lg 后再注入CRF 1 Lg 则可取消CRF 对抗体生成的抑制作用; 第三脑室注入5 nM NE, 与对照相比, 抗体水平下降38.85%(P < 0.01) , 而使用62OHDA 损毁脑内交感神经系统则使抗体水平升高24.31% (P <0.01)。这些结果表明, 高原鼠兔中枢CRF 升高对体液免疫有抑制作用, 中枢交感神经系统对体液免疫也具有紧张性抑制作用。     

Recent advances in the study of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication and pathogenesis

It has now been over twenty years since a novel herpesviral genome was identified in Kaposi's sarcoma biopsies. Since then, the cumulative research effort by molecular biologists, virologists, clinicians, and epidemiologists alike has led to the extensive characterization of this tumor virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus(KSHV; also known as human herpesvirus 8(HHV-8)), and its associated diseases. Here we review the current knowledge of KSHV biology and pathogenesis, with a particular emphasis on new and exciting advances in the field of epigenetics. We also discuss the development and practicality of various cell culture and animal model systems to study KSHV replication and pathogenesis.     

The structure, reproduction and taxonomy of Vidalia and Osmundaria (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae)

Comprises species occurring mostly in subtidal habitats in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate areas of the world. An analysis of the type species, V. spiralis (Sonder) Lamouroux ex J. Agardh, a species from Australia, establishes basic characters for distinguishing species in the genus. These characters are (1) branching patterns of thalli, (2) flat blades that may be spiralled on their axis, (3) width of the blade, (4) primary or secondary derivation of sterile and fertile branchlets and (5) position of sterile and fertile branchlets on the thalli. Application of the latter two characters provides an important basic method for separation of species into three major groups. Osmundaria , a genus known only in southern Australia, was studied in relation to Vidalia , and its separation from the Vidalia assemblage is not accepted. Species of Vidalia therefore are transferred to the older genus name, Osmundaria. Two new species, Osmundaria papenfussii and Osmundaria oliveae are described from Natal. Confusion in the usage of the epithet, Vidalia fimbriala Brown ex Turner has been clarified, and Vidalia gregaria Falkenberg, described as an epiphyte on Osmundaria pro/ifera Lamouroux, is revealed to be young branches of the host, Osmundaria prolifera.     

New or rare chromosome counts in Artemisia L. (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) and related genera from Kazakhstan

Fifteen chromosome counts of six Artemisia taxa and one species of each of the genera Brachanthemum, Hippolytia, Kaschgaria, Lepidolopsis and Turaniphytum are reported from Kazakhstan. Three of them are new reports, two are not consistent with previous counts and the remainder are confirmations of very scarce (one to four) earlier records. All the populations studied have the same basic chromosome number, x = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 6x. Some correlations between ploidy level, morphological characters and distribution are noted.     

肝癌中HBV和HCV基因和抗原的分布及意义

采用原位分子杂交方法检测HCV RNA及HBV X基因;采用免疫组织化学方法研究HCV核心抗原,非结构区C33c抗原及HBxAg在肝细胞肝癌中的定位及分布.结果表明(1)HCV RNA、HBV X基因在肝细胞肝癌组织检出率分别为40%(55/136)和82%(112/136).HCV RNA定位于癌细胞的胞浆内,阳性细胞呈散在、灶状及弥漫分布三种形式;HBV X基因在肝癌细胞中的分布呈胞浆型、核型及核浆型,阳性细胞也呈上述三种分布形式;(2)HCV C33c抗原、核心抗原在肝细胞肝癌中的阳性率为81%(133/164)及86%(141/164).C33c抗原定位于癌细胞及肝细胞的胞浆内;核心抗原既定位于癌细胞核中,又可定位于胞浆中.C33c抗原阳性细胞以灶状分布为主;而核心抗原阳性细     

Selection with two alleles and complete dominance

For a plant selection model with frequency-independent viabilities, fertilities and selfing rates, it is shown that apart from global fixation, for certain parameter combinations a protected polymorphism and facultative fixation (either allele may become fixed according to initial frequencies) may both occur. Facultative fixation requires different selling rates for the dominant and recessive type. Protection of the polymorphism requires resource allocation for male and female function. In this connection the problem of purely genetically caused population extinction is discussed.
For general frequency dependence and regular segregation, the chances for establishment of a completely recessive gene are compared to those of a completely dominant gene. It is proven that the process of establishment of the recessive gene, despite a fitness advantage, may be considerably endangered by drift effects if random mating prevails. The recessive gene may reach the same effectivity in establishment as a dominant gene, only if the recessive homozygote mates exclusively with its own type during the period of establishment.