基因枪法将GAI基因导入巴西橡胶的研究

为了探讨利用基因工程技术进行橡胶树品质改良的可行性,用基因枪轰击巴西橡胶(Hevea brasiliensis)愈伤组织,将GAI矮化基因导入橡胶受体中,通过50mg L-1卡那霉素筛选鉴定,优化了基因枪法转化橡胶的各种参数。结果表明,DNA金弹与靶细胞的距离为9cm,每皿轰击一次时,胚状体诱导率可以达到1.87%。经过GUS组织染色和PCR扩增鉴定,初步确定GAI基因已经整合到橡胶基因组中。     

巴西橡胶树HbAIH基因的克隆及表达分析

鲱精胺亚胺水解酶(Agmatine iminohydrolase,AIH)是植物通过精氨酸途径合成多胺过程中的重要酶之一。本研究首次从巴西橡胶树中克隆了AIH基因HbAIH。序列分析结果表明HbAIH全长1 462 bp,开放阅读框长为1 137 bp,编码378个氨基酸。预测 HbAIH 蛋白的分子量是42.28 kD,等电点为5.09,是一个亲水性蛋白。氨基酸相似性比对结果表明HbAIH与大戟科木薯MeAIH、蓖麻RcAIH和麻风树JcAIH等具有很高相似性,且含有植物AIH中高度保守的与酶活性位点形成和参与底物结合的11个氨基酸位点。qRT-PCR 分析表明,HbAIH表达无组织特异性,在雌花中表达量最高,树皮、茎尖、胶乳、叶片和雄花中表达量依次降低。HbAIH在不同发育时期叶片中的表达存在变化,稳定期表达量最低,淡绿期最高,说明HbAIH可能参与橡胶树叶片发育过程。此外,低温、干旱、高盐、过氧化氢、乙烯利、茉莉酸甲酯处理以及橡胶树死皮的发生均能引起HbAIH表达变化。这些结果说明HbAIH可能参与了橡胶树生长发育、产排胶调控及逆境应答过程。     

巴西橡胶树环锌指蛋白基因克隆及其分子特性

在先前的研究中通过抑制缩减杂交获得了一个在巴西橡胶树胶乳中特异表达的片段（HbSSH10）,该片段含有“RING finger”或“C3HC4”保守序列。根据HbSSH10的序列信息设计引物并通过3’-RACE和5＇-RACE的方法,获得了一个全长的cDNA（HbRZF）。该cDNA含有589个核苷酸,含有完整的阅读框架,编码156个氨基酸。从它推导出的氨基酸序列中含有“RING finger”或“C3HC4”保守区（氨基酸100～144）。该氨基酸序列与Poncirus trifoliata、Arabidopsis thaliana和Thellungiella halophila的环锌指蛋白的同源性分别为48％、52％和50％。Northern杂交分析表明HbRZF在胶乳中大量表达,在叶片中微量表达,而在根和花中几乎没有表达。茉莉酸处理可以诱导胶乳中HbRZF的表达,而乙烯对胶乳中HbRZF的表达基本上没有影响。     

巴西橡胶树顺式异戊烯基转移酶基因cDNA克隆及其序列特征分析

以巴西橡胶树(Hevea brasiliensis)胶乳的RNA为Tester;叶片RNA为Driver,利用抑制消减杂交法(suppressive subtractive hybridization,SSH)构建了一个胶乳特异表达基因差减文库.通过反式Northern点杂交(reverse Northern dot blots)筛选到一个与顺式异戊烯基转移酶基因(橡胶生物合成的关键酶基因)高度同源的阳性克隆R363.采用RACE方法获得该克隆的全长cDNA(GenBank登陆号:AY461414).序列分析表明,该基因长1156 bp,含有873 bp的阅读框,编码290个氨基酸,分子量约为32.9 kD,等电点为7.2,含有N-端跨膜螺旋区.同源性分析表明R363编码的蛋白质具有异戊烯基转移酶家族的特征,含有cis-异戊烯基链转移酶的5个高度保守区,推测R363可能是一种新的顺式-异戊烯基转移酶基因.Northern blot分析显示,R363在胶乳中高度表达,在叶中不表达.乙烯处理前后表达强度一致,表明该基因表达不为乙烯所诱导.     

乙烯利诱导胶乳基因HbEtIe的克隆与表达分析

在成功构建巴西橡胶树(Hevea brasiliensis)胶乳差异表达cDNA消减文库的基础上,利用RACE技术成功克隆了一个新的乙烯利诱导表达胶乳基因HbEtIe。分析表明,该基因含有1个158 bp的内含子和2个长度分别为92 bp和178 bp的外显子;cDNA全长551 bp,包含1个270 bp的完整阅读框,174 bp的3′-UTR和107 bp的5′-UTR,推导氨基酸序列中含有一个未知功能结构域DUF581。HbEtIe基因在乙烯利刺激条件下的胶乳中特异性表达并受到乙烯利的调控,其表达量随处理时间的延长而增强。HbEtIe基因与拟南芥衰老相关基因SAG102具有较高的同源性暗示,HbEtIe可能参与了乙烯利诱导巴西橡胶树乳管衰老的分子调控。     

巴西橡胶树一个编码含有C2结构域蛋白cDNA的克隆及表达分析

本研究根据从巴西橡树胶乳cDNA文库中获得的一个EST片段的序列信息设计引物,通过RACE的方法获得了橡胶树编码含有C2结构域蛋白的cDNA(命名为HbC2)。序列分析表明,HbC2长为1185bp,含有813bp的阅读框,140bp的5'-UTR和232bp的3'-UTR,编码270个氨基酸,分子量为30.9KD,等电点为6.29,含有保守的C2结构域。半定量RT-PCR分析表明HbC2在花、芽、叶、胶乳和树皮中都有表达,其中在胶乳中表达量最高。茉莉酸可抑制HbC2的表达,乙烯对HbC2的表达没有影响。此研究为进一步研究C2蛋白基因在橡胶树中的生物学功能奠定基础。     

Glycolipid composition of Hevea brasiliensis latex

Glycolipids of fresh latex from three clones of Hevea brasiliensis were characterized and quantified by HPLC/ESI-MS. Their fatty acyl and sterol components were further confirmed by GC/MS after saponification. The four detected glycolipid classes were steryl glucosides (SG), esterified steryl glucosides (ESG), monogalactosyl diacylglycerols (MGDG) and digalactosyl diacylglycerols (DGDG). Sterols in SG, ESG and total latex unsaponifiable were stigmasterol, β-sitosterol and Δ⁵-avenasterol. The latter was found instead of fucosterol formerly described. Galactolipids were mainly DGDG and had a fatty acid composition different from that of plant leaves as they contained less than 5% C18:3. Glycolipids, which represented 27–37% of total lipids, displayed important clonal variations in the proportions of the different fatty acids. ESG, MGDG and DGDG from clone PB235 differed notably by their higher content in furan fatty acid, which accounted for more than 40% of total fatty acids. Clonal variation was also observed in the relative proportions of glycolipid classes except MGDG (8%), with 43–51% DGDG, 30–34% SG and 7–19% ESG. When compared with other plant cell content, the unusual glycolipid composition of H. brasiliensis latex may be linked to the peculiar nature of this specialized cytoplasm expelled from laticiferous system, especially in terms of functional and structural properties.     

巴西橡胶树液泡ATP酶F亚基基因克隆及表达

根据筛选文库时获得的EST序列信息,利用RACE技术分离了一个巴西橡胶树ATP酶 F亚基基因,命名为HbVHA-F.结果显示,该基因cDNA全长658 bp,含有完整的阅读框架,编码130个氨基酸.序列比对及结构预测分析表明,HbVHA-F编码的氨基酸序列与杨树、水稻、黄麻、小麦和香蕉中相应基因氨基酸序列的一致性分别达到88.46%、86.15%、84.62%、83.85%和74.62%,与杨树一致性最高,并与其他高等植物聚为一类.半定量RT-PCR分析显示,割胶(机械伤害)和乙烯利能够诱导HbVHA-F基因的表达.HbVHA-F基因可能通过转录表达调节参与了乙烯利刺激橡胶树增产的分子调控.     

一个巴西橡胶树钙调素基因假基因的识别

以巴西橡胶树(Hevea brasiliensis)基因组DNA为模板,根据胶乳钙调素基因HbCaM序列设计引物,利用PCR方法克隆获得了1 319 bp和447 bp的两个DNA片段.序列分析表明,1 319 bp的DNA长片段为胶乳钙调素基因HbCaM的DNA片段,含有两个外显子(77 bp和373 bp)和1个内含子(869 bp),包含了HbCaM cDNA编码区447 bp的全部序列;447 bp的DNA小片段与HbCaM cDNA核苷酸序列同源性高达98%,ORF分析发现,位于406?bp处的碱基C突变为T,即三联体密码CAG突变为终止子TAG使翻译提前终止,其余5个差异碱基都不影响或改变正常的翻译.推测此447 bp的DNA片段为巴西橡胶树钙调素HbCaM基因的假基因,命名为HbCaMP1.     

橡胶树胞质型谷胱甘肽还原酶基因的克隆与表达分析

根据橡胶树GR1基因（Hb GR1）部分序列设计特异引物,运用RACE和RT-PCR技术克隆Hb GR1全长c DNA序列;运用DNAMAN、MEGA 6.06、Prot Param及Signal P 4.1 Server等生物信息学软件对Hb GR1序列、GR1系统进化关系及Hb GR1的基本理化性质和亚细胞定位等进行分析;利用实时荧光定量PCR技术研究Hb GR1的表达模式;构建原核表达载体p EASYE1-Hb GR1,并将其转入大肠杆菌BL21（DE3）,用IPTG诱导融合蛋白原核表达。获得2 082 bp的Hb GR1全长c DNA,其中5′非编码区293 bp,3′非编码区298 bp,开放阅读框长1 491 bp,共编码496个氨基酸,其编码的蛋白分子质量约为53.68 k Da,理论等电点p I为6.18。序列分析发现Hb GR1无信号肽,在氨基酸水平上与其他植物GR1具有很高的同源性,包含植物GR典型的NADH结合结构域、二聚体结构域和高度保守的GGTCV[I/L]RGCVPKK[I/L]LVY基序。对植物GR进行系统进化分析表明,Hb GR1属于双子叶植物GR分枝,与同属大戟科的蓖麻亲缘关系最近。实时荧光定量PCR结果表明Hb GR1在橡胶树胶乳、叶片、树皮和花中均表达;Hb GR1表达受死皮、乙烯、茉莉酸、过氧化氢和伤害调控。SDS-PAGE电泳结果表明重组质粒p EASY-E1-Hb GR1在大肠杆菌BL21（DE3）中有效表达一个分子量约为55 k Da的融合蛋白。     

Lipids of Hevea brasiliensis and Euphorbia coerulescens

The low MW lipids identified in the latices of Hevea brasiliensis and Euphorbia coerulescens were as follows: 2-methylcyclobutanone; 2-methyl-2-hydroxycyclobutanone; 2-methylcyclobutanol; euphol; euphorbol; and tirucallol.     

Xylem conduction and cavitation in Hevea brasiliensis

Clones of Hevea were studied in an attempt to discover the reasonsfor differences in the hydraulic performance of xylem. Differencesbetween clones were determined, including hydraulic conductivityand conduit width and length distributions. However, it hasproved difficult to reconcile anatomical differences with physiologicalperformance for use in future plant breeding programmes. When leaf relative water content (RWC) had been reduced fromabout 95% to 85%, the hydraulic conductivity of petioles decreasedsharply to about 40% of the initial value. This value correspondedwith xylem sap tensions of 1.8–2.0 MPa. Acoustic detectionexperiments revealed that this reduction in hydraulic conductivitycoincided with the greatest occurrence of cavitation. It seemsinescapable that the reduction in hydraulic conductivity wascaused by embolization; thereafter gas bubbles blocked the flowof water inside many of the conduits. There was some indicationthat eventually such bubbles might be dissolved, because thehydraulic conductivity increased again if specimens were fullyrehydrated. Apparently, the incidence of cavitation coincides with the entryof gas bubbles via ultramicroscopic pores into the conduitsthrough the walls according to the air-seeding hypothesis. Whena petiolate leaf is tested in a pressure chamber it is impossibleto make satisfactory measurements of a balancing pressure beyondc. 1.8–2.0 MPa, because air bubbles, mixed with sap andescaping from the conduits, form a persistent froth. Xylem transportin Hevea seems to be disrupted relatively easily under waterstress which is a feature of other tropical species adaptedto rainforest–type environments Key words: Hevea, xylem, cavitation, conduit, hydraulic conductivity     

巴西橡胶树的组织培养

介绍了上世纪70年代以来巴西橡胶树的组织培养,包括花药培养、未授粉胚珠和子房培养、茎尖及嫩茎培养、悬浮细胞和原生质体培养,以及体细胞植株的克隆增殖的研究进展.并探讨其存在的问题以及未来的发展方向.     

橡胶树两个品种的核型分析

热研7-33-97（Hevea brasiliensis,热研7-33-97）和RRIM600（Hevea brasiliensis,RRIM600）都是大规模推广种植的优良橡胶树品种,对其核型研究在橡胶树育种中有着重要的意义。采用去壁低渗方法对热研7-33-97和橡胶栽培品系RRIM600的染色体数目与核型进行了研究。结果表明：热研7-33-97的染色体核型公式为2n=36=34m（4sat）＋2sm,核型为2B型。RRIM600的染色体核型公式为2n=36=28m（4sat）＋8sm,核型为2B型。热研7-33-97和RRIM600的核型在进化上属于比较原始的类型。该研究可为橡胶树育种、种质资源鉴定及基因定位提供细胞学基础。     

Occurrence of the cyanogen linustatin in Hevea brasiliensis

During seedling development ofHevea brasiliensis the cyanogenic diglucoside linustatin is exuded from the endosperm. These data support the hypothesis, that the stored cyanogenic monoglucoside linamarin is glucosylated to linustatin during mobilization of the cyanogenic glucosides.