污染作物籽实中As的分布及其结合形态初探

对水稻和小麦籽实中Ａｓ的分布,结合形态及加工去除进行了初步研究,结果表明,Ａｓ在谷物各结构部位中的分布不均,在水稻籽实中浓度分布顺序为胚〉种皮〉颖壳〉胚乳,小麦中Ａｓ的浓度分布顺序为胚〉种皮〉胚乳;Ａｓ在各形态部位的累积量不同,主要存留在胚乳中;Ａｓ主要与蛋白质相结合的形态存在;在稻谷去颖壳、粗米糠和精米糠的过程中,可分别去除Ａｓ１６．５１％、１２．４１％和１０．２６％,小麦也随着加工深度的升级,     

可食植物中砷赋存形态研究进展

砷是环境中普遍存在的一种化学元素,近年来日益严重的砷污染问题在世界范围内受到高度重视,我国目前已经成为世界卫生组织(WHO)列出的砷污染最严重的国家和地区之一.经口摄入是外界砷进入人体并累积产生生物毒性的主要途径.可食植物是人类饮食结构中不可缺少的部分,食品总砷含量并不能完全决定其毒性大小,砷的赋存形态与其生物毒性密切相关,无机砷已被确认为致癌物质.本文主要综述了不同种类可食植物中砷形态的分析方法,以及砷的主要赋存形态及其生物毒性.     

稻麦轮作下水稻土重金属形态特征及其生物有效性

在成都平原稻麦轮作下86个土样中重金属全量和各形态含量分析的基础上,采集分析相应点位上种植的主要粮食作物小麦和水稻籽粒的重金属含量,通过描述性统计分析、相关性分析及线性回归方程的模拟,研究了土壤中重金属的形态分布特征及其生物有效性。统计分析结果表明：土壤中Cr、Cu、Pb、Zn各形态含量的分配顺序为：残渣态〉有机物结合态〉铁锰氧化物结合态〉碳酸盐结合态〉可交换态,而Cd各形态含量的分配顺序为：铁锰氧化物结合态〉残渣态〉碳酸盐结合态〉有机物结合态〉可交换态。若以活性态（非残渣态含量）而论,Cd的活性最高,Cr的活性最低。除Cr外,各元素全量与各活性形态之间的关系较为密切。土壤中全Cd含量与4种活性形态Cd含量间的相关性均达极显著水平;Cu、Zn全量分别与其铁锰氧化物和有机物结合态含量,Pb全量分别与其可交换态和铁锰氧化物含量间的相关系数达显著或极显著水平。用卫生部颁布的食品中重金属限量卫生标准评价稻麦籽粒重金属累积情况,其结果表明,小麦籽粒（旱作）中的Cd、Cr、Cu、Pb分别超标14.71%、8.70%、6.50%和17.40%,而水稻籽粒（水作）仅有Pb和Cd含量超标10.90%和8.70%。不同形态重金属对水稻和小麦籽粒中重金属累积的影响效应不同,从多元线性回归方程的回归系数来看：稻一麦籽粒中Cd含量受到土壤中各活性形态Cd含量的影响。除铁锰氧化态Cd和有机物结合态Cd含量分别对小麦和水稻籽粒中Cd的累积表现出负效应外,其余均为正效应。可交换态Cu含量对稻-麦籽粒Cu累积的效应最大,其次受碳酸盐结合态Cu含量的影响。稻一麦籽粒Pb含量的累积受土壤各活性态Pb含量影响效应的差异不甚明显。稻-麦籽粒Zn含量与土壤各活性态Zn含量间无显著线性关系。     

土壤溶液中的砷及其与水稻生长效应的关系

通过盆栽试验和土壤中砷的吸附试验,探讨了砷在土壤溶液中的氧化－还原行为和溶解行为,并初步揭示了不同价态砷对水稻毒性差异的机理,以及土壤ｐＨ对砷的吸附作用和毒害作用的影响。     

淹水-控温模式下砷污染水稻土溶液中砷形态的变化

以水稻种植区的砷污染土壤为研究对象,采用高效液相色谱(HPLC)-电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)联用分析测试系统,研究了不同培养温度(5、27和50℃)对灭菌和不灭菌的土壤淹水后其溶液中砷赋存形态变化的影响.结果表明:在土壤溶液中检测到的砷形态只有无机三价砷(AsⅢ)、无机五价砷(Asv)和有机的二甲基砷(DMAv),未检测到单甲基砷(MMAv)的存在;在不同控温条件下随淹水时间的延长,AsⅢ逐渐转变为砷的主要赋存形态,平均比例约为64％;Asv次之,约占35％,DMAv的含量相对最低,约占1％;土壤灭菌与否对土壤溶液中五价砷的水平没有明显影响,但明显影响了五价砷的还原和促进了无机三价砷的甲基化,并且灭菌的促进效果随着淹水及培养时间的延长而逐渐降低;50℃、淹水23 d时,灭菌土壤溶液中DMAv浓度最高,为23.7 ng·mL-1,这说明灭菌土壤中残留的某些嗜热微生物成为优势菌群并促进了土壤溶液中砷的甲基化.结合水稻生长的实际环境条件对该研究结果进行分析,培养温度27℃淹水23 d后不灭菌的自然土壤溶液中砷浓度处于较低水平,因此在砷污染的水稻种植区建议采用短周期干湿交替的水分管理模式,在保障产量的情况下可尽量降低土壤溶液中砷的水平.     

外源磷对苗期小麦和水稻根际砷形态及其生物有效性的影响

采用土(中度砷污染土)-土根袋培养的方法研究了两个浓度的外源磷(P)对苗期小麦和水稻根际砷(As)形态分布及其生物有效性的影响.结果表明:(1)两种作物生长的土壤中各砷形态的分配比例依次为:结晶铁锰或铁铝水化氧化物结合态(45%～52%)＞无定形和弱结晶铁铝或铁锰水化氧化物结合态(26%～34%)＞专性吸附态(12%～14%)＞残渣态(4%～7%)＞非专性吸附态(0.09%～0.25%).(2)添加外源磷浓度为100 mg·kg-1与不施磷处理相比显著提高了两种作物地上部的生物量(p＜0.01).(3)苗期小麦在添加100 mg·kg-1外源磷时,不仅促进了作物生长而且抑制根中砷向地上部的转运.(4)任何磷处理下,水稻对砷的吸收能力以及由根系向地上部转移能力均高于小麦.因此,在轻中度砷污染土壤上与水稻相比更适宜种植小麦(或其他旱作植物);而在水稻种植季,可以通过添加适量磷肥(100 mg·kg-1)来减弱砷在水稻体内的累积.     

食品中重金属的存在形态及其与毒性的关系

简要介绍了近年来有关食品中重金属形态及其毒性关系的研究进展,归纳了食品中重金属的化学形态特征、不同类型食品中重金属的存在形态、食品中重金属形态与生物有效性和毒性的关系,以及该领域中急需研究解决的问题．     

淹水-控温模式下砷污染水稻土溶液中砷形态的变化

以水稻种植区的砷污染土壤为研究对象,采用高效液相色谱(HPLC)-电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)联用分析测试系统,研究了不同培养温度(5、27和50 ℃)对灭菌和不灭菌的土壤淹水后其溶液中砷赋存形态变化的影响.结果表明： 在土壤溶液中检测到的砷形态只有无机三价砷(As^Ⅲ)、无机五价砷(As^V)和有机的二甲基砷(DMA^V),未检测到单甲基砷(MMA^V)的存在;在不同控温条件下随淹水时间的延长,As^Ⅲ逐渐转变为砷的主要赋存形态,平均比例约为64%;As^V次之,约占35%,DMA^V的含量相对最低,约占1%;土壤灭菌与否对土壤溶液中五价砷的水平没有明显影响,但明显影响了五价砷的还原和促进了无机三价砷的甲基化,并且灭菌的促进效果随着淹水及培养时间的延长而逐渐降低;50 ℃、淹水23 d时,灭菌土壤溶液中DMA^V浓度最高,为23.7 ng·mL^-1,这说明灭菌土壤中残留的某些嗜热微生物成为优势菌群并促进了土壤溶液中砷的甲基化.结合水稻生长的实际环境条件对该研究结果进行分析,培养温度27 ℃淹水23 d后不灭菌的自然土壤溶液中砷浓度处于较低水平,因此在砷污染的水稻种植区建议采用短周期干湿交替的水分管理模式,在保障产量的情况下可尽量降低土壤溶液中砷的水平.     

水稻生殖突变体的外观形态特征研究

通过对3种水稻生殖突变体材料的外观形态进行观察后发现,FM1突变体植株不能由营养生长转入生殖生长,一直保持营养生长状态;FM2突变体植株不能分化发育出小穗,只能在进入生殖生长后分化出穗枝梗;FM3突变体植株在生殖生长过程中不能分化出正常小穗,其疑花内部的雌蕊和雄蕊明显退化。已经证实这3种生殖突变性体植株都不能产生有性生殖后代,只能通过群体内的显性杂合体分离出隐性突变体植株。     

AM真菌对蜈蚣草根围土壤砷形态及其砷吸收的影响

为探明AM真菌对蜈蚣草Pteris vittata根围土壤砷形态及其吸收砷的效应,采用盆栽实验,接种摩西管柄囊霉Funneliformis mosseae(Fm)、幼套近明球囊霉Claroideoglomus etunicatum(Ce)和变形球囊霉Glomus versiforme(Gv)。实验结果表明:接种Ce处理对蜈蚣草根围p H影响不显著,但提高了根围土壤中非专性吸附态砷、结晶水合铁铝氧化物结合态砷比例,分别达35%和13%,同时降低了无定形和弱结晶水合铁铝氧化物结合态砷、残渣态砷比例,分别达3%和11%。蜈蚣草生物量及其体内砷浓度分别提高了111%和15%。研究表明接种Fm或Ce处理相比接种Gv处理对提高根围土壤中弱吸附态砷比例或降低较强吸附态砷比例的效果更好。而与接种Fm和Gv处理相比,接种Ce处理对提高蜈蚣草生物量及砷浓度、砷累积量的效果更显著。接种Ce可显著提高蜈蚣草对砷的提取效率,研究结果为蜈蚣草-AM真菌联合修复As污染土壤提供了技术指导。     

Multiple forms of Vicia faba α-galactosidases and their relationships

Three highly purified α-galactosidases, I, II¹ and II² have been isolated from resting Vicia faba seeds. Form I (MW 160 000) is a tetrame     

Influence of sulphur on arsenic accumulation and metabolism in rice seedlings

The influence of sulphur on the accumulation and metabolism of arsenic in rice was investigated. Rice seedlings were grown in nutrient solutions with low sulphate (1.8 μM SO₄²⁻) or high sulphate (0.7 mM SO₄²⁻) for 12 or 14 d, before being exposed to 10 μM arsenite or arsenate for 2 or 1 d, respectively. In the arsenite exposure treatment, low sulphate-pretreated rice accumulated less arsenite than high sulphate pretreated plants, but the arsenite concentrations in shoots of low sulphate pretreated rice were higher than those of high sulphate pretreated. In the arsenate exposure treatment, the low sulphate pre-treatments also resulted in less arsenite accumulation in rice roots. Sulphur deprivation in nutrient solution decreased the concentrations of non-protein thiols in rice roots exposed to either arsenite or arsenate. The low sulphate-pretreated plants had a higher arsenic transfer factor than the high sulphate-pretreated plants. The results suggest that rice sulphate nutrition plays an important role in regulating arsenic translocation from roots to shoots, possibly through the complexation of arsenite-phytochelatins.     

The role of protein binding of trivalent arsenicals in arsenic carcinogenesis and toxicity

Three of the most plausible biological theories of arsenic carcinogenesis are protein binding, oxidative stress and altered DNA methylation. This review presents the role of trivalent arsenicals binding to proteins in arsenic carcinogenesis. Using vacuum filtration based receptor dissociation binding techniques, the lifetimes of unidentate (<1s), bidentate (1-2min) and tridentate (1-2h) arsenite containing peptide binding complexes were estimated. According to our experimental data some of the protein targets to which arsenite may bind in vivo include tubulin, poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase (PARP-1), thioredoxin reductase, estrogen receptor-alpha, arsenic(+3)methyltransferase and Keap-1. Arsenite binding to tubulin can lead to several of the genetic effects observed after arsenic exposures (aneuploidy, polyploidy and mitotic arrests). Among many other possible arsenite binding sites are rat hemoglobin, the DNA repair enzyme xeroderma pigmentosum protein A (XPA), and other C2H2, C3H and C4 zinc finger proteins including members of the steroid receptor superfamily (e.g. glucocorticoid receptor). Macromolecules to which arsenite does not bind to include calf thymus DNA, mixed Type II-A histones and bovine H3/H4 histone. Although all six tested arsenicals released iron from ferritin, radioactive arsenite did not bind to the protein horse ferritin.     

Correlation between seed longevity and RNA integrity in the embryos of rice seeds

The mature embryos of rice seeds contain translatable mRNAs required for the initial phase of germination. To clarify the relationship between seed longevity and RNA integrity in embryos, germinability and stability of embryonic RNAs were analyzed using the seeds of japonica rice cultivars subjected to controlled deterioration treatment (CDT) or long periods of storage. Degradation of RNA from embryos of a japonica rice cultivar “Nipponbare” was induced by CDT before the decline of the germination rate and we observed a positive relationship between seed germinability and integrity of embryonic RNAs. Moreover, this relationship was confirmed in the experiments using aged seeds from the “Nipponbare”, “Sasanishiki” and “Koshihikari” rice cultivars. In addition, the RNA integrity number (RIN) values, calculated using electrophoresis data and Agilent Bioanalyzer software, had a positive correlation with germinability (R²=0.75). Therefore, the stability of embryonic RNAs required for germination is involved in maintaining seed longevity over time and RIN values can serve as a quantitative indicator to evaluate germinability in rice.     

Comparative proteomic study of arsenic-induced differentially expressed proteins in rice roots reveals glutathione plays a central role during As stress

While the phytotoxic responses of arsenic (As) on plants have been studied extensively, based on physiological and biochemical aspects, very little is known about As stress-elicited changes in plants at the proteome level. Hydroponically grown 2-wk-old rice seedlings were exposed to different doses of arsenate, and roots were collected after 4 days of treatment, as well as after a recovery period. To gain a comprehensive understanding of the precise mechanisms underlying As toxicity, metabolism, and the defense reactions in plants, a comparative proteomic analysis of rice roots has been conducted in combination with physiological and biochemical analyses. Arsenic treatment resulted in increases of As accumulation, lipid peroxidation, and in vivo H(2)O(2) contents in roots. A total of 23 As-regulated proteins including predicted and novel ones were identified using 2-DE coupled with MS analyses. The expression levels of S-adenosylmethionine synthetase (SAMS), GSTs, cysteine synthase (CS), GST-tau, and tyrosine-specific protein phosphatase proteins (TSPP) were markedly up-regulated in response to arsenate, whereas treatment by H(2)O(2) also regulated the levels of CS suggesting that its expression was certainly regulated by As or As-induced oxidative stress. In addition, an omega domain containing GST was induced only by arsenate. However, it was not altered by treatment of arsenite, copper, or aluminum, suggesting that it may play a particular role in arsenate stress. Analysis of the total glutathione (GSH) content and enzymatic activity of glutathione reductase (GR) in rice roots during As stress revealed that their activities respond in a dose-dependent manner of As. These results suggest that SAMS, CS, GSTs, and GR presumably work synchronously wherein GSH plays a central role in protecting cells against As stress.     

栽培稻种子含氮量的基因型差异

采用田间试验研究了421个常规籼稻、63个常规粳稻和82个籼型杂交稻品种种子含氮量的基因型差异。结果表明,栽培稻种子含氮量变幅在0.85%~2.55%,平均为1.39%。种子平均含氮量最高的是籼型杂交稻,高达1.46%,显著高于常规粳稻(1.39%)和常规籼稻(1.37%)。不同类型的栽培稻种子含氮量呈正态分布,但频数分布最高的区间存在一定的差异。以50%品种的种子含氮量(累积百分数从25%~75%)为依据,常规籼稻、常规粳稻、籼型杂交稻分别集中在1.21%~1.52%、1.21%~1.51%、1.36%~1.53%。LSR测验表明,籼型杂交稻极差显著小于常规籼稻和常规粳稻,但常规粳稻与常规籼稻的差异未达显著水平,即籼型杂交稻种子含氮量比常规籼稻和常规粳稻的分布更加集中。不同类型栽培稻内的种子含氮量极差较大,可分为若干组,且各组间达极显著差异。     

紫色土外源砷的形态分配与化学、生物有效性

采用盆栽试验与化学分析相结合的方法研究了外源As在酸性、中性、钙质紫色土中的形态分配及其化学、生物有效性特征.结果表明,土壤本底As68%～86%为残留态,外源As加入10d后50.2%～61.1%转化为残留态,至收获期(60d)仅增1%～2%.酸性紫色土中活性态As分配为:A(交换态)As>Al As>Fe As>Ca As;中性紫色土:A As>Al As>Ca As>Fe As;石灰性紫色土:A As>Ca As>Al As>Fe As.浸提剂HCl、NaHCO₃、NH₄Cl对土壤As的提取能力不同,与植物吸收As的相关性也有差异.NH₄Cl主要提取交换态As,对土壤As的原有形态影响最小,与植株吸收量呈极显著相关,可作为不同土壤有效As的通用浸提剂.多元回归表明,酸性紫色土决定植株吸As量的是Al As和Fe As,中性、石灰性紫色土为A As和Ca As.试验发现,Al As分级时存在F^-的干扰,1mol·L^-1H₃BO₃可有效掩蔽.     

转基因插入对水稻花粉活力和杂交结实的影响

以花粉活力和杂交结实率评价转基因插入对水稻品种异交潜力的影响.选用含bar、crylAb、BADH和Xa21等4种基因的5份转基因水稻品系研究转基因插入对转基因受体品种花粉离体萌发率的影响.结果表明,不同受体品种花粉离体萌发率差异显著;转基因水稻花粉离体萌发率在0.416～0.584间,与受体品种(0.004～0.574)相近;转基因品种与相应受体品种间花粉离体萌发率差异不显著.对所选配的26个人工杂交组合杂种结实调查表明,bar、crylAb基因的插入对受体品种杂交结实率影响显著,而Xa21基因的插入对受体品种杂交结实率影响较小;转基因水稻品种(花粉供体)与非转基因水稻品种的杂交结实率变幅为0.056～0.13,在受体品种(花粉供体)与非转基因水稻品种的杂交结实率范围(0.052～0.417)之内.本研究花粉离体萌发和杂交结实结果表明转基因的插入对水稻品种异交潜力的影响甚微.