A preliminary phylogenetic analysis of the New World Helopini (Coleoptera,Tenebrionidae, Tenebrioninae) indicates the need for profound rearrangements of the classification

Helopini is a diverse tribe in the subfamily Tenebrioninae with a worldwide distribution. The New World helopine species have not been reviewed recently and several doubts emerge regarding their generic assignment as well as the naturalness of the tribe and subordinate taxa. To assess these questions, a preliminary cladistic analysis was conducted with emphasis on sampling the genera distributed in the New World, but including representatives from other regions. The parsimony analysis includes 30 ingroup species from America, Europe and Asia of the subtribes Helopina and Cylindrinotina, plus three outgroups, and 67 morphological characters. Construction of the matrix resulted in the discovery of morphological character states not previously reported for the tribe, particularly from the genitalia of New World species. A consensus of the 12 most parsimonious trees supports the monophyly of the tribe based on a unique combination of characters, including one synapomorphy. None of the subtribes or the genera of the New World represented by more than one species (Helops Fabricius, Nautes Pascoe and Tarpela Bates) were recovered as monophyletic. Helopina was recovered as paraphyletic in relation to Cylindrinotina. One Nearctic species of Helops and one Palearctic species of Tarpela (subtribe Helopina) were more closely related to species of Cylindrinotina. A relatively derived clade, mainly composed by Neotropical species, was found; it includes seven species of Tarpela, seven species of Nautes, and three species of Helops, two Nearctic and one Neotropical. Our results reveal the need to deeply re-evaluate the current classification of the tribe and subordinated taxa, but a broader taxon sampling and further character exploration is needed in order to fully recognize monophyletic groups at different taxonomic levels (from subtribes to genera).     

Revision of the Protohermes changningensis species group from China (Megaloptera: Corydalidae: Corydalinae)

A new species group, the Protohermes changningensis group, of the dobsonfly genus Protohermes is established. Three species belonging to the new species group from China are described and illustrated, including one new species. Phylogenetic relationships among the species in this group and biogeography are discussed on the basis of a cladistic analysis using Hennig 86.     

Systematics of the Protohermes xanthodes species-group in eastern Asia (Megaloptera: Corydalidae)

A new species‐group of the dobsonfly genus Protohermes is proposed, the Protohermes xanthodes species‐group. Three species from eastern Asia belonging to the new species‐group are redescribed and illustrated. Phylogenetic relationships among the species in this group, as well as the biogeography of these species, are discussed on the basis of a cladistic analysis.     

Inter-generic variation in the male genitalia of the Braconinae (Insecta, Hymenoptera, Braconidae)

Male genitalia belonging to representatives of a total of 72 genera of Old and New World Braconinae have been examined by light and scanning electron microscopy. On the basis of features of the volsellae (setosity), the parameres (setosity), the digitus (number of teeth, shape) and basal ring (posterior extension) it was possible to identify certain generic groupings which support the general suprageneric divisions of the subfamily based on other taxonomic characters. The male genitalia are thus shown to provide a potentially useful new set of characters for the higher level classification of the braconine genera.     

Phylogeny of the World Anthophorini (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Apidae)

Abstract.  The phylogenetic relationships of members of the long-tongued bee tribe Anthophorini were investigated. Twenty-six ingroup taxa, representing all known genera and the most common subgenera of the Anthophorini, were included in a cladistic analysis of the tribe based on 51 morphological characters. The analysis yielded the generic relationships: (( Habrophorula , Elaphropoda ) ( Habropoda ( Deltoptila ( Pachymelus ( Amegilla , Anthophora ))))). The monophyly of the Anthophorini and each of its genera was confirmed. A second tribe, Habropodini, as postulated by some authors, is paraphyletic. On the basis of the results of the cladistic analysis and the biogeographical data of Anthophorini, an evolutionary scenario is postulated in which all genera of Anthophorini probably evolved in the Late Cretaceous, except Amegilla and Anthophora , which originated in the Oligocene. The northern part of south-east Asia (India to south-east China) is regarded as the most probable place of origin and radiation of the Anthophorini. The New World was probably colonized three times independently by Habropoda (upper Cretaceous to Tertiary), by an ancestral lineage of Deltoptila (upper Cretaceous to Tertiary) and by Anthophora (Tertiary to Quaternary).     

Phylogeny, classification, and biogeography of the cycloteline Therevinae (Insecta: Diptera: Thereavidae)

Twenty-one members of the Laurasian group of Therevinae (Diptera: Therevidae) are compared using 65 adult morphological characters. Cladistic analysis using parsimony on the 17 ingroup and 4 outgroup taxa provides a well-supported hypothesis of relationships among taxa within the Gyclotelini, tribe nov. The Cyclotelini is a monophyletic assemblage of mostly New World genera, including Anolinga , gen. nov. , Breviperna Irwin, Coleiana , gen. nov. , Crebraseta , gen. nov. , Cyclotelus Walker, Mesonana , gen.nov. , and Ozodiceromyia Bigot. In addition, three Old World genera, Ammothereva Lyneborg, Bugulaverpa , gen. nov. , and Procyclotelus Nagatomi & Lyneborg, are included in the tribe. These ten genera are divided into two monophyletic genus-groups, the Brevipema-group and the Cyclotelus-group. Keys are provided for the genera of Cyclotelini. The tribe, the two informal genus-groups, and all genera are diagnosed; five new genera and six new species are proposed. The biogeographical histories of the genera are discussed in terms of their cladistic relationships using methods of cladistic biogeography. Two major vicariant events account for the current distribution of the tribe. The first relates to the Beringian land bridge connecting western North America and eastern Asia. Second, New World cyclotelines were profoundly affected by the Early Eocene breakup of the archipelagic bridge between North and South America, and the distributions support the hypotheses favouring the continental origin of the Greater Antilles.     

小腹茧蜂亚科的雄外生殖器及族级单元系统发育的研究

对分布在东洋区和古北区的小腹茧蜂亚科 (膜翅目: 茧蜂科)21个属的67个种及外群折脉茧蜂属 (膜翅目: 茧蜂科) 2个种的雄外生殖器的5个性状进行了比较研究。在形态学研究的基础上,通过选用头部、胸部和腹部(包括雌雄外生殖器的性状) 等34个性状,运用支序分析的方法探讨了分布在东洋区和古北区的小腹茧蜂亚科21个属以及它们所属的族间的系统发育关系,并对Mason (1981) 的分类系统进行了重新评价。雄外生殖器和支序分析基本上证实并恢复了由Mason (1981) 确定的2个主要分支,即绒茧蜂族Apantelini+小腹茧蜂族Microgastrini和拱茧蜂族Fornicini+盘绒茧蜂族Cotesiini+侧沟茧蜂族MicroplitinI。绒茧蜂族Apantelini、拱茧蜂族Fornicini和侧沟茧蜂族Microplitini为单系群也被支持,但小腹茧蜂族Microgastrini和盘绒茧蜂族Cotesiini是否为单系群尚难于在树形图中体现,而且族内各属间的分支关系有变动。因此,尽管Mason的族级分类单元有一些欠缺,但仍是可信、实用的,不同意Walker等 (1990) 认为不应再使用Mason分族系统的观点。     

虎尾草亚科系统发育关系的初步研究

运用广义形态学性状对虎尾草亚科（Chloridoideae）进行系统发育分析。内类群包括虎尾草亚科52属的69种植物,代表虎尾草亚科的主要类群;芦竹亚科（Arundinoideae）扁芒草族（Danthonieae）的Centropodia和Danthonia被选作外类群。分支分析表明,虎尾草亚科是一个单系类群。其严格一致树包括A、B、C、D、E5个分支。两个大族画眉草族（Eragrostideae）和虎尾草族（Chlorideae）代表虎尾草亚科内部类群分化的两个方向,分开处理较合理。细穗草族（Leptureae）放到虎尾草族中较合理。冠芒草族（Pappophoreae）是虎尾草亚科的基部类群,与画眉草族近缘。我们的研究支持虎尾草亚科从旧世界向新世界扩散的地理分布假说,并提供了虎尾草亚科属上类群的系统发育关系的框架。     

狭义巨缘蝽族支序分析研究——以亚洲材料为研究对象(异翅亚目:缘蝽科)(英语)

此文以狭义巨缘蝽族的亚洲各属为基础,对该族进行了支序分析,结果表明,尽管它们外形诸多变异,但其外生殖器结构甚为一致,此类群为一单系群无疑.文中支序图表明肖采瑜定的奇缘蝽族为一并系群,应为巨缘蝽族之次异名.支序图还说明主要分布于非洲的安缘蝽属与亚洲各属形态上有较大差异.     

A CLADISTIC ANALYSIS OF THE MICTINI (S. STR.) BASED ON ASIATIC TAXA (HETEROPTERA: COREIDAE)

Abstract  A cladistic analysis of the Asiatic genera of Mictini (s. str.) is made in the present paper. The results indicate that this group is monophyletic and their genitalia structrues are very similar, in spite of their variegated external forms. Derepterini Hsiao is proved to be a paraphyletic group and its synonymy with Mictini (s. str.) is supported by the cladograms. The cladograms show that there are some major differences between the mainly African Anoplocnemis and the other Asiatic genera.     

The male genitalia in the subfamily Agathidinae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae): Morphological information of species on generic level

The morphology of the male genitalia of 46 Agathidinae species belonging to 20 genera has been investigated. Samples from various geographical regions were used to discover the evolution of the male genitalia within the subfamily Agathidinae. Those male genitalia may contain important phylogenetic information at least in certain groups of Braconidae. For the New World, three of four investigated species of Cremnops (C. haematodes, C. montrealensis and C. vulgaris) could suggest the form of the new genus with the other members of New World Cremnops, partly because of the deviating morphology of the male genitalia. Comparative morphology of the male genitalia of Bassus confirms that it is polyphyletic. The status of Lytopylus (L. erythrogaster) is again actualised. Once synonymised as Aerophilopsis, this species could be excluded from other Lytopylus species. The statistical analysis showed that smaller specimens (<6.67 mm) give less details on the morphology of the male genitalia comparing to larger.     

云南食植瓢虫族的系统位置及属间关系

本文对云南食植瓢虫族昆虫形态学,特别是跗爪基齿,上颚侧齿,雌、雄性外生殖器等性状的研究,讨论了本族的属间关系;应用分支系统学的原理和方法,对本族系统位置的研究进行了尝试。采用最大同步法对本族5个属8个性状状态进行了分支分析,其结果与传统分类结果有一定的差异。结论支持将食植瓢虫属分为3个亚属,其中2个为新亚属。     

Phylogenetic review of the Chinese species of Acanthacorydalis (Megaloptera, Corydalidae)

The dobsonfly genus Acanthacorydalis Weele is a small genus which only occurs in Asia and comprises eight species. Seven species are restricted to the Oriental realm, while A. orientalis (McLachlan) extends into the Palaearctic realm. There are five species in China, four of which are endemic. In the present paper, the Chinese species are redescribed, illustrated, keyed, and subjected to phylogenetic and biogeographical analyses for the first time. Geographic distributions are updated. The cladistic analysis for the Chinese species was constructed by using Hennig86, based on 17 adult morphological characters. The phylogenetic relationships obtained are ( A. orientalis + A. yunnanensis + A. unimaculata + ( A. fruhstorferi + A. sinensis )). Six areas of endemism are identified based on Acanthacorydalis distributions: north, south-west, central and south China, north-eastern India and northern Vietnam.     

A review of the Pterogeniidae (Goleoptera)

The Pterogeniidae, a family of beetles from Indoaustralia, are revised. They comprise five genera and 24 species. Three genera and 17 species are described as new and one species is synonymized. It is shown that the male and particularly the female genitalia provide useful means for species definition. The phylogenetic relationships are discussed based on a cladistic analysis of 23 morphological characters using PAUP. The analysis resulted in a single cladogram with following grouping: ( Kryptogenius + ( Tychogenius + ( Katagenius + ( Plerogenins + Histanocerus )))). For rooting the cladogram and polarizing the characters, Sivacrypticus indicus (Archeocrypticidae) was used as an outgroup. The majority of the species is restricted to insular tropical Asia and Oceania but four of them extend their range onto the Malayan Peninsula. Another four species are known only from continental Asia, i.e. two species from South India and one each from Malayan Peninsula and Vietnam respectively. Species of Kryptogenius, Pterogenius, Katagenius and Tychogenius are highly endemic and could therefore potentially be useful for analysing areas of endemism. For this, however, the cladistic relationships should be resolved at species level. Species of Histanocerus are more widely distributed but none is found on both sides of Wallace's line.     

Review of the systematics and phylogenetic relationships of the Sabethini (Diptera: Culicidae)

This paper reviews the historical treatment of the tribe Sabethini and genus-group taxa and examines the unusual life histories associated with the group. Although recognized by taxonomists as distinct, the taxonomic position of sabethines has been questioned and their rank within the family Culicidae unstable. In order to evaluate the current status of the classification of the tribe a cladistic analysis is performed. Thirty-seven taxa are selected from within the Sabethini and two outgroups were chosen from the tribe Aedini. Exemplars are selected from genus-group taxa world-wide and new and traditional character systems examined in larval, pupal and adult life stages. The results firmly establish the sabethines as a monophyletic group. However, the genera Runchomyia , Tripteroides and Wyeomyia are not demonstrably monophyletic. In addition, the data support the New World taxa as a monophyletic group to a paraphyletic assemblage of Old World taxa. The pattern displayed by the cladogram suggests the ability to vector arboviruses has arisen more than once in mosquitoes.     

Sequencing and analysis of the complete mitochondrial genome of the giant dobsonfly Acanthacorydalis orientalis(McLachlan)(Insecta:Megaloptera:Corydalidae)

The complete mitochondrial genome of Acanthacorydalis orientalis(McLachlan)was determined and analyzed(GenBank accession number:KF840564).This paper represents the first mitochondrial(mt) genome of the dobsonfly genus Acanthacorydalis.The mt genome is a typical circular DNA of 15 753 bp composed of 37 genes with an A+T content of 76.7%.It has an ancestral gene arrangement of the insect mt genomes.Eleven of the 13 PCGs start with codon ATT and ATG,while several exceptions such as ATA and TTG respectively for atpS and nad\ are also present.Five protein-coding genes end with a single T,while others have a termination codon of TAA or TAG.Most tRNAs are folded into the typical clover-leaf structure except for the trnS 1 whose dihydrouridine arm was a simple loop.The secondary structure of rrnl consists of five structural domains and 50 helices,while the rrns includes three domains and 34 helices.The control region has a stretches of Ts with a length of 22 bp but lacks obvious tandem repeat region.Both Bayesian inference and maximum likelihood(ML) analyses,based on all 13 protein-coding genes and two rRNA genes of the mt genomes,confirm the monophyly of Corydalinae and suggest that Acanthacorydalis,together with Corydalus,which is an endemic dobsonfly genus from the New World,belong to a monophyletic lineage.     

Diagnosis and phylogeny of the new world streptocephalidae (Branchiopoda: Anostraca)

We present an updated diagnosis of 13Streptocephalus species of North America. Three new species are included. A key to the species is provided.The phylogeny of the group is discussed on the basis of (1) a systematic approach (Maeda-Martinezet al., 1995; this volume), which considers the entire distal antennal outgrowth, the frontal appendage, and the morphology of the ovaries as essential in defining different genetic lineages or species-groups, and (2) a cladistic analysis. We suggest that of nine monophyletic groups, three are represented in both the Old and New World. Thus, contrary to former disparsalist hypotheses, we argue that the New World species represent relict forms of ancestral groups fragmented by continental drift (vicariance model).     

湘西峒河流域星齿蛉幼虫分子鉴定与体表呼吸结构观察

星齿蛉属Protohermes隶属于广翅目Megaloptera齿蛉科Corydalidae,是一类原始的完全变态昆虫,幼虫水生,常作为指示生物用于水质监测。本文对湘西峒河流域两种星齿蛉幼虫进行了分子鉴定和体表呼吸结构观测。结果表明两种星齿蛉幼虫COⅠ基因序列分别与花边星齿蛉Protohermes costalis和炎黄星齿蛉Protohermes xanthodes同源性较高;遗传距离分析和系统发育分析进一步证实两种星齿蛉幼虫分别属于花边星齿蛉和炎黄星齿蛉,分子鉴定结果与成虫形态鉴定结果一致。花边星齿蛉和炎黄星齿蛉幼虫体表呼吸结构气门、毛簇、气管鳃和臀足侧突均与气管相连,毛簇是主要的水下呼吸结构。本研究结果为峒河流域星齿蛉昆虫资源的保护和开发利用提供了科学数据。     

Suprageneric relationships of galliform birds (Aves, Galliformes): a cladistic analysis of morphological characters

Of the basal clades of extant birds (Neornithes) the 'landfowl' or galliforms (Aves, Galliformes) are the most speciose. Cladistic analysis of more than 100 morphological characters coded at the generic level for most putative galliform genera confirms that the megapodes ('mound builders'; Megapodiidae) are the most basal clade within the order. They are followed successively by the curassows, guans and chachalacas (Cracidae), which comprise the sister-group to all other extant Galliformes (i.e. Phasianoidea). Within this large 'phasianoid' clade, analyses suggest that the guineafowl (Numididae) are the most basal taxon, although monophyly of this 'family' is not strictly supported on the basis of the morphological characters employed. An additional major clade within the phasianoid Galliformes is recovered by this analysis, comprising the traditional groupings of New World quails (Odontophoridae) and Old World quails ('Perdicini'), yet only monophyly of the former is supported unambiguously by morphological characters. Relationships within the remainder of the phasianoid taxa, including the grouse (Tetraonidae), turkeys (i.e. Meleagris / Agriocharus spp.) as well as other 'pavonine' galliforms (i.e. peafowl; Pavo , Afropavo , Rheinardia , Argusianus and Polyplectron spp.) remain largely unresolved on the basis of morphological characters, yet monophyly of the major subdivisions is supported here. Although there are a number of important differences, especially with regard to relationships within the nonquail phasianoids, the results of this morphological phylogenetic (cladistic) analysis are broadly congruent both with traditional classifications and existing molecular hypotheses of galliform phylogenetic relationships.