Shell structure and affinities of the enigmatic Lower Ordovician articulate brachiopod Lycophoria Lahusen, 1886

Wright, A. D. 1992 04 15: Shell structure and affinities of the enigmatic Lower Ordovician articulate brachiopod Lycophoria Lahusen. 1886. Lethaia . Vol. 25, pp. 125–129. Oslo. ISSN 0024–1164.
The enigmatic Baltoscandian Lower Ordovician brachiopod Lycophoriu has a combination of morphological characters that makes it difficult to place taxonomically. The more recent assignments of the genus have been with the Porambonitacea, the Triplesiacea and the Orthacea. A basic character in articulate brachiopods is the differentiation of the secondary shell into either stacked fibres or laminar sheets. The hitherto unknown shell structure in Lycophoria has been examined under the electron microscope and is shown to be fibrous, which is taken as ruling out any close affinity with the lamellar shelled Triplesiacea. Despite superficial similarities, features of the shell interior are not compatible with the pentameride Porambonitacea and although there are differences from the typical orthacean, these are no greater than those of the accepted orthid Producrorrhis. Lycophoria , in the monotypic family Lycophoriidae, is accordingly best regarded as a specialized offshoot of the basic orthacean stock. * Shell microstructure, Lycophoridae, Orrhacea, Porambonitacea, Triplesiacea, Lower Ordovician, Baltoscandia .     

Phytophagous British insects and mites and their food-plant families: total numbers and polyphagy

The Phytophagous Insects Data Base (PIDB) was used to summarize information about 6933 species of British insects/mites and their food-plant families. Total species in 183 insect families on 127 vascular plant families were correlated with numbers of plant species in each family in Britain and Europe, accounting for 41.8% of the variation. Families with trees had more insects, while ferns and aquatic, uncommon and ephemeral plants, particularly orchids, had fewer. Seven individual insect families were analysed separately: Aphididae were more closely correlated with plant species numbers than were the more polyphagous Geometridae. Agromyzidae were uncommon on families with trees. Of insect species 75.8% fed on only one plant family and 10.1% were recorded on two families. Species feeding on three families or more were considered to be polyphagous. In the 30 largest insect families, eight had species feeding on only one plant family, while 12 had more than 20% of their species polyphagous. Proportions of family-restricted insects were high on Pinaceae, Gramineae and Compositae, but low on Corylaceae, Primulaceae and Tiliaceae. More pest species were polyphagous. Polyphagy was related to large larvae, larvae overwintering, wood-feeding, ephemeral food sources, poor dispersal abilities and omnivory. Some polyphagous species might be actively evolving in exploitation of vacant niches, leading to later progressive specialization to food-plants.     

福建省毛竹主要害虫天敌名录

本文报道了福建省毛竹主要害虫天敌资源调查结果,共查明天敌9目32科102种。其中昆虫纲螳螂目1科3种,半翅目1科5种,双翅目2科2种,脉翅目1科2种,蛇蛉目1科1种,鞘翅目4科9种,膜翅目14科37种;蛛形纲蜱螨目5科40种,蜘蛛目3科3种。     

安徽大别台区虫生真菌区系的物种多样性研究

对安徽大别山区虫生真菌区系的物种多样性进行了研究。结果表明该地区虫生真菌资源十分丰富 ,共有虫生真菌 5 0种 ,隶属于 4目 4科 16属。科从大到小依次为麦角菌科 (Clavicipitaceae) (2 7种 ,占 5 4 % )、丝孢科 (Hy phomycetaceae) (15种 ,占 30 % )、虫霉科 (Entomophthoraceae) (5种 ,占 10 % )、束梗孢科 (Stilbellaceae) (3种 ,占 6 % )。含 3个种以上的优势属依次为虫草属 (Cordyceps) (2 6种 ,占 5 2 % )、拟青霉属 (Paecilomyces) (6种 ,占 12 % )、白僵菌属 (Beauveria) (3种 ,占 6 % ) ,共计 35种 ,占总种数的 70 % ;含 2个种的属为刺束梗孢属 (Akanthomyces)和虫瘟霉属 (Zoophthora) ;其余 11个属皆为单种属。优势种依次为粉拟青霉 (Paecilomycesfarinosus)、细脚拟青霉 (P .tenuipes)、下垂虫草 (Cordycepsnutans)、球孢白僵菌 (Beauveriabassiana)、金龟子绿僵菌小孢变种 (Metarhiziumanisopliaevar.anisopliae)。区系地理成分划分为 7大类型 :世界分布种 (42 .11% )、欧亚大陆分布种 (10 .5 3% )、亚热带—热带分布种 (5 .2 6 % )、东亚分布种 (7.89% )、东亚—新几内亚分布种 (5 .2 6 % )、中国—日本分布种 (5 .2 6 % )和特有成分 (2 3.6 8% ) ,表现出明显的东亚区系特征 ,而且本区及     

浙江北雁荡山蕨类植物区系特征分析

通过标本和文献查阅以及野外调查,对浙江北雁荡山蕨类植物的区系组成和分布区类型进行了分析.结果显示:北雁荡山共有蕨类植物37科71属156种(含种下分类群);以单种和寡种分布的科和属所占比例最大,分别占总科数和总属数的75.7％和91.5％.该区域蕨类植物科的分布区类型以世界分布型和泛热带分布型为主,分别有14和20科,占总科数的37.8％和54.1％;热带成分总计22科,占总科数的59.5％,而温带成分仅1科.属的分布区类型可划分为9类型2亚型,包含世界分布型17属、热带分布型47属、温带分布型7属;其中,泛热带分布型属数量最多区28属),占总属数的39.4％.种的分布区类型以东亚分布型最多(93种),其中,中国-日本分布亚型有65种,占总种数的41.7％.中国特有种有21种(占总种数的13.5％),其中2种为仅分布于本区域的特有种,分布类型以华东-华南分布最多.由分析结果可见:北雁荡山蕨类植物具有组成丰富、区系起源古老、地理成分多样、热带区系特征明显及特有种数量匮乏等特点,但与周边区域蕨类植物分布有紧密联系.     

The use of wild edible plants in western and central Anatolia (Turkey)

In this study, 121 wild edible plants used as food in Anatolia were surveyed to determine the plant parts used and their detailed preparation methods. The results of this study show that the plants may be boiled, fried in fat, and eaten raw or as rolled vegetables. They may also be consumed as pickles, fruits, sweets and spices, and drunk as cold and hot drinks. Thirty species (8 genera) were identified as belonging to the Lamiaceae family, 15 species (15 genera) belong to the Asteraceae family, 13 species (5 genera) belong to the Rosaceae family, 8 species (7 genera) belong to the Brassicaceae family, 6 species (3 genera) belong to the Orchidaceae family and 5 species (5 genera) belong to the Apiaceae family. The genera represented by the highest number of species in the study are as follows:Sideritis L. is represented by 13 species, Origanum L. by 7 species,Rubus L. by 5 species,Thymus L. by 4 species andRumex L. by 4 species.     

Phylogenetic relationships of Australian members of the family percichthyidae inferred from mitochondrial 12S rRNA sequence data

Phylogenetic relationships among 20 Australian species of the family Percichthyidae were investigated from sequence data of two portions of the mitochondrial 12S rRNA gene. The molecular data indicate that Australian genera within this family cluster into three distinct clades. The first clade is composed of some species currently ascribed to the genus Macquaria, along with Nannatherina, Nannoperca, and Bostockia, the second of Maccullochella and two catadromous Macquaria species, and the third of Gadopsis. However, the positioning of Gadopsis within this family was unresolved. Monophyly within each genus was well supported, except for Macquaria, which is clearly polyphyletic. The molecular data were used to examine two hypotheses of Australian percichthyid evolution and favor a freshwater origin for the family.     

Distribution and abundance of marine wood borers on the west coast of Peninsular Malaysia

Twenty one species of marine wood borers were recorded in this study. There are seventeen species of bivalves of which sixteen are from the family Teredinidae and one from the family Pholadidae. The crustaceans comprised the family Sphaeromatidae with three species and the family Limnoriidae with one species. Seven of the fourteen known genera of the teredinids were recorded. The bivalve wood borers were widely distributed in the local mangroves. Martesia striata was the most abundant wood borer at the Degaussing Range jetty, Lumut. Lyrodus pedicellatus was the most abundant shipworm in wooden panels. Shipworms were abundant on the subtidal panels where the genus Bankia, was most common while M. striata was abundant on the intertidal panels. M. striata numbers were higher on the top surfaces as compared to the under surfaces of wooden panels.     

Genus-specific localization of the TaiI family of tandem-repetitive sequences in either the centromeric or subtelomeric regions in Triticeae species (Poaceae) and its evolution in wheat.

The TaiI family sequences are classified as tandem repetitive DNA sequences present in the genome of tribe Triticeae, and are localized in the centromeric regions of common wheat, but in the subtelomeric heterochromatic regions of Leymus racemosus and related species. In this study, we investigated the chromosomal distribution of TaiI family sequences in other Triticeae species. The results demonstrated a centromeric localization in genera Triticum and Aegilops and subtelomeric localization in other genera, thus showing a genus-dependent localization of TaiI family sequences in one or the other region. The copy numbers of TaiI family sequences in species in the same genus varied greatly, whether in the centromeric or subtelomeric regions (depending on genus). We also examined the evolution of TaiI family sequences during polyploidization of hexaploid common wheat. A comparison of chromosomal locations of the major TaiI family signals in common wheat and in its ancestral species suggested that the centromeric TaiI family sequences in common wheat were inherited from its ancestors with little modification, whereas a mixed origin for the B genome of common wheat was indicated.     

水稻Trihelix转录因子家族全基因组分析及功能预测

Trihelix转录因子家族在植物生长发育以及响应逆境胁迫等方面发挥着重要作用,但目前基于水稻全基因组水平鉴定和分析该基因家族的研究尚未见相关报道。本文利用生物信息学方法在水稻基因组数据库中鉴定到Trihelix家族成员31个,序列聚类和功能结构域分析发现该家族均含有高度保守的、特征性的Trihelix结构域;根据亲缘关系远近和结构域特点,将其分为5个亚家族(Ⅰ~Ⅴ)。通过与拟南芥、二穗短炳草和高粱中Trihelix家族的聚类分析发现,这4个物种中Trihelix家族的分类相一致,但每个物种均含有不同亚家族的成员,表明该基因家族的分化早于物种的分化。基于MEME程序分析水稻Trihelix转录因子家族的保守基序与聚类分析结果具有较高的一致性。染色体区段复制分析表明,部分Trihelix家族成员在水稻以及水稻与其他物种之间存在种内和种间的染色体区段复制;生物芯片数据分析发现,Trihelix基因家族在水稻不同组织中、以及对6种不同植物激素的响应呈现多样化的表达谱。采用RiceFREND在线数据库分析发现,水稻Trihelix转录因子家族的20个成员与其他蛋白存在互作关系。本研究结果初步明确了水稻Trihelix转录因子家族的进化特点、染色体分布、染色体区段复制关系、组织表达、激素应答,以及该家族蛋白与其他蛋白质的互作情况,为进一步揭示Trihelix转录因子家族的分子进化规律和生物学功能奠定了基础。     

Ribosomal ITS Sequences Allow Resolution of Freshwater Sponge Phylogeny with Alignments Guided by Secondary Structure Prediction

Freshwater sponges include six extant families which belong to the suborder Spongillina (Porifera). The taxonomy of freshwater sponges is problematic and their phylogeny and evolution are not well understood. Sequences of the ribosomal internal transcribed spacers (ITS1 and ITS2) of 11 species from the family Lubomirskiidae, 13 species from the family Spongillidae, and 1 species from the family Potamolepidae were obtained to study the phylogenetic relationships between endemic and cosmopolitan freshwater sponges and the evolution of sponges in Lake Baikal. The present study is the first one where ITS1 sequences were successfully aligned using verified secondary structure models and, in combination with ITS2, used to infer relationships between the freshwater sponges. Phylogenetic trees inferred using maximum likelihood, neighbor-joining, and parsimony methods and Bayesian inference revealed that the endemic family Lubomirskiidae was monophyletic. Our results do not support the monophyly of Spongillidae because Lubomirskiidae formed a robust clade with E. muelleri, and Trochospongilla latouchiana formed a robust clade with the outgroup Echinospongilla brichardi (Potamolepidae). Within the cosmopolitan family Spongillidae the genera Radiospongilla and Eunapius were found to be monophyletic, while Ephydatia muelleri was basal to the family Lubomirskiidae. The genetic distances between Lubomirskiidae species being much lower than those between Spongillidae species are indicative of their relatively recent radiation from a common ancestor. These results indicated that rDNA spacers sequences can be useful in the study of phylogenetic relationships of and the identification of species of freshwater sponges.     

Community structure of the deep sea fishes in the northern Gulf of Aqaba,Red Sea (Osteichthyes and Chondrichthyes)

The aim of this study was to investigate the community structure of deep sea fishes in the northern Gulf of Aqaba. Deep fish traps, short lines and long lines were deployed at depth ranges from 60 to 700 m between June 2014 and May 2015. A total of 369 fish individuals belonging to 37 species in 21 families were collected. The most abundant family observed in deep fish traps and short line was the commercially important family Sparidae, whereas the most abundant family in long line catch was the commercially unimportant fish family Muraenidae. The most abundant fish species sampled by deep fish traps and shortline was Blueskin Seabream, Polysteganus coeruleopunctatus. The most abundant species in long line catch White-spotted Moray, Gymnothorax johnsoni. In fish traps and with short line, the most commonly caught species was Blueskin Seabream. White-spotted Moray was the most common long line catch. Depth distribution for 37 deep fish species and GIS maps for the two main commercial fish species Blueskin Seabream and Bigeye Hound Shark, Iago omanensis were documented.     

Brassicaceae contain nortropane alkaloids

The report of cochlearine, the 3-hydroxybenzoate ester of tropine found in Cochlearia officinalis, Brassicaceae, initiated a screening for tropane alkaloids in Cochlearia species and for calystegines in further Brassicaceae. All ten Cochlearia species investigated contained cochlearine, tropine, and pseudotropine. Calystegines, nortropane alkaloids deriving from pseudotropine, were also identified in all Cochlearia species and accumulated up to 0.5% dry mass in leaves. Brassicaceae species of all major lineages of the family were analysed for calystegines. Of the 43 species included in the study, 18 accumulated calystegines of various structures. This is the first screening of Brassicaceae for products of the tropane alkaloid pathway, which is known as characteristic for plants of Solanaceae family. The identification of calystegines in all branches of the Brassicaceae family including Aethionema, a species at the basis of the family, suggests tropane alkaloids as secondary compound typical for Brassicaceae.     

Phylogeny of the New World medicinal leech family Macrobdellidae (Oligochaeta: Hirudinida: Arhynchobdellida)

Phylogenetic analyses of the leech family Macrobdellidae were accomplished with all nominal species in the family save one. A total of 17 specimens in nine ingroup species were analysed, along with four outgroup taxa. Twenty-two morphological characters based on jaw dentition, sexual anatomy, and external morphology failed to provide a resolution for many of the relationships in the family. DNA sequence data from nuclear 18S rDNA, nuclear 28S rDNA, mitochondrial 12S rDNA, and mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I were examined separately and in combination with morphological characters. The resulting combined analysis strongly corroborated the placement of the genus Philobdella within the family Macrobdellidae and as sister to a monophyletic genus Macrobdella , the typical North American medicinal leeches. Furthermore, sequence divergences among these taxa confirmed the existence of two species, Philobdella gracilis and P. floridana , readily distinguishable on the basis of jaw dentition .     

铜壁关自然保护区种子植物物种丰富度的海拔梯度格局——兼论物种密度的计算方法

利用对铜壁关自然保护区多次考察形成的种子植物数据库,结合通过GIS生成的区域数字高程模型(DEM)数据,分析了该区域种子植物物种丰富度及物种密度沿海拔梯度的变化特征。结果表明, 科、属、种的丰富度随海拔的升高,先增加后降低,在中海拔区域达到最大值,科、种的丰富度最大值出现在海拔1400~1800 m的范围内,属的丰富度最大值出现在1000~1400 m的海拔范围。科、属、种的密度随海拔升高先下降后上升,再下降后再上升;且最大值都出现在保护区最高海拔3000~3400 m的范围内。物种丰富度和物种密度分布格局明显受到海拔梯度的影响,海拔梯度综合了水热条件等诸多因素。铜壁关种子植物科、属、种水平上的物种丰富度的海拔分布格局符合中域效应假说;同时还对目前常用的计算物种密度的"对数模型"方法的普遍适用性提出质疑。     

西双版纳“龙山”片断雨林蕨类植物的变化研究

通过对曼养广“龙山”片断热带雨林蕨类植物的调查及与３８年前的调查材料进行比较研究,初步阐明了“龙山”林中蕨类植物在科、属、种及种群等方面的一些变化。经过３８年后,“龙山”林中的蕨类植物在科、属、种的组成数量上没有发生明显的变化,仅减少了一个科,属数不变,种数由３５种增加到３８种。“龙山”林蕨类植物的组成成分却发生了明显的变化,其科的消失率和新增率分别为１１．７６％和５．８８％,即消失了２个科和新增了１个科;属的消失率与新增率均是２０．００％,分别消失了５个属和新增加了５个属;而种消失了１４个,新增了１７个,消失率和新增率分别为４０．００％和４８．５７％。种群的变化趋势是阴湿或喜阴湿的蕨种的种群趋于减少,而林缘和林窗阳性或喜阳性的蕨种的种群趋于增大。     

茂兰喀斯特森林林隙植被恢复的物种组成及生活型特征

以贵州茂兰国家级自然保护区喀斯特森林为研究对象,以群落调查为基础,研究了林隙植被发育过程中物种组成、种间关系及生活型的动态变化规律。结果表明:在林隙发育的10年至30年时,林隙植物的科、属、种组成逐渐增加,至40年时有所下降,科和属组成与非林隙林分基本持平,但物种数继续增加。表征在林隙的恢复过程中,来自不同分类群的物种增加,群落组成更加复杂化和多样化。科、属、种三个等级均表现为林隙发育年龄越相近,相似性系数越大,林隙年龄相差越大时,物种组成的相似性越小,体现了林隙植被恢复的连续性。随林隙年龄的增大,高位芽植物和藤本植物逐渐增多,而地面芽和一年生植物则有减少的趋势,地上芽和地下芽植物随林隙的发育变化规律不明显。随林隙的发育,群落结构趋于稳定,生态功能增强。     

隆中风景区蕨类植物分布及其杀虫杀菌种筛选

初步调查隆中风景区蕨类植物的分布,发现该区共有蕨类植物91种,隶属于27科49属,以水龙骨科最多,有18种,其次为鳞毛蕨科,有10种。通过筛选,初步确定14个植物种具有杀虫杀菌价值和开发利用潜力。     

The genomic organization and evolutionary distribution of a tandemly repeated DNA sequence family in the genus Crocus (Iridaceae)

From a recombinant DNA-library from Crocus vernus, two closely related clones of highly repetitive DNA, pCvKB7 and pCvKB8, were sequenced and their genomic distribution and organization were investigated by Southern and in situ hybridization. The lengths of the clones were 181 and 178 bp respectively; the sequences were approximately 85% identical, and thus belonged to a sequence family, named the pCvKB8-family. No homologous sequences were found in the databases (BLAST made may 2004). The presence of pCvKB8 in 52 Crocus species and six species from other genera were analyzed by Southern hybridization. The sequence family was essentially Crocus-specific. However, the distribution of hybridization signal across the genus showed poor agreement with the taxonomic structure of the Crocus genus, suggesting that the subdivision does not follow the phylogeny of this sequence family. The chromosomal distribution on three Crocus species was essentially identical: tandem organization close to all telomeres and most centromeres, with a few additional intercalary sites.     

中国蜈蚣衣科地衣多样性及区系研究

该研究通过对山西管涔山和五鹿山等区域采集的蜈蚣衣科地衣300余份标本的鉴定分析,结合已有报道,从物种多样性、空间分布特点、生境类型及区系成分等方面对蜈蚣衣科地衣进行研究,以明确中国蜈蚣衣科地衣物种组成及区系特点。结果表明：(1)中国蜈蚣衣科地衣共有7属197种54变种,饼干衣属(Rinodina)占绝对优势,约占蜈蚣衣科地衣总种数的30.5%。(2)中国蜈蚣衣科地衣多分布于新疆,蜈蚣衣属(Physcia)是该科中分布最广泛的属,但其中有26.4%的物种仅分布于单一地区。(3)蜈蚣衣科地衣生境类型多样,有树生、石生、藓丛生、土生和多生境5种,以多生境地衣为主(48.5%)。(4)中国蜈蚣衣科地衣的地理成分复杂,同时伴随多种区系成分,但以温带性质显著(占43.1%),东亚特色明显。(5)仅分布于中国的蜈蚣衣科地衣共4属10种,且主要分布于中国东北、西北和西南地区。