产生妥布拉霉素的ER-16突变株的选育

以妥布拉霉素产生菌暗黑链霉菌AS 4.1098(410-Ⅱ)为出发菌株,经高温和亚硝基胍处理,获得6株无色突变株,对其中的W1028-M5用亚硝基胍及甲基磺酸乙酯继续处理,得到突变株E228,再经抗自身代谢终产物妥布拉霉素抗性株的选育,得到ER-16和ER-21等高产菌株。所产抗生素仅含两个组份,即氨甲酰妥布拉霉素和阿普拉霉素。不再含氨甲酰卡那霉素。测定的几项主要理化性质与出发菌株以及文献报道的数据完全一致。     

产生妥布拉霉素的ER—16突变株的选育

以妥布拉霉素产生菌暗黑链霉菌AS 4.1098(410-Ⅱ)为出发菌株,经高温和亚硝基胍处理,获得6株无色突变株,对其中的W1028-M5用亚硝基胍及甲基磺酸乙酯继续处理,得到突变株E228,再经抗自身代谢终产物妥布拉霉素抗性株的选育,得到ER-16和ER-21等高产菌株。所产抗生素仅含两个组份,即氨甲酰妥布拉霉素和阿普拉霉素。不再含氨甲酰卡那霉素。测定的几项主要理化性质与出发菌株以及文献报道的数据完全一致。     

烧伤病区感染常见病原菌及抗生素的选择

目的探讨内江市第一人民医院烧伤病区感染的常见病原菌及其对常用抗生素的耐药性．以指导临床抗生素的选择,提出防治措施。方法对1999年1月～2003年12月该院烧伤病区患者因感染而分离出的658株病原菌进行回顾性分析。结果分离出的658株病原菌中．革兰阴性菌425株(64．6％),革兰阳性菌209株(31．8％)．真菌24株(3．6％)。主要病原菌分别为铜绿假单胞菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠埃希菌、凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌和阴沟肠杆菌。药敏提示除真菌外的大多数病原菌出现多重耐药性。革兰阴性菌对亚胺培南、头孢哌酮-舒巴坦、头孢西丁和妥布霉素较为敏感。革兰阳性球菌对替考拉丁和万古霉素高度敏感。结论烧伤感染中以铜绿假单胞菌为主．其次为金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠埃希菌和凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌。了解病原菌的结构及其变化趋势．对于加强抗感染治疗的针对性和主动性,取得最佳的感染防治效果具有重要意义。     

金黄色葡萄球菌D试验和耐药性分析

目的 了解本地区金黄色葡萄球菌中红霉素对克林霉素诱导耐药表型及其对常用抗菌药物的耐药性.方法 用K-B琼脂扩散法检测耐甲氧西林的金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)及双纸片法(D试验)检测红霉素对克林霉素诱导耐药表型,用VITEK 2 Compact进行菌株鉴定和药敏试验.结果 156株金黄色葡萄球菌中MRSA有51株,占32.7％.红霉素对克林霉素诱导耐药共29株,占18.6％,其中MRSA有10株,甲氧西林敏感的金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSS)有19株.金黄色葡萄球菌对多种抗菌药物具有不同的耐药性,对青霉素的耐药性超过95％,对万古霉素、奎努普汀/达福普汀、利奈唑烷和替加环素敏感.结论 临床微生物实验室应加强对金黄色葡萄球菌中克林霉素诱导耐药的检测,临床治疗中也应加强抗菌药物的合理应用以防多耐药菌株的产生.     

单组分妥布霉素产生菌的快速筛选

经多轮筛选获得了 1株妥布霉素耐药安普霉素敏感的芽孢杆菌。利用该菌与枯草杆菌 6 35 0 1混合作为检定菌 ,从妥布霉素和安普霉素二组分产生菌中快速筛选到了单组分妥布霉素产生菌。     

临床分离的葡萄球菌克林霉素诱导耐药的检测与分析

目的了解葡萄球菌对克林霉素和红霉素的耐药性和红霉素对克林霉索诱导耐药的情况,以及纸片边缘距离对试验结果的影响。方法采用纸片扩散法检测克林霉素和红霉素的耐药性,用D-试验方法检测并判读红霉素对克林霉素诱导耐药,对D-试验阳性菌株再次按纸片边缘不同距离分组,分别再做D-试验,了解纸片边缘距离对D-试验结果的影响。结果462株葡萄球菌中金黄色葡萄球菌214株,克林霉素敏感,红霉素耐药有66株占金黄色葡萄球菌30．8％,其中D-试验阳性菌株有37株,占克林霉素敏感,红霉素耐药株56．1％。248株凝固酶阴性的葡萄球菌中克林霉素敏感,红霉素耐药有87株占凝固酶阴性的葡萄球菌35．1％,其中D-试验阳性菌株有56株对克林霉素敏感,红霉素耐药株占64．4％。纸片边缘距离为17—24mm时有明显的“D”形。纸片边缘距离大于26mm时D-试验有漏检情况出现。结论临床微生物实验室应开展D-试验检测葡萄球菌中红霉素对克林霉素诱导耐药,这样可以避免临床医生盲目使用克林霉素而导致治疗失败。     

ICU呼吸机相关性肺炎病原菌分布及耐药性分析

目的探讨ICU呼吸机相关性肺炎(VAP)病原菌的分布及其耐药性,为临床合理治疗提供依据。方法回顾性分析我院2010年1月至2013年12月ICU病房370例VAP患者的临床资料,了解其病原菌的构成及其药物敏感性。结果共分离出病原菌412株,其中革兰阴性菌301株(73.06%),前四位分别为鲍氏不动杆菌、铜绿假单胞菌、肺炎克雷伯菌和大肠埃希菌;革兰阳性菌70株(16.99%),前三位为金黄色葡萄球菌、表皮葡萄球菌和肺炎链球菌;真菌41株(9.95%),以白色假丝酵母菌为主。药敏结果显示,鲍氏不动杆菌和铜绿假单胞菌对大部分常用抗菌药物耐药率较高,肺炎克雷伯菌和大肠埃希菌对左氧氟沙星、阿米卡星、妥布霉素、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦、头孢哌酮/舒巴坦、亚胺培南和美罗培南耐药率较低;金黄色葡萄球菌和表皮葡萄球菌对青霉素G的耐药率90%,对左氧氟沙星、利福平、呋喃妥因、替考拉宁、利奈唑胺和万古霉素的耐药率较低。结论 G-杆菌是ICU中导致VAP的主要病原菌,且对多种抗菌药物耐药率较高,抗菌药物治疗应以病原学和耐药性监测结果为依据。     

VITEK－IMSGNS系列药敏卡对~（162）株绿脓杆菌的药敏分析

本文就临床标本中分离的１６２株绿脓杆菌,用ＶＩＴＥＫ－ＩＭＳ全自动微生物系统的ＧＮＳ－ＰＡ等四种药敏卡,共测定２３种抗生素药敏试验．该菌对亚胺硫霉素的敏感度（敏感和中度敏感）最高９７．７８％,其次是哌拉西林、替卡西林、丁胺卡那霉素、妥布霉素、环丙氟哌酸、头孢他啶和头孢哌酮,复方新诺明等八种抗生素耐药率均在９０％以上。分析该菌对１０种抗生素药敏结果发现,几种常用抗绿脓杆菌药物的最小抑菌浓度（ＭＩＣ）值普遍增高,并结合绿脓杆菌生物微膜形成和该菌对β－内酰胺类抗生素抗性机制作了讨论。     

大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌对三种氨基糖苷类抗生素的耐药性分析

【摘 要】 目的 评价庆大霉素、妥布霉素及阿米卡星三种氨基糖苷类抗生素（AGs）对大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌的体外抗菌活性。方法 对902株大肠埃希菌和404株肺炎克雷伯菌,采用VITEK-2全自动微生物分析仪配套的AST-GN13药敏卡进行庆大霉素、妥布霉素及阿米卡星的体外药敏试验。结果 大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌的产超广谱β-内酰胺酶（ESBLs）菌株检出率分别为40.8％和36.6％;产ESBLs的大肠埃希菌对庆大霉素、妥布霉素及阿米卡星的敏感率分别为42.4%、39.1%和96.5%,与非产ESBLs菌株比较,敏感率差异均有统计学意义（P<0.01）;产ESBLs的肺炎克雷伯菌对庆大霉素、妥布霉素及阿米卡星的敏感率分别为64.2%、62.8%和91.9%,与非产ESBLs菌株比较,敏感率差异均有统计学意义（P<0.01）;阿米卡星对产与非产ESBLs的大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌均高度敏感,敏感率均在91%以上。结论 本地区大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌产ESBLs菌株流行严重,ESBLs的产生可使大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌对AGs的耐药情况加重,提示ESBLs和AGs引起的耐药可能存在一定的相关性。     

鱼类病原菌中R^＋质粒的检出及其特性

本文研究了５个属的１５株鱼类病原菌对１７种抗菌药物的耐药性,其中,对β－内酰胺类和红霉素的耐药率最高,对妥霉素最敏感。以Ｅ．ｃｏｌｉＫ－１２ＲＣ８５为受体菌,鱼类病原菌为供体菌,采用细菌接合试验,从耐氨苄青霉素,四环素和磺胺的嗜水气单胞菌ＣＪ２６株中检测到一株耐四环素和磺和磺胺的可自身传递的Ｒ质粒ＰＷＨ９６０１。它对四环素的抗性可被四环素类药制所诱导。ＰＷＨ９６０１上的耐药基因在供体菌和受体菌中的     

Telomerase peptide vaccination: a phase I/II study in patients with non-small cell lung cancer

PURPOSE: A phase I/II study was conducted to investigate the safety, tolerability and clinical response to vaccination with a combination of telomerase peptides GV1001 (hTERT: 611-626) and HR2822 (hTERT: 540-548) in patients with non-small cell lung cancer. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: Twenty-six patients with non-small cell lung cancer received intradermal administrations of either 60 nmole (112 microg) or 300 nmole (560 microg) GV1001 in combination with 60 nM (68.4 microg) HR2822 and granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor. The treatment period was 10 weeks. Booster vaccinations with 300 nM GV1001 were offered as follow-up. Monitoring of blood samples, clinical examination and radiological staging were performed regularly. Immune responses were measured as delayed-type hypersensitivity skin reaction and in vitro T cell proliferation. Bone marrow function was monitored in long time survivors. RESULTS: The treatment was well tolerated with minor side effects. No bone marrow toxicities were observed in long time survivors with immune responses. Immune responses against GV1001 were detected in 11 of 24 evaluable patients during the primary regimen and in additional two patients following booster injections. Two patients responded to HR2822. Cloned GV1001-specific CD4+ T cells displayed a Th1 cytokine profile and recognized autologous antigen presenting cells pulsed with recombinant telomerase protein. A complete tumor response was observed in one patient who developed GV1001-specific cytotoxic T cells that could be cloned from peripheral blood. CONCLUSION: The results demonstrate that GV1001 and HR2822 are immunogenic and safe to use in patients with NSCLC. Induction of GV1001-specific immune responses may result in objective tumor responses. Based on these initial encouraging results, further clinical studies of GV1001 in NSCLC patients are warranted.     

Tail-associated structural protein gp61 of Staphylococcus aureus phage phi MR11 has bifunctional lytic activity.

A tailed bacteriophage, phi MR11 (siphovirus), was selected as a candidate therapeutic phage against Staphylococcus aureus infections. Gene 61, one of the 67 ORFs identified, is located in the morphogenic module. The gene product (gp61) has lytic domains homologous to CHAP (corresponding to an amidase function) at its N-terminus and lysozyme subfamily 2 (LYZ2) at its C-terminus. Each domain of gp61 was purified as a recombinant protein. Both the amidase [amino acids (aa) 1-150] and the lysozyme (aa 401-624) domains but not the linker domain (aa 151-400) caused efficient lysis of S. aureus. Immunoelectron microscopy localized gp61 to the tail tip of the phi MR11 phage. These data strongly suggest that gp61 is a tail-associated lytic factor involved in local cell-wall degradation, allowing the subsequent injection of phi MR11 DNA into the host cytoplasm. Staphylococcus aureus lysogenized with phi MR11 was also lysed by both proteins. Staphylococcus aureus strains on which phi MR11 phage can only produce spots but not plaques were also lysed by each protein, indicating that gp61 may be involved in 'lysis from without'. This is the first report of the presence of a tail-associated virion protein that acts as a lysin, in an S. aureus phage.     

Tail-associated structural protein gp61 of Staphylococcus aureus phage φMR11 has bifunctional lytic activity

A tailed bacteriophage, φMR11 (siphovirus), was selected as a candidate therapeutic phage against Staphylococcus aureus infections. Gene 61, one of the 67 ORFs identified, is located in the morphogenic module. The gene product (gp61) has lytic domains homologous to CHAP (corresponding to an amidase function) at its N-terminus and lysozyme subfamily 2 (LYZ2) at its C-terminus. Each domain of gp61 was purified as a recombinant protein. Both the amidase [amino acids (aa) 1–150] and the lysozyme (aa 401–624) domains but not the linker domain (aa 151–400) caused efficient lysis of S . aureus . Immunoelectron microscopy localized gp61 to the tail tip of the φMR11 phage. These data strongly suggest that gp61 is a tail-associated lytic factor involved in local cell-wall degradation, allowing the subsequent injection of φMR11 DNA into the host cytoplasm. Staphylococcus aureus lysogenized with φMR11 was also lysed by both proteins. Staphylococcus aureus strains on which φMR11 phage can only produce spots but not plaques were also lysed by each protein, indicating that gp61 may be involved in 'lysis from without'. This is the first report of the presence of a tail-associated virion protein that acts as a lysin, in an S. aureus phage.     

Modification of autolysis by synthetic peptides derived from the presumptive binding domain of Staphylococcus aureus autolysin

The autolytic cell wall hydrolase of Staphylococcus aureus, Atl, contains three highly cationic repeats in the central region of the amino acid sequence, and the repeats are presumed to have the role of binding the enzyme to some components on the cell surface. To explain the possible function of the repeats, we synthesized a number of 10- to 30-mer oligopeptides based on the Atl amino acid sequence (Thr432-Lys610) containing repeat 1, and examined their effects on the autolysis of S. aureus cells. When the peptides were added to a cell suspension of S. aureus under low ionic strength conditions, five peptides, A10, A11, A14, A16 and B9, showed immediate increases in optical density (OD) of the cell suspension accompanied by decreases in viable cell counts. After the immediate increases, the ODs for A10 and A14 changed little in the first 2 hr. In contrast, the ODs for A11 and A16 decreased rapidly. When peptide A10 was added to suspensions of heat-killed whole cells, crude cell walls and a crude peptidoglycan preparation, their ODs were increased approximately 2-fold. In contrast, the OD was not increased when the peptide was added to a suspension of pure peptidoglycan from which anionic polymers had been removed. Light microscopic and transmission electron microscopic study showed that A10 and A14 inhibited autolysis and that A11 and A16 induced autolysis earlier than the control. These results suggest strongly that the peptides adsorb to and precipitate on the anionic cell surface polymers such as teichoic acid and lipoteichoic acid via ionic interaction. The effects of peptides on the autolysis may be the results of the modification of S. aureus autolysin activities. These peptides, especially the 10-mer peptide B9 (PGTKLYTVPW) that represents the C-terminal half of A10 and N-terminal half of A11, may be important segments for Atl to bind to the cell surface.     

The effects of gemcitabine and capecitabine combination chemotherapy and of low-dose adjuvant GM-CSF on the levels of myeloid-derived suppressor cells in patients with advanced pancreatic cancer

In pre-clinical models, the only two chemotherapy drugs which have been demonstrated to directly reduce the number of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) are gemcitabine and 5-fluorouracil. Here we analyze the dynamics of MDSCs, phenotyped as Lin-DR-CD11b+, in patients with advanced pancreatic cancer receiving the combination of gemcitabine and capecitabine, a 5-FU pro-drug. We found no evidence that gemcitabine and capecitabine directly reduce MDSC% in patients. Gemcitabine and capecitabine reduced MDSCs in 42 % of patients (n = 19) and MDSC% fell in only 3/9 patients with above-median baseline MDSCs. In 5/8 patients with minimal tumour volume change on treatment, the MDSC% went up: increases in MDSC% in these patients appeared to correlate with sustained cancer-related inflammatory cytokine upregulation. In a separate cohort of 21 patients treated with gemcitabine and capecitabine together with concurrently administered GV1001 vaccine with adjuvant GM-CSF, the MDSC% fell in 18/21 patients and there was a significant difference in the trajectory of MDSCs between those receiving GV1001 and GM-CSF in combination with chemotherapy and those receiving chemotherapy alone. Thus, there was no evidence that the addition of low-dose adjuvant GM-CSF increased Lin-DR-CD11b+ MDSC in patients receiving combination chemoimmunotherapy. 9/21 patients developed an immune response to GV1001 and the MDSCs fell in 8 of these 9 patients, 6 of whom had above-median pre-vaccination MDSC levels. A high pre-vaccination MDSC% does not preclude the development of immunity to a tumour-associated antigen.     

金黄色葡萄球菌拮抗菌株的筛选鉴定及其抗菌物质分析

【背景】植物内生菌的次生代谢产物是新型天然活性物质的重要来源。【目的】从芍药内生细菌中筛选对金黄色葡萄球菌有抑菌活性的菌株和次生代谢产物。【方法】采用平板对峙法筛选拮抗菌株,根据形态学特征和分子生物学的方法鉴定菌株,PCR扩增检测合成脂肽类物质的功能基因;运用牛津杯法依次测定内生细菌发酵液和脂肽类粗提物的抑菌活性,利用Sephadex LH-20凝胶层析分离脂肽类物质,利用基质辅助激光解吸电离飞行时间质谱分析具有抑菌作用的分离组分。【结果】共筛选出13株对金黄色葡萄球菌具有不同程度抑制作用的内生菌株,其中菌株SY11的抑菌作用最为显著,其发酵液和脂肽类粗提物均具有较强的抑制作用。结合形态学鉴定以及16S r RNA基因序列分析,鉴定其为解淀粉芽孢杆菌(Bacillusamyloliquefaciens)。PCR扩增检测表明菌株SY11含有3个合成脂肽类物质的功能基因fenA、ituD和srfkn,推测该菌株可能具有合成脂肽类物质的能力。根据具有抑菌活性分离组分的质谱分析结果,推测其有效物质的主要成分为Bacillomycin D。【结论】解淀粉芽孢杆菌SY11对金黄色葡萄球菌有良好抑制效果,其脂肽类粗提物也具有较强的体外抑菌活性。本研究为芍药内生细菌的开发应用奠定了基础。     

Identification of Staphylococcal Hemolysins by an Electrophoretic Localization Technique

A technique for identifying and characterizing staphylococcal hemolysins by first separating them electrophoretically in barbital-buffered agar gel (pH 8.4) at 5 ma/cm for 2 hr and then determining their hemolytic activities by exposing them to human, horse, rabbit, and sheep erythrocytes is described. The alpha-hemolysin produced by a White variant of the Wood 46 strain of Staphylococcus aureus migrated 18 mm towards the cathode, and it lysed horse, rabbit, and sheep erythrocytes, whereas a Clear variant of the Wood 46 strain of S. aureus produced a lysin which migrated similarly to the alpha-hemolysin but lysed only rabbit cells. This latter lysin was tentatively named alpha(1)-lysin. This strain of S. aureus also produced beta-hemolysin which migrated 36 mm towards the cathode and lysed sheep cells. beta-Hemolysin produced by some strains of S. aureus showed considerable tailing during electrophoresis, whereas beta-hemolysin produced by other strains of S. aureus migrated as a well-defined peak. A lysin migrating 11 mm towards the anode was probably delta-lysin. It was, however, not produced in sufficient concentration when the cultures were grown in semisolid medium.     

Characterization of IS1001, an insertion sequence element of Bordetella parapertussis.

By analysis of repetitive DNA in Bordetella parapertussis, an insertion sequence element, designated IS1001, was identified. Sequence analysis revealed that IS1001 comprised 1,306 bp and contained inverted repeats at its termini. Furthermore, several open reading frames that may code for transposition functions were identified. The largest open reading frame coded for a protein comprising 406 amino acid residues and showed homology to TnpA, which is encoded by an insertion sequence element (IS1096) found in Mycobacterium smegmatis. Examination of flanking sequences revealed that insertion of IS1001 occurs preferentially in stretches of T's or A's and results in a duplication of target sequences of 6 to 8 bases. IS1001 was found in about 20 copies in 10 B. parapertussis strains analyzed. No restriction fragment length polymorphism was observed in B. parapertussis when IS1001 was used as a probe. An insertion sequence element similar or identical to IS1001 was found in B. bronchiseptica strains isolated from pigs and a rabbit. In these strains, about five copies of the IS1001-like element were present at different positions in the bacterial chromosome. Neither B. pertussis nor B. bronchiseptica strains isolated from humans and dogs contained an IS1001-like element. Therefore, IS1001 may be used as a specific probe for the detection of B. parapertussis in human clinical samples.     

Detailed Characterization and Comparison of Four Lactic Streptococcal Bacteriophages Based on Morphology, Restriction Mapping, DNA Homology, and Structural Protein Analysis

Bacteriophages uc1001 and uc1002, which are lytic for Streptococcus cremoris UC501 and UC502, respectively, were characterized in detail. Comparisons were made with a previously characterized phage, P008, which is lytic for Streptococcus lactis subsp. diacetylactis F7/2, and uc3001, which is a lytic phage for S. cremoris UC503. Phages uc1001 and uc1002 had small isometric heads (diameters, 52 and 50 nm, respectively) and noncontractile tails (lengths, 152 and 136 nm, respectively), and uc1002 also had a collar. Both had 30.1 ± 0.6 kilobase pairs (kbp) of DNA with cross-complementary cohesive ends. Restriction endonuclease maps made with seven endonucleases showed no common fragments. Despite this there was a very high level of homology between uc1001 and uc1002, and results of cross-hybridization experiments showed that the organization of both phage genomes was similar. Heteroduplex analysis confirmed this and quantified the level of homology at 83%. The regions of nonhomology comprised 2.1−, 1.1−, and 1.0-kbp deletion loops and 13 smaller loops and bubbles. The sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoretic structural protein profiles were related, with a major band of about 40,000 molecular weight and minor bands of 35,000 and 34,000 molecular weight in common. There were also differences, however, in that uc1001 had a second major band of 68,000 molecular weight and two extra minor bands. Except for the restriction maps, which were strain specific, phages uc1001, uc1002, and P008 were closely related by all the criteria listed above. Their DNAs also showed a very significant bias against the cleavage sites of 9 of 11 restriction endonucleases. Phage uc3001 was unrelated to uc1001, uc1002, or P008 in that it had a prolate head (53 by 39 nm) and a shorter tail (105 nm), contained approximately 22 kbp of DNA, had unrelated cohesive ends, showed no DNA homology with the isometric-headed phages, and displayed a very different structural protein profile.     

Solid-phase synthesis and antibacterial activity of hydroxycinnamic acid amides and analogues against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and vancomycin-resistant S. aureus

A library of hydroxycinnamic acid amides (HCAAs) and analogues were synthesized using solid-phase synthesis technique. These compounds were screened for antibacterial against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) (11 strains) and vancomycin-resistant S. aureus (VRSA) (4 strains). Dihydrocaffeoyl analogues showed activity against VRSA which were better than the reference drugs, vancomycin and oxacillin. These compounds also exhibited antibacterial activity against MRSA, which were more potent than oxacillin.