A comparison of inoculation techniques for assessment of germplasm susceptibility to Karnal bunt (Tilletia indica) disease of wheat

Three inoculation techniques for Karnal bunt (Tilletia indica) disease of wheat were compared: 1) boot inoculation - injection of inoculum with a hypodermic syringe into the boot; 2) spray inoculation - inoculum sprayed at growth stages between heading and anthesis, and 3) cotton wool inoculation - small pieces of cotton wool saturated in inoculum placed either inside the floret or between the spikelet and rachis. Each inoculation technique was assessed using susceptible cultivars to determine the optimum inoculum concentration, the ideal plant growth stage and the humidity requirements for successful infection.
Boot inoculation did not require high humidity and gave reliable infection with low secondary sporidia concentrations (1000–10 000/ml). The ideal plant growth stages for inoculation were early-boot and mid-boot. Spray inoculation required high secondary sporidia concentrations (50 000/ml) and 48 h of high humidity, but infection was initiated over a range of growth stages throughout heading and anthesis. Cotton wool inoculation gave low levels of infection at growth stages throughout heading and anthesis, even with high secondary sporidia concentrations (100 000/ml).     

Epidemic Development and Virulence in 1995–1998 of Puccinia coronata, a Potential Biocontrol Agent of Wild Oats on San Clemente Island

The biology of islands differs from that of large land masses in having less complex ecosystems. Introduced exotic weeds are often a major threat to fragile island ecosystems because of their expansion into habitats previously occupied by endemic species. San Clemente Island, 120 km off the California coastline, is an example of this process in which numerous exotic weed species have been introduced and some are endangering the native flora. Crown rust of oats caused by Puccinia coronata f.sp. avenae was investigated as a potential biocontrol agent against two wild oat species, Avena barbata and Avena fatua, introduced on San Clemente Island. Epidemiology and virulence of this rust were studied. The island was surveyed from 1995 to 1998 for occurrence of P. coronata on wild oats. Wild oats were found sprouting in the northern part of the island shortly after autumn rainfall and subsequently covered the main grasslands of the island. The rust also appeared first on the northern part of the island and progressively spread south. However, disease severities in the south were considerably lower than those in the north. Diverse virulence types, although related to Californian and Mexican forms, were detected among the isolates. The potential use of P. coronata as an augmentative biocontrol agent for wild oat species on San Clemente Island is discussed.     

不同年龄女性急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者冠状动脉病变特点、PPCI治疗临床疗效的差异及院内死亡的危险因素分析

摘要 目的：分析不同年龄女性急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死（STEMI）患者冠状动脉病变特点、经急诊经皮冠状动脉介入（PPCI）治疗后的临床疗效差异及院内死亡的危险因素。方法：选取2018年1月~2022年3月期间在我院接受PPCI治疗的女性STEMI患者408例,根据患者不同的发病年龄将其分为A组（年龄≤65岁,n=161）与B组（年龄>65岁,n=247）。对比不同的发病年龄PPCI冠状动脉病变特点、治疗后的临床疗效差异及院内不良事件发生情况。单因素和多因素Logistic回归分析女性STEMI患者院内死亡的危险因素。结果：A组、B组的病变血管数量、钙化病变组间对比有统计学差异（P<0.05）。A组、B组的病变血管部位、术前TIMI血流分级、分叉病变组间对比无统计学差异（P>0.05）。两组主动脉内囊反搏术比例组间对比未见明显差异（P>0.05）,B组症状发生到血管开通时间（S-to-D）、门-球囊扩张时间（D-to-B）时间长于A组（P<0.05）。两组术中死亡、支架内血栓、BARC3~5级出血比例组间对比无统计学差异（P>0.05）。B组术后死亡的发生率低于A组（P<0.05）。根据患者不同的预后结局分为存活组（n=369）和死亡组（n=39）。单因素分析结果显示女性STEMI患者院内死亡与年龄、糖尿病、体质量指数（BMI）、Killip心功能分级、术前TIMI血流分级、术后TIMI血流分级、住院天数、S-to-D时间、D-to-B时间、收缩压（SBP）、舒张压（DBP）、白细胞计数（WBC）、中性粒细胞、血小板体积分布宽度（PDW）、左心室射血分数（LVEF）、肌酸激酶同工酶（CK-MB）有关（P<0.05）。多因素Logistic回归分析,结果显示年龄偏大、LVEF偏低、CK-MB偏高、术后TIMI血流分级0~I级、S-to-D时间偏长是女性STEMI患者院内死亡的危险因素（P<0.05）。结论：不同年龄女性STEMI患者冠状动脉病变特点、且PPCI 的治疗效果存在一定的差异。此外,年龄偏大、LVEF偏低、CK-MB偏高、术后TIMI血流分级0~I级、S-to-D时间偏长是女性STEMI患者院内死亡的危险因素。